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18/06/08

Sample  Prepara*on

Rocks  in  Mount  Fuji

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18/06/08

What  is  the  sampling?


Sampling  is  the  process  of  collec*ng  a  representa*ve  
sample  for  analysis.
Mt.  Fuji  Rock  
Representa*ve  bulk  sample
Sample  prepara*on

Homogeneous  lab  sample

Aliquot Aliquot Aliquot

Sta*s*cs  of  Sampling


Gross  sample:    
   Several  small  parts  taken  from  different  parts  of  the  bulk  material.

Overall  variance:  so2  


Analy*cal  variance:  ss2  
Sampling  variance:  sa2  
SO2 = sa2 + ss2
Ex)  ss = 12%, sa = 7%

SO = 0.12 2 + 0.072 = 0.139

In  such  situa*on,  there  is  almost  no  effect  of  ss  on  the  so  if  the  
analy*cal  variance  is  reduced.

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18/06/08

Size  of  the  gross  sample

A  mixture  contains  nA  par*cles  of  type  A  and  nB  par*cles  of  type  B.
nA nB
p= q = (1− p) =
n A + nB n A + nB

If  n  par*cles  are  drawn,  the  expected  number  of  par*cles  is  np  
for  type  A  and  nq  for  type  B.

Standard  devia*on  (SD): sn = npq = np(1− p)

Size  of  the  gross  sample


Ex)  A  mixture  contains  1%  NaCl  and  99%  NaNO3.  If  106  par*cles  
A A ・・・ A are  taken,  es*mate  the  expected  number  of  NaCl  par*cles  and  the  
・・・

・・・

S.D.  if  the  experiment  is  repeated.  


100

A A ・・・ A ・・
・・
A B ・・・ A ・
100 sn = npq = np(1− p)
100  par*cles

The  expected  number  =  np  =(106)(0.01)  =  10,000  par*cles  (nq  =  990,000)

The  Standard  devia*on  =  √npq  =  99.5

Uncertainty  for  NaCl:  99.5  x  100/10,000  =  0.95  %  (So  large!)  


Uncertainty  for  NaNO3:  99.5  x  100/990,000  =  0.010  %

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18/06/08

Size  of  the  gross  sample

A A ・・・ A Ex)  A  mixture  contains  1%  NaCl  and  99%  NaNO3.  If  109  par*cles  
are  taken,  es*mate  the  expected  number  of  NaCl  par*cles  and  
・・・

・・・
1,000

A A ・・・ A ・・ the  S.D.  if  the  experiment  is  repeated.  


・・
A B ・・・ A ・
1,000
1,000  par*cles

The  expected  number  =  np  =(109)(0.01)  =  10,000,000  par*cles  (nq  =  990,000,000)

The  Standard  devia*on  =  √npq  =  3,146

Uncertainty  for  NaCl:  3,146  x  100/107  =  0.032  %  (beder!)  


Uncertainty  for  NaNO3:  99.5  x  100/9.9x108  =  0.000010  %
The  overall  uncertainty  is  reduced  with  increasing  the  par*cles  number.
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Video  –  Sampling  Prepara*on

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18/06/08

Take-­‐home  message

Careful  sample  treatment  leads  


to  new  discoveries!

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