QA – Basic

FACTORS AND MULTIPLES

Product, Multiple and Factor : When two or more integers are multiplied together then the
resultant value is called their product for e.g 10 is a product of 2 and 5 and 10 is called a
multiple of 2 and 5 where as 2 and 5 are called the factors of 10
If one integer can be divided by another integer an exact number of times, then the first
number is said to be a multiple of the second, and the second number is said to be a factor of
the first. For example, 48 is a multiple of 6 because 6 goes into 48 an exact number of times (8
times in this case). Similarly, 6 is a factor of 48. On the other hand, 48 is not a multiple of 5,
because 5 does not go into 48 an exact number of times. So, 5 is not a factor of 48.
So, a number which divides a given number exactly is called factor (or divisor) of that given
number and the given number is called a multiple of that number.
Its very essential here to understand the mechanism of formation of factors.
Since 20 = 22x5'
We will take three power of 2 viz., 2°, 21 and 22 and two powers of 5 viz., 5° and 51.
Divisors will come from all the possible arrangements of powers of 2 and powers of 5.
2° x 5° = 1
2°x51 = 5
21 x 5° = 2
2'xS1 = 10
22x5° = 4
22x5' = 20
Now, 30 is exactly divisible by 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15 and 30 so these are called the factors of 30
while 30 is the multiple of these factors.
Factors of 24=1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24

Factors of 35=1, 5, 7, 35

Factors of 36=1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36

Multiples of 2 are 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 12, …

Multiples of 7 are 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49…

Multiples of 10 are 10, 20, 30, 40, 50…

Proprietary and Confidential ABS Classes 1

QA – Basic

Important Points
1) 1 is a factor of every number.
2) Every number is a factor as well as a multiple of itself.
3) Every number, except 1 has at least two factors viz., 1 and itself.

Co-prime Number : Two natural numbers are called co-prime (or relatively prime) numbers if
they have no common factor other than 1. The highest common factor i.e., H.C.F. between co-
prime numbers is 1. e.g., (15,16), (14,25), (8,9), (13,15) etc. It is not necessary that the numbers
involved in the pair of co-primes will be prime even they can be composite numbers as seen in
the above examples.

Perfect Number : Numbers where the sum of all the factors (including 1 but excluding the
number itself) is equal to the number. For example 6, 28, 496, 8128, … etc. So far only 27
perfect numbers are known.
As the factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6
Now,
Hence 6 is a perfect Number.
As the factors of 28 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28
Now,
Hence 28 is a perfect Number.
As the factors of 496 are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 31, 62, 124, 248, 496
Now,
Hence 496 is a perfect Number.

Proprietary and Confidential ABS Classes 2