AP World History 2020 Review Packet: Unit 3 Land-Based Empires 1450-1750 CE

Section 1: Define the following terms.

Safavid​ - had powerful land-based military and strong
leadership; Shi’a
Mughal​ - one of the richest/best-governed states;
overseas trade flourished; tolerated all religions
Ottoman​ - founded by Osman Dynasty; largest and
most enduring Islamic empire; Sunni
Manchu​ - conquered Ming and established Qing
devshirme​ - Ottomans forced Christian boys to serve
in Ottoman government
samurai​ - warriors that served under the daimyo
human sacrifice​ - people sacrificed in Aztec religious
rituals
divine right of kings​ - common claim from the
Middle Ages that the right to rule was given to a king
by God
Incan​ - organized their empire into a federal system
of provinces
monumental art​ - monuments used to show power
Versailles​ - huge palace in France; Louis XIV
zamindars​ - paid government officials
Ottoman tax farming​ - Ottomans levied taxes on
peasants to finance powerful military
Ming tax collection​ - wealthy families saw to the
collection of land taxes in their area of the countryside
Protestant Reformation​ - various reform efforts that
challenged the Roman Catholic Church; Lutheranism
and Calvinism
Counter-Reformation​ - Catholics punished
nonbelievers, sent out missionaries, and corrected
some of the worst of the Church’s abuses in order to
counter Protestant spread
Sunni/Shia Split​ - split in Islamic beliefs
Sikhism​ - developed from Hinduism and influenced
by Islamic mysticism known as Sufism

Section 2: Answer the following questions.

3.1: Empires Expand
1. Name the four major gunpowder empires.
Russia, Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal
2. Name two reasons why conflict existed between some of these gunpowder empires.
Religious disagreements; power hunger

3.2: Administration of Empires

1. Define the following vocab words:
Imperial - relating to an empire
Tributary system - conquered people were forced to pay tribute in the form of food, goods, etc.
2. Describe the system of devshirme in the Ottoman Empire.
Ottomans forced conquered Christian boys to serve in the government
3. How do rulers use art and architecture to legitimize their rule?
They make beautiful monuments dedicated to themselves which shows their power and wealth
4. Name one example of a piece of art or architecture that was used to legitimize rule.
Taj Mahal
5. Compare and contrast tax farming in the Ottoman Empire and the zamindar system in the Mughal Empire. At least
two differences, and at least two similarities.
zamindars​ - paid government officials
Ottoman tax farming​ - Ottomans levied taxes on peasants to finance powerful military

3.3: Belief Systems of Empires

1. Name three reasons why Martin Luther took issue with the Christian church.
Objected indulgences, simony (selling of church offices), and advocated for faith alone as a means of salvation
2. Compare and contrast Protestantism and Catholicism. Include at least two differences each and three similarities.
Both - believed in crucifixion, believed in the Holy Trinity, studied the Bible
Protestants disagreed with indulgences and simony
3. Describe the foundational difference between Sunni Islam and Shi’a Islam.
Sunni believed Muhammad’s successor should be his father-in-law. Shia believed Muhammad’s succesor should be
his son-in-law.
4. What two religions blended to create Sikhism?
Hinduism and Islamic Sufism

3.4: Comparison in Land-Based Empires

1. Choose two land based empires and compare them politically, socially, and economically. At least one similarity
and one difference.
Both - used slave soldiers, Islamic beliefs, gunpowder empires
Ottoman - Sunni, military was a dual authority with government, navy
Safavid - Shia, military was independent of government, no navy
2. Find a map of the major gunpowder empires from this time and post it here.

The following are things you should be able to do for Unit 3.

Empires Expand (Causation)

I can explain the impact of increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish and grow large
empires in both hemispheres.
I can evaluate the impact of political and religious disputes on rivalries and conflicts between states.
Empires: Administration (Comparison)
I can describe how the recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites and the development of military professionals
became common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control.
I can explain how rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.
I can explain how rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate
revenue in order to forward state power.
Empires: Belief Systems (Continuity and Change)
I can evaluate the impact of the Protestant Reformation on existing Christian traditions and on the growth of
Christianity.
I can explain the political rivalries between the Ottoman and Safavid Empires, and how this intensified the split in
Islam between Sunni and Shi’a.
I can describe the development of Sikhism in South Asia in the context of interactions between Hinduism and Islam.