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ARAB STEEL FABRICATION CO.

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CLIENT NEM: PROJECT NO.: 21003 ASF JOB NO

DOCUMENT NO. :(21003-309-04709-004)

RADIOGRAPHIC TEST PROCEDU

Rev. Issue Date Issued for Prepared by Reviewe

0 25/5/2006 Approval

REV0.
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Index
1. Scope

2. Purpose

3. References

4. Definitions

5. Responsibilities

6. Procedure

7. Attachments

1. Scope:
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REV0.
1.1. To specify the minimum requirements for radiography of welds
employing either gamma ray or X-Ray techniques.

2. Purpose
2.1. To ensure ultrasonic testing is carried out in a controlled defined
manner.

3. References:

3.2. Clients' specification requirements.

3.3. AWS D 1.1.

4. Definitions:

4.1 None.

5. Responsibilities:
5.1 The NDT Examiner shall be responsible for conducting and reporting
the results if inspection in accordance with client's specifications and
applicable code.

6. Procedure:

6.1. Personnel Qualifications:

6.1.1. All personnel involved in radiographic examinations shall be qualified
in accordance with company written practice.
 SNT-TC-1 A Level II for interpretations
 SNT-TC-1A Levels II and I for field exposures.

6.1.2. The certification of personnel shall be checked by the Quality Control

Department prior to work commencement.

6.2. Equipment:

6.2.1. The exposure equipment shall be the remote control type projector
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that is suitable for containing the respective type and size of

radioisotope and shall be complete with a collimator, and operating
accessories

6.2.2. The X-Ray machine is panoramic with maximum capacity of 320kv

and 5mA the machine is accompanied by a separate control unit.
6.2.3. Each gamma ray source will be accompanied by monitoring
equipment and source decay Charts, while the X-ray machine will
be accompanied by X-ray machine exposure charts
6.2.4. Survey monitoring equipment meters shall be calibrated at least
annually and following any repair, a copy of the calibration
certificate shall accompany the meter at all times.
6.2.5. Each RT equipment shall be available with sufficient warning signs
pennants together with rope tape barrier materials to ensure safety
of unclassified personnel.
6.3. Materials:

6.3.1. All radiographic film shall conform to ASTM specification E-94, Table
2, particularly: Type 1 : Low speed, high contrast, small grain size
e.g. Agfa D4, Kodak M, or similar. Type 2: Medium speed, high
contrast, large grain size e.g.Agfa D7, Kodak AA or AX, or similar.

6.3.2. The film processing technique shall be compatible to the film

selected, and shall confirm to the manufacturer's recommendations in
respect of mixture, time and temperature.

6.3.3. All other materials used in the production of radiographs, e.g. lead
intensifying screens, shall be of a recognized commercial quality, in
good condition and free from defects

6.4. Surface Condition:

6.4.1. Welds that are to be radio graphed shall be prepared to the extent
necessary to ensure that the resulting image is free from any
irregularities, e.g. spatter, grinding or chipping marks, etc. that may
mask or cause confusion in interpreting the final radiograph.

6.5. Method:
6.5.1. This procedure is to cover methods to be employed fo radiographic
examination of welds in structural steel, piping, including fittings,
i.e.flanges, tees, elbows, valves, etc. usingIridium192 or X-ray
machine, subject to the following limitations:
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Material to be radiographic by gamma ray, single or double wall

technique shall not be less than 6mm, and subject to a trial radiograph
to prove the sensitivity requirements.
 Single wall or double wall will be verified to achieve the required
sensitivity.
6.6. Technique:

6.6.1. Single wall exposure techniques shall be employed where practical

on pipe diameters of 12" nominal bore and above, below this rang
single wall techniques shall only be used subject to production of
satisfactory trial radiographs to prove sensitivity requirements.

6.6.2. Where single wall exposure techniques are not considered practical
then double wall techniques shall be employed.

6.6.3. Single Wall Technique:

6.6.3.1. Source inside:
 When the source is positioned on the axis of the pipe so that the beam
passes through the centre of the weld, then the whole circumference
may be radiographic in a single exposure.
 When the source is positioned on or near to the opposite inside wall of
the pipe of the area being radiographic, and the beam passing through
the centre of the weld, subject to the wall thickness, at least three
radiographs are to be taken, at a spacing of 120° to ensure full weld
coverage.
6.6.3.2. Source Outside:
 When the source is positioned outside of the pipe the beam must
pass through the centre of the weld, and subject to wall thickness
and geometric considerations sufficient radiographs shall be taken
to ensure full weld coverage.
6.6.4. Double wall technique:
6.6.4.1. For welds of 89mm outside diameter or less:
 Double image (elliptical) technique is when the source is placed at a
minimum source to film distance as determined by the wall thickness,
etc. and positioned so that the beam passes through the centre of the
pipe in the plane of the weld, and is sufficiently offset to separate the
front and back wall images on the resulting radiograph. To ensure
coverage of the weld a minimum of 2 exposures at 90 deg. to each
other or 3 exposures at 60° or 120°are required.

6.6.4.2. For welds of outside diameter greater than 89mm:

 The source shall be located on the pipe so that the beam

passes through the centre of the section being examined, at the
shortest possible source to film distance, although a minor
offset may be advantageous to prevent the image of the near
wall being projected onto the image of the wall nearest to the
film. For coverage a minimum of 3 exposures at 120° are
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required.

6.7. Information:
6.7.1. Weld data:
Subject to client requirements the following information shall be
displayed on the radiograph by means of lead markers during
exposure:
 Client identity.
 Contractor identity.
 Drawing Line number.
 Weld number or reference.
 Repair reference e.g. R1, R2, R3,etc. or RW, as necessary. date of
radiograph.
 Welders' mark, number or identity.
 Other information as required.

6.8. Identification:

6.8.1. Each weld shall be uniquely identified, with the same reference
identification appearing on each film, together with adequate
indicators for ease of identifying individual areas, or defects in the
weld Markers shall not be removed until the weld has been accepted

6.8.1.1. Welds in pipes having diameters greater than 89mm, shall have
continuous lead marker number bands wrapped around the
circumference of the weld with the zero being marked on the pipe or
fitting, with paint stick, marker, or crayon, for reference purposes.

6.8.1.2. Welds in pipes; having diameters of 89mm or less, shall have

individual exposures identified by a lead marker letter, e.g. first
exposure " A , second exposure "B", etc. In order that all areas of the
weld can, be identified and radiographic overage can be proven
Each location shall be marked on the pipe, or; fitting, with paint stick,
marker, or crayon, for reference purposes

6.9. image Quality Indicators:

6.9.1. Image Quality indicators confirming to AWS D1.l shall be employed

to verify the radiographic sensitivity achieved. Selection of the
indicator shall be determined by the sensitivity requirement for the
material thickness under examination, and shall be compatible with
the material being radio graphed

6.9.2. The image Quality indicator shall be selected for the single wall
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thickness that is next to the film, without regard for backing strips,
rings, or reinforcement

6.9.3. The image Quality indicator shall be located on the source side of the
weld under examination, however, where this is not practical, then
the indicator shall be placed on the film side, with an identifying lead
marker F placed adjacent to the indicator. Dimensions of the marker
shall be similar to those of the identity markers.

6.9.4. A radiograph of a test piece (of similar thickness1 size)

mayberequired for comparison, and proof of sensitivity

6.9.5. lmage Quality lndicators shall be placed in accordance with table 6.4
6.5, 6.6 and as illustrated in fig. 6.1 1, 6.12, 6.13, 6.14 in AWS code.

6.10. Sensitivity:

6.10.1. Sensitivity shall be as defined in the client specifications and1 or

codes, and shall be demonstrated that the technique to be used can
meet these requirements prior to commencement of production work.

6.10.2. Sensitivity shall be calculated by dividing the thinnest wire visible on

the radiograph by the material thickness under the wire and
expressed as a percentage.

6.11. Density:

6.11.1. The density is the quantitative measurement of the degree of

blackening on the radiograph, and shall be assessed through the
area of interest i.e. weld area, and calculated using the following
formula:
D=l,/I
Where D = Density
I = Light intensity incident on the film
I = Light intensity transmitted through the film

6.11.2. The limitations of density shall be considered as 2.0 - 4.0 for this
procedure unless stated otherwise in the client specifications and
codes.

6.11.3. Density values shall be measured on dry radiographs using a

densitometer.

6.11.4. To determine the geometric unhappiness, i.e. penumbra, which shall

not exceed 0.5mml the following formula shall be used to assess the
requisite source to film distance, object to film distance, etc. and shall
operate within practical limits but become less relevant as the source
to film distance1 thickness ratio increases:
Ug = Ftld
Where Ug = Geometric Unhappiness
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F = size of source facing the film

t = Specimen thickness at the point of contract with the film
(object-film distance)
d = source to object distance
All dimensions to be of one system i.e. metric or imperial.

6.12. Weld Coverage:

6.12.1. Where more than one film is used to examine the weld then
sufficient overlap, of not less than 20mm, shall be present, so as to
ensure that full coverage of the weld, has been undertaken.

6.13. Scattered Radiation:

6.13.1. A lead mark "B" shall be attached to the back of the film cassette,
the image of which shall be considered to indicate back scattered
radiation.

6.13.2. If the image of a "B" is evident then the radiograph will be reshooted
with adequate precautions in the form of lead shielding, or
adjustment in geometry shall be employed prior to the exposure, to
avoid such back-scattered radiation.

6.14. Screens:

6.14.1. Lead intensifying screens shall be used for all radiography performed
to this procedure. They shall be 0.125 mm thick, and placed in
immediate contact with the front and back of the film in the cassette.

6.14.2. The screens shall clean and free from all defects and contaminants
that could make any indication on the resultant radiograph, or affect
the quality

6.15. Film Control:

6.15.1. Only film that has been stored correctly and within the manufacturers
expiry date shall be used for radiography.
6.16. Quality:
6.16.1. All radiographs shall be free of the following defects that may
interfere with the satisfactory interpretation of the weld image:
 Physical damage such as scratches, static, tears, crimps, pressure
or similar handling marks.
 Chemical interference due to fogging, processing marks, stains,
etc.

 Radiographic defects caused by dirty or damaged screens, or

poor screen contact.
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6.17. Processing:

6.17.1. All films shall be processed in accordance with the manufacturers

recommendations with careful monitoring of times, temperatures, and
chemical mixtures to that the radiographs are free from darkroom
induced defects.
.
6.17.2. Adequate washing is essential to ensure good conditions for the
required storage life.

6.18. Film Handling:

6.18.1. The film shall be handled in such a manner that the emulsion is not
damaged, and fingerprints, or other marks do not cause damage to
the film, before, during, or after processing
6.18.2. All radiographs shall be held in interleaving folders, on which all
relevant data (see paragraph 5.3.1) is recorded.

6.19. Film Viewing:

6.19.1. Interpretation:

 Only qualified personnel shall interpret radiographs, such

interpretation to be in accordance with the appropriate
Specification as advised by the client.

6.19.2. Conditions:
 Radiographs shall be viewed in subdued lighting such that no

reflections are caused from the film.

The viewer shall be sufficient to view the areas of interest on the
radiograph with an even diffused light to the maximum density
recurred, and any extraneous areas of illumination shall be
masked to avoid glare or distraction.

6.19.3. Acceptance Criteria:

 The acceptance criteria will be in accordance with AWS or client

specifications, which ever is more restricted.

6.19.4. Radiograph Handling:

 During viewing of radiographs, handling shall be carried out so as
to avoid damage and finger prints. It is recommended that film
should'be handled "edge on" between the fingers, and those films
are viewed singly, each being returned to its folder after
interpretation.

6.19.5. Storage:

 Once radiographs have been accepted, they shall be stored, usually in

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line or drawing number sets, or numerically in sets, and consigned to

the manufacturer's original packing (film box) for reference and
storage, with concern to temperature and relative humidity.
 Radiographs shall be stored in fire-resistant cabinets.

6.20. Documentation:

6.20.1. Reports:
 Each set of radiographs for each weld shall be documented on report
form and as required by the client shall be interpreted to the relevant
specification and sentenced with regard to acceptance criteria.

7. ATTACHMENTS:

7.1. Radiographic Inspection Report.

Radiographic Examination Report

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Client : Project : Job No :

Part Examined: Drawing No.:
Material: Surface Condition:
Reference Procedure: Acceptance Criteria:
Technique Description
Min. Source –to-Object Distance: Equipment and
Radiographic Materials
Source:
Max. Distance from Source Side of Object-to
Source Size:
the Film at min. source-to-object distance:
Sensitivity Requirements : Source Energy :
Density Requirements : Film Brand :
Density Variation Requirements : Film Designation:
No. of Films / Cassette : Film processing : Manual  Automatic
Film Size: Lead Screens : Front  Back 
IQI Type : Wire  Hole 

Technique Description

Other

Legend

C Crack UC Undercut
IP Incomplete penetration RC Root concavity
LF Lack of fusion RU Root undercut
P Isolated Porosity EP Excessive penetration
LP Linear porosity HL High-low
CP Cluster porosity TI Tungsten inclusion
WH Wormhole ACC Accept
BT Burn through REJ Reject
SI Slag inclusion RS reshoot
SL Slag line

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EVALUATION
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Wel Welder Thickness IQI Arrangement Location Discontinuities Judgment

d No. Mm Location

Name Qualification Signature Date

Interpreted By
Approved By
Authorized
Inspector