‡jKPvi kxU& −¿ 04 Chemistry j‡ÿ¨ †_‡Kv mr, cv‡e weR‡qi c_

‡gwW‡Kj fwZ©”Qz‡`i Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Instruction

cwi‡ek imvqb
 Kwei m¨v‡ii eB †_‡K t
1g Ask t ‡MÖW-1 t evqygÛ‡ji ¯Íi, M¨v‡mi
ˆewkó¨, e¨vcb I Abye¨vc‡bi Zzjbv,
‡hfv‡e co‡e- MwZZ‡Ë¡i ¯^xKvh©, M¨vmxq `~lK
cwi‡ek imvqb A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ‡MÖW-2 t cÖgvY ZvcgvÎv-Pvc,
Av`k© M¨vm mgxKi‡Yi e¨envi,
GKwU Aa¨vq| Avfvm Gi †jKPvi
wmGdwm
Abyhvqx nvRvix m¨v‡ii eB †kl Ki‡Z
n‡e| AZtci Kwei I mwÄZ m¨v‡ii eB
co‡Z cvi‡j LyeB fvj| 2q Ask t
wewfbœ †jL‡Ki eB †_‡K ‡hfv‡e co‡e-
¸iæZ¡c~Y© UwcK: cwi‡ek A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU
1g Ask t Aa¨vq| Avfvm Gi †jKPvi Abyhvqx
 nvRvix m¨v‡ii eB †_‡K t nvRvix m¨v‡ii eB †kl Ki‡Z n‡e| AZtci
‡MÖW-1 t M¨v‡mi m~θ‡jv, Av`k© Kwei I mwÄZ m¨v‡ii eB co‡Z cvi‡j
M¨vm m~Î, M¨v‡mi MwZZ‡Ë¡i LyeB fvj|
¯^xKvh©, Av`k© M¨vm I ev¯Íe
M¨vm| wewfbœ †jL‡Ki eB †_‡K
‡MÖW-2 t evqygÛ‡ji MVb I Dcv`vb, ¸iæZ¡c~Y© UwcK:
MÖvnv‡gi m~‡Îi cÖ‡qvM, wk‡íi
M¨vmxq eR¨©
1g Ask t
‡MÖW-3 t gvwU‡Z bvB‡Uªv‡Rb  nvRvix m¨v‡ii eB †_‡K t
wd‡·kb ‡MÖW-1 t wewfbœ ZË¡ Abymv‡i
GwmW-ÿv‡ii msÁv, mvi‡dm
IqvUv‡ii weï×Zvi gvb`Û,
 mwÄZ m¨v‡ii eB †_‡K t Av‡m©wbK `~lY I Gi cÖfve
‡MÖW-1 t ‡jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e‡q‡ji ‡MÖW-2 t Av‡m©wbK-‡µvwgqvg-
m~‡Îi e¨vL¨v, Av`k© M¨vm K¨vWwgqvg `~l‡Yi cÖfve
mgxKi‡Yi e¨envi
‡MÖW-2 t wewfbœ M¨v‡mi wbivc`
m‡e©v”P gvÎvi QK, MÖxbnvDR  mwÄZ m¨v‡ii eB †_‡K t
M¨v‡mi Dr‡mi QK ‡MÖW-1 t cvwb‡Z we`¨gvb †Uªm
‡MÖW-3 t wkí KviLvbv †_‡K wbM©Z †gŠ‡ji bvg I cwigvY, cvwbi TDS
evqy`~lK QK Kgv‡bvi Dcvq

1|Page Avfvm GKv‡WwgK GÛ GWwgkb †Kqvi

‡jKPvi kxU& −¿ 04 Chemistry j‡ÿ¨ †_‡Kv mr, cv‡e weR‡qi c_
‡MÖW-2 t Avi‡nwbqvm gZev‡`i
mxgve×Zv, eªb‡÷W jDix Z‡Ë¡i
mxgve×Zv
‡MÖW-3 t Lv`¨k„•L‡j fvix avZz
hy³ nIqvi cÖfve

 Kwei m¨v‡ii eB †_‡K t

‡MÖW-1 t Av‡m©wbK `~l‡Yi
cÖeve, ¯^v‡¯’i Dci †j‡Wi cÖfve
‡MÖW-2 t Lv`¨ k„•L‡j ‡µvwgqvg

Avfvm GKv‡WwgK GÛ GWwgkb †Kqvi 2|Page

‡jKPvi kxU& −¿ 04 Chemistry j‡ÿ¨ †_‡Kv mr, cv‡e weR‡qi c_

Ab¨vb¨ †jL‡Ki eB‡qi Z_¨

W. MvRx †gvt Avnmvbyj Kexi, W. †gvt iweDj Bmjvg
 evqygÛ‡ji Dcv`vb: f~c„‡ôi Pvicv‡k wN‡i †h evqyi ¯Íi i‡q‡Q G‡KB Avgiv e‡j
_v‡K ÔevqygÛjÕ| cÖvq 10,000 wK‡jvwgUvi cyiæ‡Z¡i G AveiY AvbygvwbK
30/35 ‡KvwU eQi Av‡M G mRxe c„w_exi cÖvYgq cwi‡e‡ki m„wó NwU‡q‡Q|
Z‡e evqygÛ‡ji cÖvq 97 kZvs‡ki Ae¯’vbB n‡jv c„ô †_‡K cÖvq 30
wK‡ivwgUv‡iig‡a¨| evqygÛj c„w_exi ga¨vKl©Y kw³i Uv‡b f~c„‡ôi Pvicvk wN‡i
Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q Ges c„w_exi mv‡_ AveZ©b Ki‡Q| Z‡e c„w_exi KwVb f~-fv‡Mi
mv‡_ evqy mgvbZv‡j AvewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡ibv, wKQzUv †cQ‡b c‡o _v‡K| G
D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨ gva¨vKl©b kw³ Puv‡`i †bB e‡jB‡Zv Puv‡`i Pvicv‡k c„w_exi gZ
†Kvb evqygÛj †bB|
RxeRo‡Zi k¦mbwµqvi Acwinvh© Aw·‡Rb Ges `nb cÖwµqv wbqš¿‡bi Rb¨ AZxe
cÖ‡qvRbxq bvB‡Uªv‡Rb| G `ywU MÖ¨vm AvqZwbKfv‡e evqygÛ‡ji cÖvq 99
fvM MVb K‡i| mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvi kK©iv Dcv`v‡bi Rb¨ Acwinvh© Kve©b
WvB A·vBW M¨vm|
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ( N 2 )-78.03 % , AvM©b-0.80 %
Aw·‡Rb (O2 )- 20.71 % ,Ab¨vb¨ (wnwjhvg, wbqb, wµcUb, †Rbb, wg‡_b)
Kve©b WvB A·vBW ( C O2 )-0.03 % , I‡Rvb I Rjxq ev®ú- 0.37 %
f~-c„ô †_‡K D”PZv e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ evqygÛ‡ji NbZ¡ e¨vcKfv‡e n«vm cvq|
GRb¨ mgy`ª mgZ‡j evqygÛjxq Pvc 1.0 atm, n‡jI 100 wK.wg. Dc‡i Zv gvÎ
3.0 ×10−7 atm , cy‡iv evqygÛ‡ji fi cÖvq 5.0 ×1015 Ub, hv c„w_exi †gvU f‡ii `k jÿ
fv‡Mi GK fvM|
[evqygÛ‡ji NbZ¡‡K Parts per million (ppm,. 10−6 ) ev Parts per million (ppm,. 10−9) A_ev
Perts per million (ppm, 10−12) Øviv cÖKvk K‡i|]
evqy gÛ‡j wewfbœ M¨vm, Rjxqev®ú Ges ˆRe-A‰Re KYv¸‡jv‡K GK‡Î A¨v‡ivmj
(aerosol) e‡j| A¨v‡ivm‡j a~wjKYv, jeY KwYKv, c‡jb (Pollen), Kqjvi ¸ov I †auvqv,
Av‡MœqwMwii QvB Dév f®§ cÖf…wZ _v‡K|

 evqygÛ‡ji ¯Íi ev AÂj:

1. mggÛj: mgy`ªc„ô †_‡K cÖvq 85 wK.wg. ch©šÍ GjvKvq evqygÛ‡j
ivmvqwbK MVb A_©vr Dcw¯’Z M¨v‡mi AbycvZ cÖvq mgvb _v‡K e‡j G
AÂj‡K mggÛj e‡j| G Aćji me©Î 78.08% bvB‡Uªv‡Rb Ges 20.94%
Aw·‡Rb _v‡K| GQvov me©Î AvM©b, wbqb, wnwjqvg, wµÞb, †Rbb I I‡hvb
_v‡K|
2. welggÛj: mgy`ª c„‡ôi Dc‡i 85 wK.wg. †_‡K 10,000 wK.wg ch©šÍ G AÂj
we¯Í…Z|
(i) AvYweK bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ¯Íi

3|Page Avfvm GKv‡WwgK GÛ GWwgkb †Kqvi

‡jKPvi kxU& −¿ 04 Chemistry j‡ÿ¨ †_‡Kv mr, cv‡e weR‡qi c_
(ii) cvigvbweK Aw·‡Rb ¯Íi
(iii) wnwjqvg ¯Íi
(iv) nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ¯Íi
 wnwjqvg ¯Íi 100-3500 wK.wg
 nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ¯Íi 3500-1000 wK.wg
 cvigvbYweK Aw·‡Rb ¯Íi 200-1100 wK.wg.
 welggÛj 90 wK.wg Gi D‡aŸ©
 mggÛj 0-90 wK.wg.
 bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cvigvYweK ¯Íi 90-200 wK.wg.
 c„w_exi e¨vmva© 6400 wK.wg.
 c„w_exi e¨vmva© 6400 wK.wg.
 Uª‡cvgÛj (Troposphere): evqygÛ‡ji me‡P‡q bx‡Pi ¯Íi A_©vr f~c„‡ôi ms‡Mi
¯Íi n‡jv Uª‡cvgÛj| f~c„ô †_‡K G ¯Í‡ii D”PZv meÎ mgvb bq- †giæ GjvKvq 8
wK.wg. Ges wbiÿxq A‡j Zv 18-20 wK.wg. ZvI Avevi ¯ÍiwU †kl nhYv| ¯Í‡ii gv‡S
†hLv‡b cwieZ©b ev Ae¯’všÍi N‡U Zv‡K Uª‡cvweiwZ e‡j|
G ¯Í‡i f~c„ô †_‡K hZ Dc‡i DVv hvq evqyi NbZ¡ Ges ZvcgvÎv `yy‡UvB Kg‡Z
_v‡K| †hgb- f~c„ô msjMœ A‡j ZvcgvÎv 25 ° C n‡jI Uªv‡cvgÛ‡ji †kl mxgvbvq Zv
−40° C ev ZviI Kg| mvaviYZ cÖwZ 1000 wgUvi DPvPZvq ZvcgvÎv 6 ° C n«vm
cvq| Avevi D”PZv e„w×i m‡½ evZv‡mi MwZ‡eMI e„w× cvq| G ¯Í‡ii wb‡Pi
w`‡K evZv‡m Rjxq ev®ú †ewk _v‡K| G ¯Í‡ii evqygÛ‡ji Ae¯’AB †Kvb ¯’v‡bi
AvenvIqv I Rjevqy‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| †gN, e„wócvZ, eRªcvZ, evqycÖevn, So,
wkwki Kzqvkv, ZzlvicvZ meB G ¯Í‡i N‡U|

 ÷ªv‡UvgÛj (Stratosphere): 18 wK.wg. †_‡K 50 wK.wg. D”PZv ch©šÍ G ¯ÍiwUi

we¯Í…wZ| G‡ÿ‡Î D”PZv e„w×i m‡&M m‡½ ZvcgvÎv e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| ¯Í‡i 50
wK.wg. D”PZvq ZvcgvÎv −10 ° C ‡_‡K 20 ° CGi g‡a¨ _v‡K| evqyi NbZ¡ I Pvc DfqB
Kg| evqygÛ‡ji †ewkifvM IhvRb G ¯Í‡iB _v‡K| G ¯Í‡i †Kvb Rjxq ev®ú _v‡Kbv| So
e„wóI _v‡K bv| AvenvIqv _v‡K ﮋ I kvšÍ| GRb¨ G ¯Í‡ii †fZi w‡`q †RU wegvb
PjvPj K‡i|

 ‡g‡mvgÛj (Mesosphere/Ionosphere): ¯ÍiwU‡Z evqyi NbZ¡ _v‡K| GLv‡b

cvigvYweK Aw·‡Rb weivR K‡i| Dév gnvk~b¨ †_‡K c„w_exi w`‡K Qz‡U Av‡m
†m¸‡jv G ¯Í‡i G‡m cy‡o aŸsm n‡q hvq|

 ZvcgÛj (Thermosphere/Exosphere): wb‡Pi Ask AvqbgÛj Ges Dc‡ii Ask

G‡·vmwdqvi g¨vMwb‡Uvwùqvi| ZvcgvÎv evo‡Z evo‡Z m‡e©v”P 1200 °C G
†cŠQvq| †kvlY K‡i G A‡j Aw·‡Rb AvqwbZ Ae¯’vq weivR K‡i| Zxeª †mŠi
wewKi‡Y X-ray Ges UV iwk¥i msNv‡Zi G A‡ji wb¤œvs‡ki evqy AvqwbZ nq|
GRb¨ G AÂj‡K AvqbgÛj e‡j| AvqbgÛ‡ji Dc‡i ZvcgÛ‡ji Da©vs‡k cÖvq 750
wK.wg. ch©šÍ †h evq¯Íi Av‡Q Zv‡K G‡·vgÛj ev G·vmwdqvi ejv nq| G ¯Í‡i H 2
Ges He M¨v‡mi cÖvavb¨ _v‡K|
Avfvm GKv‡WwgK GÛ GWwgkb †Kqvi 4|Page
‡jKPvi kxU& −¿ 04 Chemistry j‡ÿ¨ †_‡Kv mr, cv‡e weR‡qi c_

 mviwY- 1.1 evqygÛ‡ji wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii MVb I ZvcgvÎv:

¯Íi D”PZvi we¯Í… Dcw¯’Z Dcv`b ZvcgvÎv
wZ (wK.wg.)
Uª‡cvgÛj α −¿18 N 2 ,O2 , C O2 , Ar , H 2 O 15 ‡_‡K 56
÷ªv‡UvgÛj 18-50 O2 -56 ‡_‡K -2
†g‡mvg

5|Page Avfvm GKv‡WwgK GÛ GWwgkb †Kqvi