TECHNIA – International Journal of Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 2, Jan. 2011.

(ISSN 0974-3375)

Studies on Performance of Pulse Shaped

OFDM Signal
1
D. K. Sharma, 2A. Mishra, 3Rajiv Saxena
1
Ujjain Engineering College, Ujjain, MP
2
Madhav Institute of Technology & Science, Gwalior, MP
3
Jaypee Institute of Engineering & Technology, Guna, MP
1
dilip_sharma1172@yahoo.com, 2drabhaymishra@yahoo.com, 3rajiv.saxena@jiet.ac.in,

Abstract- The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing The orthoganality of sub channels in OFDM can be
(OFDM) transmission system is one of the optimum versions maintained and individual sub channels can be completely
of the multi-carrier transmission scheme. The OFDM is separated by the FFT at the receiver when there are no
referred in the literature as Multi-carrier, Multi-tone and inter symbol interference (ISI) and inter carrier
Fourier Transform based modulation scheme. The OFDM is
a promising candidate for achieving high data rate
interference (ICI) introduced by the transmission channel
transmission in mobile environment. distortion.[12-14]
In this paper, different power spectral density (PSD) One way to prevent ISI is to create a cyclically
curves of OFDM signal with various pulse shapes are extended guard interval, where each OFDM symbol is
presented. The final pulse shaped OFDM waveform is then preceded by a periodic extension of the signal itself.
analyzed for frequency domain response and the PSD in When the guard interval is longer than the channel
each case and it’s also an analyzed on the basis of its impulse response or multi-path delay, the ISI can be
modulation index which equally varies with the used window eliminated [15-16].
function during transmission. The simulation results are This paper is organized as follows: in section 2, the
presented in a tabular manner enabling to analyze and
establish the superiority, at a glance, of a specific window
OFDM transmitter is simulated using Matlab. In section 3,
function applied (pulse shaped). The OFDM signals with the the OFDM transmitter model along with various pulse
pulse shapes, like Rectangular, Blackman, Gaussian, shapes are included with their mathematical expressions.
Hamming and Hanning are tried. The effect of some of these The simulation of various pulse shapes is presented. In
time waveforms on the OFDM system performance in terms section 4, pulse shaped OFDM waveform is then analyzed
of power spectral density (PSD) & modulation index has for MI & frequency domain response and the PSD in each
been investigated. case. In section 5, the simulation results are shown. The
conclusive remarks are given in last section.
Keywords- MI, PSD, FFT, ISI, ICI, OFDM.
II. OFDM TRANSMITTER
I. INTRODUCTION
A brief description of the model is provided in Figure-
The concept of using parallel data transmission and 1. The incoming serial data is first converted from serial
frequency multiplexing was published in the mid of to parallel and grouped into x bits, each to form a complex
1960s. After more than thirty years of research and number. The complex numbers are modulated in a base-
development, OFDM has been widely implemented in band fashion by the IFFT and converted back to serial
high speed digital communications. Due to recent data for transmission [17-18].
advances of digital signal Processing (DSP) and Very
Large Scale Integrated circuit (VLSI) technologies, the
initial obstacles of OFDM implementation such as
massive complex computation and high speed memory do
not exist anymore [1-3].
The use of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithms
Fig.1: OFDM Transmitter.
eliminates arrays of sinusoidal generators and coherent
demodulation required in parallel data systems and makes
A guard interval is inserted between symbols to
the implementation of the technology cost effective [4-5].
avoid inter symbol interference (ISI) caused by multi-path
The OFDM concept is based on spreading the data to
distortion. The discrete symbols are converted to analog
be transmitted over a large number of carriers, each being
and low-pass filtered for RF up-conversion [19].
modulated at a low rate. The carriers are made orthogonal
to each other by appropriately choosing the frequency
III. FFT IMPLEMENTATION
spacing between them [6-7].
In contrast to conventional Frequency Division
The selection of FFT also plays an important role in
Multiplexing, the spectral overlapping among sub-carriers
design of an OFDM system because of the size of the FFT
are allowed in OFDM since orthogonality will ensure the
is to be taken as balance between the protection against
sub-carrier separation at the receiver, providing better
Doppler shift, multipath and design complexity. The
spectral efficiency and the use of steep band-pass filter
was eliminated.[8-11]

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OFDM spectrum is centered on f c , i.e., sub-carrier 1 is the original OFDM spectrum with the spectrum of the
applied pulse function. So, ideally the pulse should be as
7.61/2 MHz to the left of the carrier and sub-carrier 1,705 narrow band as possible. On the other hand, the pulse
is 7.61/2 MHz to the right. One simple way to achieve the
function should not be too long in the time domain,
centering is to use a 2N-IFFT and T/2 as the elementary because that implies that many signal samples are
period. The OFDM symbol duration, U , is specified affected, which increases the bit error ratio. Examples of
considering a 2,048-IFFT (N=2,048); therefore, we shall suitable pulse functions are the Cosine, Kaiser and
use a 4,096-IFFT. A block diagram of the generation of Hamming window [28-29].
one OFDM symbol is as shown in Figure-2, where the
variables indicated are used in the source code. The next B. Methodology
task to consider is the appropriate simulation period. T is
defined as the elementary period for a base-band signal, Among the existing methods, Pulse shaping exhibits
but since we are simulating a band-pass signal, we have to good properties such as very simple to implement,
relate it to a time-period, 1 / Rs , that considers at least independent of number of carriers, no affect in coding rate
and large reduction in PAPR. Then, we propose a method
twice the carrier frequency. For simplicity, we use an to be used with pulse shaping to reduce the PAPR further.
integer relation, R s =40/T. This relation gives a carrier OFDM signal is multiplied by the pulse shaping function
frequency close to 90 MHz, which is in the range of a when the signal peak exceeds the clipping level. Unlike
VHF channel five, a common TV channel in any city [20]. the clipping, the OFDM signal within the pulse width is
modified. This results in a smoothed OFDM signal.
Consider the OFDM system shown in Figure-2, IFFT
output, exhibit PAPR and is multiplied by a pulse shaping
function to reduce PAPR. This will cause signal distortion
[30-31].
Fig.2: Simulation of OFDM Transmitter. Let, the modulated data be xn where n=0, 1, 2, …., N-1.
OFDM signal can be expressed as,
The complex envelope of the OFDM signal,
consisting of N carriers is given [22] by, x n  IFFT  n ..........( 2)
N j 2nk
 N 1
.g t  kt.e
2
xn   e N
.......(3)
 a
jn t
Stotal 
k
T
n, k .....(1) k 0
k   n  0
The OFDM signal after multiplication by pulse shaping
Where g(t) is rectangular pulse of duration T and T is function can be evaluated as,
OFDM symbol duration.
 xn j g M / 2 J
A. Pulse shaping zn   .................(4)
There are two effects caused by frequency offset; (I)  xn,otherwise
reduction of signal amplitude in the output of the filters
matched to each of the carriers and (II) introduction of ICI if xn  clip _ level ; j  0,1,...M / 2.
from the other carriers which are now no longer
orthogonal to the filter. The time-domain pulse shaping C Mathematical Model of OFDM:
method can also reduce ICI through multiplying the
transmitted time-domain signals by a well-designed pulse The expression for an OFDM symbol at
shaping function proposed a pulse shaping method to t = ts is given as:
reduce ICI by cyclically extending by v samples the time
 Ns 
 2 
exp j 2  fc   t ts , t s
domain signal associated with each symbol [23-24]. The
i 0.5
whole of the resulting signal is then shaped with the pulse s ( t )  Re  di  N
T
  t  ts  T
i 2s 
N s/2
function. It is important to note that DFT transform in the
receiver is N point whereas that in the transmitter is N/2
point. If v< N/2, then the signal corresponding to each s ( t )  0 , t  t s  t  t s  T .................(5)
symbol is zero padded at the receiver to give length N [25,
26, 27]. Where, di = complex modulation symbols,  S =
The simplest way to reduce the Peal to Average Power number of sub carriers, T = symbol duration, f c = carrier
Ration (PAPR) is to clip the signal, but this significantly
frequency.
increases the out of band radiation. A different approach
The above equation (5) can also be expressed as:
is to multiply large signal peak with a Gaussian pulse
  67 k max 
s(t )  Ree j 2f c t   Cm,l , k . m,l , k (t )....(6) W
shaped proposed. But, in fact any pulse shaping function
can be used, provided it has good spectral properties.
Since the OFDM signal is multiplied with several of these  m  0 l  0 k  k min 
pulse functions the resulting spectrum is a convolution of here

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 j 2 k '    LS 68mS  The above mentioned five pulse shapes have been

m,l ,k t   {e ; l  68  m S  t  l  68  m  1S
U

simulated and representing in time and frequency domain

0; otherwise..................7 

as shown in Figure-3 and Figure-4.
Where: k = carrier number; l = OFDM symbol number; m
= transmission frame number; K = number of transmitted
carriers; S = symbol duration; U = inverse of the
Time domain
1
w indow #1
w indow #2
0.9 w indow #3
w indow #4
w indow #5

carrier spacing; Δ = duration of the guard interval; fc = 0.8

0.7

central frequency of the radio frequency (RF) signal; k′ = 0.6

Amplitude
carrier index relative to the center frequency, 0.5

     max   min  / 2 and C m,i ,k = complex

' 0.4

0.3

symbol for the carrier K of the data symbol frame from 0.2

number 0, 1, 2, 3….67 in frame number m.

0.1

0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Samples

D. OFDM Pulse Shaping

Fig.3: Various pulse shapes in time domain.
The ISI can be reduced by increasing the symbol
duration or by introducing the guard interval between the 40
Representation of Different pulse shapes in frequency domain

OFDM symbols, the expected multipath delay spread can 20

rectw in#1
blackman#2
gaussw in#3
hamming#4

be taken care of by increasing the guard interval and in 0

hanning#5

this way the ISI can be completely eliminated but addition -20

of guard interval to an OFDM system accounts for a Magnitude (dB)

-40

decrease in bandwidth efficiency and an increase power -60

requirement which are not the desirable features for -80

spectrally efficient wireless communication system [32- -100

33]. -120

One way to solve this problem is to adopt a -140

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)

proper prototype pulse shape function well localized in

time and frequency domain so that the combined ISI / ICI
Fig.4: Various pulse shapes in frequency domain.
can be combated efficiently without utilizing any cyclic
prefix [34-35].
IV. PULSE SHAPED OFDM SIGNAL
At the stage of modulating the OFDM signal by
In OFDM systems, the information bit stream (bit rate
applying the pulse g(t) an exhaustive analysis has been
done by varying the pulse shape g(n) as follows: 1
Rb = ) is first modulated in base band signal using
b
Case1: Rectangular Pulse
M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) with
g(n) = 1, for n = 0,1,2,3...,M. symbol duration being defined as S = b log 2  , and is
0 , otherwise. then divided into N parallel symbol streams which are
then multiplied by pulse shape function g(t) or g(n) [2, 8,
Case2: Blackman pulse 28].
The transmitted signal in the analytic form can be
0  42  0  5 cos2n /   1  0  08 cos4n /   1 represented as
Case3: Gaussian pulse 

 1 2 
S (t )  a m,n g m,n (t ) (8)
g(n) = exp   2n /   , for 0   n 
n  

 2  2 Where am,n (n  , m  0,1,2......, N  1) represents

the base band modulated information symbol conveyed
Case 4: Hamming pulse with the sub-carrier of index m during the symbol time of
index n, and g m,n (t ) represent the pulse shape of index
g(n) = 0  54  0  46 cos2n /   1 
(m, n) in the synthesis basis which is derived by the time-
frequency translated version of the pulse shaped function
Case5: Hanning pulse g(t) as

g m,n (t )  e j 2mFt g t  nT ,
g(n) = 1  cos 2n /   1 
1
2 Where, m, n   (9)

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Where j   1, F represents the inter-carrier  S =T/N; is the symbol duration of the base-band
frequency spacing and T is the OFDM symbol duration, modulation signal. We assume that the total number of
hence g m,n (t ) forms an infinite set of pulse spaced at harmonics for the pulse p m (t ) shape is L+U+1. Using
multiples of T and frequency shifted by multiple of F. (11), the pulse shape of sub-carrier m becomes
Consequently the density of OFDM lattice is 1 / TF .
U  j 2i
m
j 2i
t
p m (t )   ci e  t   / 2,
Transmitter Model N T
e 
L
We consider an OFDM system with a total of N
orthogonal sub-carriers. Each sub-carrier is modulated
with a low rate sequence of symbols and uses a pulse L, U<N, M= 0, 1, 2….., N-1…(12)
shape of the same duration as the OFDM symbol duration
T [27]. The transmitter block diagram is shown in Figure- The discrete representation of this set of time waveforms
5. is given in [28-30] and is written in a vector form as:

mL m ( L 1)
j 2 j 2
pm  [ c L e N
, c  L 1e N
,.....,
m (U 1) mU
 j 2  j 2
cU 1e N
, cU e N
, 0, ……, 0]
m = 0, 1, 2,….., N-1…(13)

Where
 t
1  j 2i 1 i
c m ,i   p m (t )e T
dt  p m ( )
0  
Fig.5: Block diagram of the OFDM scheme using time- is the exponential Fourier series coefficient with
limited waveforms.
 2

The equivalent low-pass representation of the c


m ,i  1 And Pm ( f ) is the Fourier transform
transmitted signal is given
 1 of p m (t ) .
by (t )  S m, k pt   e j 2f mt ,   t    1.
m0 If we replace p m (t ) by its expression in (10), the
………. (10) equivalent low pass of the OFDM signal becomes in a
matrix form
S K  so,k , s1,k ,....., s  1,k 

where
~
uncorrelated complex base-band modulated signals related S k  P  sk .......(14)
S k  ~ sN U 1, K  , S K
m ~ 
to the used modulation scheme and fm  , s L , K , ~
s L 1, K ,......, ~

m=0,1,2,……N-1 is the carrier frequency of sub-carrier is as defined previously, and
m.
p m (t ) is a pulse shape of duration T used at sub-carrier
 P0 
 DP 
p (t ) dt  .
2
m with m
 1 
This pulse is defined according to [10] to be . 
pm (t )  wt  ms   t   / 2, m  0,1,2...... P ...............(15)
. 
......,   1. ___________(11) is a D 2P 
   2

where  w(t )   pt  i.
t  
 D P 1 
 1

periodic function with a period T and p(t) is a time limited

waveform of duration T and is an   (  L  U ) shaping matrix, and D i Pm is
the ith cyclic shift of the vector p m .
 t   

1,   / 2t  / 2.
0,otherwise. The definition of the matrix P indicates that each sub-
carrier pulse of the OFDM scheme has a different shape
and all these pulse shapes are derived by cyclic shifts of

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the same pulse. This will also reduce the PAPR of the
OFDM transmitted signal since the peak amplitude of the
different pulse shapes will never occur at the same time
instant unless p (t) is a rectangular pulse [32].
As shown in Figure-6, the OFDM transmitter
system with pulse shaping can be equivalently represented
by a discrete shaping matrix P followed by a regular
OFDM scheme. The OFDM transmitted signal with pulse
shaping is generated as follows. The information is first
Where Vmax &Vmin are the maximum and minimum
amplitude of pulse shaped OFDM transmitted signal. We
evaluated various Vmax &Vmin for above said pulse
shapes and presented in Table-1. The pulse shaped OFDM
waveforms are plotted in Figure-8 to Figure-12.
150
Fig-9-Time response of signal s(t)

data 1

passed through a shaping processor, which consists of

100

multiplying the input sequence, S  by the transpose of

50

the shaping matrix P. The output is then modulated using

Amplitude
a regular OFDM scheme with L+N+U sub-carriers giving 0

the signal x (t) as defined in (10). The entities of the -50

shaping matrix are directly obtained from the selected set

-100

of time waveforms that reduce the PAPR of OFDM

signals [3, 34]. -150
2 4 6 8
Time(sec)
10 12
x 10
14
-7

Fig.8: Time Response of OFDM signal for Rectangular pulse

Fig-9-Time response of signal s(t)
50
data 1

40

30

20

10
Amplitude

Fig.6: Discrete representation of OFDM modulation 0

schemes with time-limited waveforms.

-10

-20

-30

The ISI and ICI within an OFDM block are -40

avoided by adding a cyclic prefix (CP). The cyclic prefix -50

2 4 6 8
Time(sec)
10 12
x 10
14
-7

is simply a copy of the M last symbols of the N samples

Fig.9: Time Response of OFDM signal for Blackman pulse
and is added to the front of the OFDM block, making the
Fig-9-Time response of signal s(t)

signal to appear periodic in the receiver as shown in 60

data 1

Figure-7. 40

20
Amplitude

-20

-40

Fig. -60
2 4 6 8
Time(sec)
10 12 14
-7
x 10

7: Adding the cyclic prefix, CP.

Fig.10: Time Response of OFDM signal for Gaussian pulse
There is a trade off between bit rate and low ISI
and the optimum length of the cyclic prefix depends on 60
Fig-9-Time response of signal s(t)

data 1

the delay spread of the channel. The length of cyclic

40

prefix is chosen larger than expected delay spread of the

channel. 20

The purpose of this paper is to look at designing

Amplitude

an optimum set of waveforms for the OFDM scheme by

varying the related parameter of p(t). The OFDM system -20

with pulse shaping was introduced and the system

performance was evaluated assuming that each sub-carrier -40

uses the same pulse shape. In our model the system -60
2 4 6 8 10 12 14

performance based on choosing the set of pulses that give

Time(sec) -7
x 10

performance of OFDM system in terms of PSD and MI. Fig.11: Time Response of OFDM signal for Hamming pulse
The modulation index (M.I.) of pulse shaped
OFDM signal is calculated by expression [28] as

Vmax  Vmin
M .I .   100............(16)
Vmax  Vmin

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Fig-9-Time response of signal s(t) Fig-10-s(t) FFT

80 12
data 1
data 1
10
60
8

Magnitude
40
6

20
2
Amplitude

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0
Frequency(Hz) 8
x 10

-20
Welch Power Spectral Density Estimate
-40
data 2

-60

Power/frequency (dB/Hz)
-40

-80

-60
-100

-80 -120
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time(sec) -7
x 10
-140
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Frequency (MHz)

Fig.12: Time Response of OFDM signal for Hanning pulse

Fig.16: Frequency Response & PSD of signal for Hamming pulse.
The pulse shaped OFDM waveforms is then analyzed 12
Fig-10-s(t) FFT

data 1
10

for frequency domain response and the PSD in each case 8

Magnitude
as mentioned above are plotted in Figure-13 to Figure-17. 6

The PSD of each carrier at frequency defined by the 2

expression as: 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Frequency(Hz)
2.5 3 3.5 4
8

Pk  f   Sinc  .....17
x 10

2 -40
Welch Power Spectral Density Estimate

data 3

-60

Power/frequency (dB/Hz)
where -80

     f  f k   s .......(18);
-100

-120

-140
' 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

k Frequency (MHz)

f k  f c  ........(19)and
u Fig.17: Frequency Response & PSD of signal for Hanning pulse.

k '  k  kmax  kmin  / 2; kmin  k  kmax ....(20) V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The modulation index after getting the OFDM for
25
Fig-10-s(t) FFT
applied five different pulses shape i.e. rectangular,
20 Blackman, Gaussian, Hamming and Hanning pulse has
been investigated and reported in Table-1.
Magnitude

15

10

5
The modulation index of OFDM for Rectangular
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Frequency(Hz)
2.5 3 3.5
x 10
8
4 pulse is lower but the modulation index of OFDM signal
-20
Welch Power Spectral Density Estimate for Gaussian pulse is higher.
-40
Various parameters of Magnitude Spectrum and
Power/frequency (dB/Hz)

-60

-80
Power Spectral Density of OFDM transmitted signal for
-100
different pulse shapes are tabulated in Table-2 and Table-
3 respectively.
-120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Frequency (MHz)

Fig.13: Frequency Response & PSD of signal for Rectangular pulse.

Table-1: Simulation result of: Max and Min. Values &
10
Fig-10-s(t) FFT

data 1
modulation index of OFDM signal.
8
Sr. Types of Vmax Vmin M. I.
Magnitude

4 No. Pulse (%)

2

0
1 Rectangular 113.1370 8.483 86.05
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Frequency(Hz)
x 10
8

Pulse
Fig-10-s(t) FFT
-40

-60
data 2 2 Blackman 45.8639 3.263 86.72
Power/frequency (dB/Hz)

-80 Pulse
-100

-120
3 Gaussian 54.2013 3.076 89.26
-140
0 20 40 60 80 100
Frequency (MHz)
120 140 160 180
Pulse
4 Hamming 59.2022 4.249 86.61
Fig.14: Frequency Response & PSD of signal for Blackman pulse.
Pulse
Fig-10-s(t) FFT
5 Hanning 60.0577 4.353 86.48
10

8
data 1
Pulse
Magnitude

2
VI. CONCLUSION
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Frequency(Hz)

A study on pulse shaped OFDM signal is made and

8
x 10

Welch Power Spectral Density Estimate

-40

-60
data 2
the power spectral density (PSD) and MI of different
Power/frequency (dB/Hz)

-80 pulse shaped OFDM signal is presented in this paper. The

-100
OFDM waveform is then analyzed for MI & frequency
-120

-140
domain response and the PSD in each case.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Frequency (MHz)
It is also possible to design a set of time domain
Fig.15: Frequency Response & PSD of signal for Gaussian pulse. waveforms that will reduce the PAPR of the OFDM

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TECHNIA – International Journal of Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 2, Jan. 2011. (ISSN 0974-3375)
transmitted signal and improve its power spectrum
simultaneously. The effect of some of these sets of time
waveform on the OFDM system performance in terms of
MI & power spectral density (PSD) is investigated and the
data is tabulated to analyze and establish the superiority of
a specific pulse shape over the other depending on the
application or requirement.
In this paper, envelope of pulse shaped OFDM signal
are shown and the variations in modulation index with
respect to pulse shape or window function used are
tabulated. The results are enabling to analyze and
establish the superiority at a glance of a specific window
function applied.
This study definitely looks forward and it reveals that
this will act as the stepping stone especially in the designs
of 4G Mobile Communication System.
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TECHNIA – International Journal of Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 2, Jan. 2011. (ISSN 0974-3375)

Table-2: The Parameters of Magnitude Spectrum of OFDM Transmitted Signal With Different Pulse Shapes
Para. Time (Sec.) Rect. Blackman Hanning Gaussian Hamming
5 5 5 4 5
Min: 8.9286  10 3
8.3295  10 3.1005  10 8.2062  10 1.1100  10 9.1606  10
3.6571  10
8
Max: 20.7719 8.3305 10.9302 9.8474 10.7639
1.8286  10
8
Mean 0.3850 0.1563 0.2049 0.1844 0.2017
Median 1.8286  10 8
0.0025 0.0010 0.0013 0.0012 0.0013
5 5 5 4 5
8.9286  10 8.3295  10 3.1005  10 8.2062  10 1.1100  10 9.1606  10
8
Mode:
1.0557  10
8
Std 1.9815 0.8034 1.0534 0.9483 1.0370
3.6571  10
8
Range 20.7719 8.3305 10.9301 9.8473 10.7638

Table-3: The Parameters of Power Spectral Density of OFDM Transmitted Signal With Different Pulse Shapes
Para. Time(sec.) Rect. Blackman Hanning Gaussian Hamming
Min: 0 -116.5818 -124.3722 -122.0185 -122.9310 -122.1541
Max: 182.8571 -35.1984 -43.1080 -40.7408 -41.6560 -40.8792
Mean 91.4286 -105.1980 -112.9823 -110.6529 -111.5612 -110.7903
Median 91.4286 -110.1268 -117.9741 -115.6195 -116.5291 -115.7503
Mode: 0 -116.5818 -124.3722 -122.0185 -122.9310 -122.1541
Std 52.7911 15.7749 15.7621 15.7525 15.7516 15.7482
Range 182.8571 81.3834 81.2642 81.2777 81.2750 81.2749

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