Professional Documents
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Traffic Management & Accident Investigation
Traffic Management & Accident Investigation
Traffic Management & Accident Investigation
By;
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Introduction
Manpower
Animal Power
Wind Power
2
before 3000 BC. The ships of Egypt, Phoenix, and Greece were
driven partly by a large square sail of mid ships and partly
by oars. The war gallery, in which a greater degree of
maneuverability was needed, had narrower lines and depended
more on oars than did the trading vessels.
3
John L. Mc Adam perfected the macadamized road in England
about 1815. Realizing that dry native soil would support
any weight. Mc Adam made the surface of his roads completely
watertight and curved so that main would run off them as off
a roof. He did this pounding and rolling a layer of small
stones into a hard surface. This road remained the best
that could be devised until the rubber tires of the last
country.
4
loads up an incline, since the wheels, it was thought, would
spin without gripping the rails. This theory was later found
to be false, but only after long sections of English lines,
at great cost, had been made as near horizontal as possible.
The Bicycle
The Automobile
5
invention of which usually attributed to the Frenchman
Etiene Lenoir. By 1865 there were 400 Lenoir gas engines in
France doing such light work as cutting chaff and driving of
the modern automobile when he put toward the invention of
the modern automobile when he put one of this as engines in
a carriage and drove around his factory. This carriage also
made a journey of some miles to Paris.
Air Transport
6
originally called the system “Trafriga” after the early
horse-drawn chariots with spoked wheels. If savants of Rome
are to believed, there is no dispute that the word “Trafico”
is a Greco-Roman word, but the word traffic was created from
the famous “Trafalgar Square,” the hub-center of commerce
and culture in the heart of London.
7
The Main Tasks Required to Improve Traffic Management
1. Immediate
2. Long-Term
1. Supply-Side Strategy
8
Expansion of the peak-hour carrying capacity of an
area’s transportation system seems to be the most
intuitively obvious response to greater congestion can be
implemented through diverse means: 1) Building more roads or
widening existing ones in areas that have experienced rapid
growth; and 2) making transportation systems more efficient.
2. Demand Side
9
It is an action taken by the traffic law enforcers and
the count to compel obedience to traffic laws and
ordinances, regulating the movement and use of motor vehicle
for the purpose of creating deterrence to unlawful behavior
by all potential violators.
1. Detection
2. Apprehension
3. Prosecution
4. Adjudication
5. Penalization
10
Major Elements of Traffic Law Enforcement Activities
1. Enforcement System
3. Traffic System
1. Arrest
2. Traffic Citation
11
Definition of Traffic Supervision
2. Flooded Area
3. Bridged Collapsed
4. Landslide
12
5. Overturned Forty-Footer Van
7. Oil Leaks
2. Counter-Flow Traffic
3. Re-Routing of Traffic
4. Diverting of Traffic
13
When the magnitude of traffic conflicts was on vast
scales: flooded area, landslide, bridge collapsed and other
contingencies, the only feasible solution is diversion of
traffic. The difference between re-routing and diverting of
traffic, the latter is large in scope, long and tedious in
perspective.
6. Stop-and-Go Signal
7. X-Option
Traffic Engineering
14
To escape from frustrations and wants, traffic
engineering must know all and forestall all effects whether
natural or man-made calamities. A formula that will dance
to the tune of new technology, new horizon and new vistas to
open the floodgate of traffic engineering in contemporary
times.
Geometric Design
15
of the highway is considered in the formulation of the
design speed to determine road design and safety factors.
3. Intoxicated drivers.
1. Traffic Signals
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2. Road Signs
3. Road Markings
1. Regulatory Devices
2. Warning Devices
3. Guiding Devices
3. To economize manpower.
2. Regulatory Signs
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1) Priority Signs
3. Informative Signs
1) Advance Signs
2) Direction Signs
4) Confirmatory Signs
18
These are used to confirm the direction of a road.
They shall bear the names of one or more places. Where
distances are shown, the figures expressing them shall be
placed after the name of the locality.
Road Classifications
1) National Roads
2) Provincial roads
3) City Roads
4) Municipal Roads
5) Barangay Roads
2. According to Functions
1) Feeder Roads
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Intended for farm-to-market roads.
4) Major Highway
5) Expressway
6) Tunnel Road
7) Subway
8) Skyway
1) Flat Road
2) Zigzag Road
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4) Down-Hill Road
5) Winding Road
6) Mountainous Road
Sidewalks
Intersections
21
Kinds of Intersections
1. Three-Leg Intersection
1) T-Type
2) Y-Type
2. Four-Leg Type
1) Right Angle
2) Oblique
3. Multi-Leg Intersection
4. Rotary Intersection
22
The word filter in its literal meaning is to control or
constrict the movement of vehicle as it passes through the
lane designated therefore. This traffic engineering design
is to prevent traffic gridlock at the intersection when
turning left at the green arrow filter signal.
Channelization
Principles of Channelization
23
7. It provides location for the installation of
traffic control devices at the intersection of multi lane
roadways with complex turning movements.
Traffic Education
24
Mistaken Notion About Traffic Education
Environment
25
whose common denominator of solutions is equated to
environment. It is the system which destroys and it is the
system which saves.
External Factors
1. Heat
2. Storm
3. Fog
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masses that forms close to the ground. This feature is its
distinctive difference.
Internal Factors
1. Personality
27
2. Character
3. Epilepsy
4. Sleeping Sickness
28
Threats to Environment
1. Greenhouse Effect
2. Ozone Depletion
3. World-wide Effect
4. Effect in Climate
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1. Air Pollution
2. Noise Pollution
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1. Ozone
3. Hydrocarbons
4. Carbon Monoxide
5. Petrol Additives
1. Inertia
31
It is the first law of motion as espoused by an
undisputed man of science.
1) Inertia of Rest
2) Inertia of Motion
2. Centrifugal Force
1) Crowned Curve
32
against the road surface, in effect lessening the friction
between the tires and pavements.
2) Flat Curve
3) Bunked Curve
3. Gravity
4. Kinetic Energy
33
stop, because the greater the speed of moving object, the
greater it is kinetic energy. Unless the driver is
conversant of the implication of this law of nature, he is
at peril to meet an accident on sudden brake.
5. Friction
1) Weather condition.
3) Bumpy road.
6. Force of Impact
Economy
34
decisions that might be charting unpopular course but hope
to give shapes and sinews to empty illusions of the past and
to look forward to the new complexion of the present system
with new vision of the future: the crowning of the 5 th E of
traffic, economics.
Economy-Traffic Interactions
35
Traffic Accident Investigation
1. Errors of Commission
2. Errors of Omission
36
Is any motor vehicle accident which occurs entirely in
any place other than a traffic way, for example, a motor
vehicle accident on a farm or in a private driveway?
1. Perception of Hazard
2. Encroachment
37
Is the moving off the roadway, “Roadway” is that
portion of traffic way which is improved, designed, or
ordinarily used for vehicular travel exclusive of the
shoulder. The event takes place when one wheel of the
vehicle may leave the roadway. A vehicle may leave the
roadway on the left as well as on the right side.
5. Initial Contact
6. Maximum Engagement
7. Disengagement
8. Stopping
Definition of Injury
38
Definition of Key Event
1. Property Damage
2. Non-Fatal
1) Fatal Injury
39
symptoms are present even though the injury itself is not
visible.
4) Non-Visible Injury
3. Fatal
Crucial Events
40
It is the place and time at which the unusual or
unexpected movement or condition could have been perceived
by a normal person. This point always comes at or before
the point of perception. Delay in perception or perception
time between the point of possible perception and the actual
perception. If the hazard is actually perceived as soon as
nearly as possible, perception is said to be prompt.
Maximum delay of perception occurs when the traffic unit
does not sense a hazard until hit it.
2. Point of No Escape
41
engagement and sometimes center of force. Because the term
has varied meanings, other more specific terms are
preferable.
Definition of Attributes
42
1. Go to the scene as quickly as possible.
1. Reporting
2. At-scene Investigation
3. Technical Preparation
4. Professional Reconstruction
5. Cause Analysis
43
Hit & Run Investigation
Proving Driving
44
Nature of Common Hit & Cases
Technical Preparation
Triangulation
45
question to answer, but speeds in excess of the legal limits
are important to the police, because they must decide if the
driver did his best to avoid accidents. The criminalist
cannot determine exactly how fast a vehicle was traveling,
but he can make a very good estimate by mathematical
calculations based on the skid marks left by a vehicle
before the collision. It is important that the field
investigator take correct and accurate measurements to help
the criminalist make correct calculations.
Skid Marks
46
In accidents with pedestrian, the skid marks are most
reliable because there is nothing to stop the forward
movement of the car. In a collision accident, the amount of
damage to the cars must be considered in determining the
reliability of speed from skid marks.
Scuff Marks
Skip Skid
Gap Skid
Flip
Length of Vehicle
47
to the middle of the hubcap of the back wheel, should be
subtracted from the total length of the skid marks.
Grade or Slope
48
Formula:
S = 15.9 d X (F + g)
Where:
or
S = 5.5 d X (F + g)
Where:
S = speed in miles per hour
d = slide-to-stop distance in meters
g = grade or slope
F = drag factor
Example:
= 15.9 11.33
3. 11.33/3 = 3.78
49
All calculations are resolved in favor of the driver,
so:
6. SPEED = 54 km/hr
Factor
Operational Factor
Sequential Factor
Simultaneous Factor
Drag Factors
50
vehicle slides with all the wheels locked, the coefficient
of friction and drag factor have the same value.
Co-Efficient of Friction
Reaction Time
51