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Shear Strengthening of RC Beams With Web-Bonded Continuous Steel Plates
Shear Strengthening of RC Beams With Web-Bonded Continuous Steel Plates
and Building
Received 11 August 2004; received in revised form 20 November 2004; accepted 31 January 2005
Available online 21 March 2005
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental program and a parametric study conducted on RC beams strengthened in shear
with web-bonded continuous steel plates. An experimental investigation was conducted to assess the effectiveness of web-bonded
continuous steel plates for shear strengthening of RC beams having internal stirrups. A two-dimensional nonlinear finite element
model was developed to simulate the overall behavior of beams with epoxy bonded steel plates. In order to develop a design meth-
odology for beams with web-bonded steel plates, a parametric study was conducted. Main parameters considered were concrete
strength, plate thickness, plate depth-to-beam depth ratio, yield strength of steel plates, beam size and the internal shear reinforce-
ment ratio. A formula to compute the shear strength of such beams was proposed by adding up the concrete contribution, shear
reinforcement contribution and the contribution of steel plates. The validity of proposed formula was checked against the results
from parametric study and the experiments. It was found that the proposed formula predicts the ultimate shear strength of RC
beams with web-bonded continuous steel plates very well.
2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Epoxy adhesive; FEM; Numerical analysis; RC beams; Shear strengthening; Steel plates
0950-0618/$ - see front matter 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.026
B.B. Adhikary, H. Mutsuyoshi / Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) 296–307 297
Nomenclature
wing) or bonding continuous plates on the web. These plates are discussed. Finally, a design formula to com-
different schemes for flexural and shear strengthening pute the shear strength of beams with web-bonded con-
of RC beams are shown in Fig. 1. Most of the research tinuous steel plates is presented. A comparison between
done in the past on strengthening of existing RC beams the shear strengths computed using the proposed for-
focused on flexural strengthening [1–9] and very few mula and FEM as well as the experimental results is
studies have specifically addressed the topic of shear made.
strengthening [10–13].
Bonding of continuous steel plates, aligned parallel to
beam axis is a convenient and effective method for 2. Experimental investigation
enhancing both the flexural and shear strengths of RC
beams. Effectiveness of this particular technique for The experimental program consisted of testing of two
shear strengthening of RC beams having no internal sets of beams, differing in the provision of internal shear
shear reinforcement has been confirmed in a previous reinforcement. In the first set, without shear reinforce-
study by the authors [13]. In continuation, test results ment, a total of twelve beams, in two series A and B,
are presented for additional beams having internal shear were tested [13]. The beam size used was 150 mm(b) ·
reinforcement in this paper. 200 mm(h) · 2600 mm(l), as shown in Fig. 2. The beams
This paper also presents a nonlinear FEM model in both series were reinforced with two D13 bars (de-
developed to analyze the RC beams with web-bonded formed bars 13 mm in diameter) in the compression
steel plates and simulation results of beams tested by zone, whereas two D22 bars (deformed bars 22 mm in
the authors. Further, it presents the results of a paramet- diameter) were provided in Series-A and three D22 bars
ric study accounting for the effects of plate depth/beam
depth ratio, plate thickness, concrete strength and inter-
nal shear reinforcement ratio. The effects of each param-
D13 170 200 D13 170 D22 170 200
eter on shear strength of beams with web-bonded steel 200
hp D22 hp D22 hp D22
1940
2600
Vertical/Inclined strips Shear wings Continuous horizontal plate (2400 for series-C)
(b) Shear strengthening (b) Beam loading details
(Dimensions in mm)
Fig. 1. Different strengthening schemes of concrete beams by epoxy
bonding of steel plates. Fig. 2. Beam sections, steel plate bonding and loading details.
298 B.B. Adhikary, H. Mutsuyoshi / Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) 296–307
in Series-B in the tension zone. Beams A-1 and B-1 were Table 2
control beams without steel plates, while the other Properties of epoxy adhesive (after 7 days of curing)
beams had bonded steel plates. In the second set, a total Tensile Compressive Shear Elastic
of five beams were tested. The experimental program strength (MPa) strength (MPa) strength (MPa) modulus (GPa)
carried out for this set of beams (denoted as series C) 49.0 72.0 15.60 2.13
is described in detail in subsequent sections.
Table 1 Table 4
Properties of reinforcement and steel plates Experimental results
Reinforcement or Yield strength Elastic modulus Beam Diagonal crack Ultimate shear Relative
steel plates (MPa) (GPa) no. strength (kN) strength (kN) strength
6 mm diameter bar 346 192 C-1 36.7 98.2 1.00
22 mm diameter bar 391 186 C-2 63.7 116.4 1.19
2.3 mm thick plate 378 209 C-3 63.3 106.3 1.08
4.5 mm thick plate 382 198 C-4 63.7 126.4 1.29
6.0 mm thick plate 398 210 C-5 80.8 132.4 1.35
B.B. Adhikary, H. Mutsuyoshi / Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) 296–307 299
in stirrups showed rapid increase. Ultimately, this par- case of beams with internal shear reinforcement, stirrups
ticular beam failed at a shear force of 98.2 kN. Other and steel plates, both share the additional stresses once
beams with bonded steel plates also showed similar the concrete cracks in shear span.
crack patterns, but the cracks were fewer in numbers.
Failure occurred due to a major shear crack at the loca- 2.3.2. Load displacement behavior
tion above the steel plate. Near the ultimate state, steel Fig. 4 shows the relationship between load and mid-
plates were detached and buckled outward, while the span displacement for all test beams. Beams with
concrete in shear span crushed between the two consec- bonded steel plates showed greater stiffness throughout
utive shear cracks. Since the anchor bolts were located loading than the control beam. Beams with thicker
outside the shear span, the effect of bolts was not signif- plates and greater plate depth are stiffer than the beams
icant. However, if the bolts are provided within the with thinner plates and lower plate depth. It is found
shear span and spaced more closely, it affects the buck- that the maximum decrease in deflection in the service
ling length of steel plate, which might have significant load range (about 58 kN) for beam C-4 is about 34%
impact on the ultimate shear strength of the beams. compared to control beam C-1. On the other hand, for
Fig. 3 shows the typical failure of a test beam. The beams C-2 and C-5, it is about 25% and the difference
beams with thicker plates showed larger shear strengths between these two beams is very small. The reduction
except for beam C-3, which showed somewhat lower in deflection near the ultimate load is almost 40% in
strength. The lower strength of this beam may be due the case of beam C-4.
to the defects in bonding operation, which caused the less
than perfect bonding of steel plates to concrete. The 2.3.3. Load strain behavior
highest shear strength was obtained for the beam with Fig. 5 shows the relationship between the load and
150 mm deep steel plates. It is thus clear that the best horizontal strain at bottom of the plate in the center
possible way to enhance the shear strength is to use dee-
per plates rather than the thicker plates. The maximum
increase in shear strength compared with the control 140
beam was about 35% for beam C-5 (plate thickness: 120
2.3 mm, depth: 150 mm). However, this increase in shear
strength is rather small than in case of beams tested with- 100
Load (kN)
140
120
100
Load (kN)
80
60
Pl. 100-2.3 (C-2)
40 Pl. 100-4.5 (C-3)
Pl. 100-6.0 (C-4)
20 Pl. 150-2.3 (C-5)
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Strain (microstrain)
Fig. 3. Typical failure of RC beam with web-bonded continuous steel
plates. Fig. 5. Steel plate strain in mid-span of beam (horizontal).
300 B.B. Adhikary, H. Mutsuyoshi / Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) 296–307
140 seen that the strain increases slowly till the occurrence of
diagonal cracks. Once diagonal cracks occur, there is a
120 change in the slope of the curve showing greater partic-
100 ipation of steel plate in resisting the external shear force.
Beams with thicker and deeper plates showed smaller
Load (kN)
of beam span. This figure shows that the strain increases A nonlinear two-dimensional finite element model
with load gradually until failure occurs. The beam with was used to simulate the behavior of beams strength-
thicker plates showed smaller strains than the beam with ened with epoxy bonded steel plates. Eight-node ele-
thinner plates and control beam. Figs. 6 and 7 show the ments were used for reinforced concrete and steel
horizontal plate strains at bottom of plate at mid of left plates. Two special elements were implemented to model
shear span and mid of right shear span, respectively. It is the interface between concrete and steel plate and the ef-
fects of anchor bolts. These elements with respective
material models, along with the reinforced concrete
140 plate (RC) element model [14] were used in the finite ele-
ment analysis.
120
80
A sixteen-node adhesive interface element was em-
60 ployed to model the concrete–adhesive–steel interface
Pl. 100-2.3 (C-2) based on the joint element by Justo et al. [15] and Triche
40 Pl. 100-4.5 (C-3)
Pl. 100-6.0 (C-4) and Richardson [16]. This joint element is based on the
20 Pl. 150-2.3 (C-5) relative displacements of two contact surfaces connect-
0 ing the steel plate and concrete and has zero thickness.
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 The relative displacements are considered in two tangen-
Strain (microstrain) tial directions. To model the behavior of anchor bolt at
Fig. 7. Steel plate strain in mid of right shear span (horizontal).
concrete–epoxy–steel interface, a bolt crossing joint
(BOCJ) element is used following Marence and Swo-
boda [17]. This is a two-node element, which connects
140 the opposite two nodes at the interface. BOCJ element
is modeled as two tangential springs having shear stiff-
120 ness according to the displacements on the interface.
100
3.2. Material models
Load (kN)
80
Table 5
Failure loads from the experiment and analysis for beams in first set
Beam no. Exp. (kN)/mode FEMa (kN)/mode FEMb (kN)/mode FEM a/Exp. FEM b/Exp.
A-1 44.4/shear 47.00/shear – 1.06 –
A-2 55.2/shear 59.8/shear 56.8/shear 1.08 1.03
A-3 62.2/shear 64.7/shear 62.7/shear 1.04 1.01
A-4 63.1/shear 64.7/shear 62.7/shear 1.02 0.99
A-5 83.4/shear 84.3/shear 82.4/shear 1.01 0.99
A-6 79.1/shear 83.6/shear 81.3/shear 1.06 1.03
A-7 93.5/flexure 107.6/flexure 104.6/flexure 1.15 1.12
B-1 50.5/shear 52.4/shear – 1.04 –
B-2 58.8/shear 65.7/shear 62.7/shear 1.12 1.06
B-3 74.38/shear 76.5/shear 73.5/shear 1.03 0.99
B-4 74.38/shear 79.4/shear 77.4/shear 1.07 1.04
B-5 126.3/flexure 127.0/flexure 126.0/flexure 1.00 1.00
a
FEM analysis with perfect bond assumption.
b
FEM analysis with interface element.
302 B.B. Adhikary, H. Mutsuyoshi / Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) 296–307
Table 6
Failure loads from the experiment and analysis for beams in second set
Beam no. Exp. (kN)/mode FEMa (kN)/mode FEMb (kN)/mode FEM a/Exp. FEM b/Exp.
C-1 98.3/shear 98.0/shear 98.0/shear 0.99 0.99
C-2 116.4/shear 118.4/shear 116.6/shear 1.02 1.00
C-3 104.9/shear 125.4/shear 122.5/shear 1.20 1.17
C-4 126.3/shear 128.4/shear 126.4/shear 1.02 1.00
C-5 132.4/shear 156.8/flexure 132.3/shear 1.18 1.00
a
FEM analysis with perfect bond assumption.
b
FEM analysis with interface element.
140 140
120 120
100
100
80
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
80
60
60
FEM (Perfect bond) 40
40 Experiment
FEM (Interface) 20 FEM (Interface)
20 Experiment
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Strain (micro)
Displacement (mm) Fig. 12. Horizontal plate strain at mid span of beam C-2.
Fig. 10. Relationship between the load and mid-span displacement for
beam C-3.
140
120
180
100
160
140
Load (kN)
80
120
60
Load (kN)
100
40
80 Experiment
Fig. 11. Relationship between the load and mid-span displacement for
mode predicted from perfect bond analysis is flexural
beam C-5.
one, which is erroneous, since the experimental failure
mode is shear. The failure load is also overestimated. It
loads and failure modes as predicted by FEM analysis is thus confirmed that though the perfect bond analysis
along with the experimental results are presented in Ta- is satisfactory in general, but the analysis with interface
bles 5 and 6 for first and second set of beams, respec- element is superior in overall performance. Figs. 10
tively. It is seen that the FEM analysis with perfect and 11 show the load versus mid-span displacement
bond assumption slightly overestimates the failure relationships for two typical beams from experiments
loads, however the model with interface element pre- and FEM analyses. It is seen that there is a close agree-
dicts the ultimate failure loads and failure modes of ment between the experimental curves and the analyti-
all beams quite accurately. For beam C-5, the failure cal curves. These figures clearly show the accuracy of
B.B. Adhikary, H. Mutsuyoshi / Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) 296–307 303
a a
tp/2
Asv P P
As'
d h @ sv
As
hp
L
bw L+200
L+400
(a) Cross-section.
(b) Longitudinal section.
Fig. 14. Model beam used for parametric study.
the model with interface element over that of the per- achieve this, the beams were designed to have high flex-
fect bond analysis. Figs. 12 and 13 show the horizontal ural strength. The design was carried out according to
plate strain at bottom of plate at the center of beam the JSCE design code [23]. Table 7 shows the parameters
span and concrete strain at top fiber at center of beam used in the analysis, where shear reinforcement ratio pv
span from the experiment and from the analysis with (%) is defined as follows
interface element for beam C-2. There are excellent Av
agreements between the experimental and analytical pv ¼ 100: ð1Þ
sv d
curves.
Table 7
Parameters considered in the parametric study
No. Parameters Range of values Number of cases
1 Concrete strength ÔfcÕ (MPa) 25–70 4
2 Yield strength of plate ÔfypÕ (MPa) 235–500 3
3 Plate thickness/beam width Ôtp/bwÕ 0.0046–0.27 10
4 Plate depth/beam depth Ôhp/hÕ 0.25–1.0 4
5 Shear reinforcement ratio ÔpvÕ (%) 0.2–0.8 4
6 Beam size (bw · h) (mm · mm) 150 · 200–1000 · 2000 4
Analyzed cases 554
304 B.B. Adhikary, H. Mutsuyoshi / Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) 296–307
1200 tp= 2.3 mm tp= 4.5 mm tp= 6.0 mm 1400 hp /h= 0.25 hp/h= 0.50
tp= 10 .0 mm tp= 20 .0 mm hp/h= 0.75 hp/h= 1.00
1200
1000
1000
Shear strength (kN)
600 600
400
400
S ize 300m m x600m m , As v=0.0, hp /h=0.5 200
S ize 30 0m m x600 m m , As v=0.0,fc'=25 MP a
200 0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 5 10 15 20 25
Concrete strength (MPa) Plate thickness (mm)
Fig. 15. Relationship between the shear strength and concrete Fig. 17. Relationship between the shear strength and plate thickness.
strength.
600
1000 tp= 20.0 mm taken by steel plate. It is found that the plateÕs contribu-
tion to the total shear strength decreases with increasing
800
the internal shear reinforcement ratio.
600
400
5. Shear strength of plate bonded RC beams
200
S ize 300m m x600m m , As v=0.0, fc'=35 MP a
0 5.1. Expression for shear strength
0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
hp/h The ultimate shear strength of RC beams with web-
Fig. 16. Relationship between the shear strength and plate depth/beam bonded continuous horizontal steel plates is computed
depth ratio. by adding the contributions from concrete, internal
B.B. Adhikary, H. Mutsuyoshi / Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) 296–307 305
18000
15000
V kN (Analysis)
12000
9000
6000
3000
R 2=0.95
0
0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000 18000
V kN (Formula)
Fig. 19. Correlation between the shear strength computed from formula and from analysis.
306 B.B. Adhikary, H. Mutsuyoshi / Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) 296–307
Table 8
Ultimate shear strengths of beams (beams failing in flexure are excluded)
Beam no. Formula (kN) FEMa (kN) Experiment (kN) Formula/Experiment Formula/FEM
A-2 54.5 56.8 55.3 0.98 0.96
A-3 61.4 62.7 57.2 1.07 0.98
A-4 69.0 62.7 63.1 1.09 1.10
A-5 88.6 82.4 83.4 1.06 1.07
A-6 89.2 81.3 79.1 1.13 1.10
B-2 55.1 62.7 58.9 0.94 0.88
B-3 63.2 73.5 74.4 0.85 0.86
B-4 70.4 77.4 74.4 0.95 0.91
C-2 103.9 116.6 116.4 0.89 0.89
C-3 133.3 122.5 106.3 1.25 1.09
C-4 150.1 128.4 126.4 1.19 1.17
C-5 128.5 132.3 132.4 0.97 0.97
a
FEM results presented from the analysis using interface element.
6. Conclusions
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