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ChapterVI Water Flood Design - Surveillance (Compatibility Mode)
ChapterVI Water Flood Design - Surveillance (Compatibility Mode)
ChapterVI Water Flood Design - Surveillance (Compatibility Mode)
Waterflood Design
Surveillance, and Evaluation
Ibrahim Kocabas
UAEU, Al Ain
Design involves both technical and economical
considerations.
As a whole including reservoir, design and
economic aspects any design should contain
the following relevant information.
Waterflood Design
Design Elements are:
• (Reservoir description) Reservoir evaluation and
d l
development off a conceptuall reservoir
i model
d l
• Selection of potential flooding plans
• Estimation of injection/production rates
• Forecast of recovery over the project life
• Preliminaryy facilities design
g
• Estimation of capital expenditures and future
operating expenses
• Conduct decision analysis and economic
evaluations
• Identify
Id tif variables
i bl that
th t may cause uncertainity
t i it
Waterflood Design
The above design elements should be executed in the
following phases of design and operation:
4. Unusual completions
5. Primary production history
• Primary producing mechanism
• Primary recovery data and remaining reserves
• Pressure distribution in the reservoir
• Existence of gas caps and aquifers
6. Production equipment installed
7. Well completion data
II. Evaluation of the reservoir ((stepp 1))
Collecting data for reservoir evaluation
(cont.):
• Distribution of Resources
• Trapped gas saturation from solution gas
drive
• Vertical variation of saturation as a result of
ggravityy segregation
g g
• Presence of mobile connate water
• Areas alreadyy waterflooded
f byy natural drive
II. Evaluation of the reservoir (step 1)
Collecting data for reservoir evaluation
(cont.):
• R
Rock,
k fl
fluid
id andd rock/fluid
k/fl id properties
ti
(engineering data)
• Relative
R l ti permeability
bilit for
f the
th reservoiri rockk
• Gravity, FVF and viscosity as function of
reservoir
i pressure
• Capillary pressure data
a. Reservoir Engineering
g g Part
• Is reservoir description
p results adequate
q and
promising for implementing the
waterflood?
III. Develop
pppreferred alternatives
Reservoir
R i pressure, ( weekly
kl recording
di off
bottomhole pressure readouts in submersibly pumped
wells ) ( daily recording of pressures from surface
wells.)
headers, injection wellheads, producing well flow
lines and fresh source-water injection
j headers))
Injection and production rates, ( daily recording
of them)
VI.2.1 Reservoir Surveillance (Part 1: Measurement
and testing)
IIn waterflooding
fl di certain i reservoir
i andd /or
/ wellll
conditions can results in anomalous distribution of
injection water which in turn may result in inefficient
flood operations. If fluid flow distributions can be
ascertained then corrective measures can be
undertaken as needed. The corrective measures can
include injection and/or production well rate
adjustment, well shut in, intermittent well operations,
well conversions, injection profile modification and
flood pattern revision
revision.
(Part II. Special testing)
a. Well
W ll testing
i P Program
• Geochemical program
Geochemical pprogram
g uses all the monitoringg
procedures but special emphasis is placed on the
chemical analyses of produced and injected water,
well to well injection tracers, produced water salinity
from all producers, H2S concentration in produced
gas oil
il carryover concentration
t ti in i produced
d d water.t
6.3.2. Project surveillance techniques
All five of these primary surveillance techniques,
1. Productivity index and inflow performance plots,
2. Reservoir withdrawal calculations,
3. BHP transient test analysis,
4.. Injectivity
jec v y p plots
o swwith p
profile
o e susurvey
vey co
comparisons
p so s and
d
5. Geochemical program including tracer analysis
enables us to carry out systematic well workovers on
producing
d i andd injection
i j i wells. ll Also
Al based
b d on the
h
results of these techniques, frequently applied
modifications in producing and injection policies may
produce favorable results in injection wells,
producing
p g wells and field pproduction levels.
V. Operate, monitor and evaluate waterflood (
A
Actual
l Examples
l off Evaluation)
l i )
I many engineering
In i i organizations
i i the
h waterflood
fl d
performance of a project is predicted only once
at the
h time
i theh project
j is i planned.
l d This
Thi is
i really
ll
unfortunate. The real pay-off in terms of
i
increasedd recovery, increased
i d profitability,
fi bili andd
increased knowledge comes from a comparison
off the
h predicted
di d performance
f off a reservoir
i with
ih
the way it is actually behaving.
V. Operate,
p , monitor and evaluate waterflood
(Actual Examples of Evaluation)
Example data
shows a p
plot of
WOR versus
y
recovery.
V. Operate,
p monitor and evaluate waterflood
(Ex.1)
Looking
L ki at theh location
l i off wells
ll experiencing
i i
the higher than expected WOR may tell us
whether
h h there
h are any reservoir i scale
l
fractures through which the water is
moving.
i Another
A h possibility
ibili isi that
h the h initial
i ii l
gas saturation is higher than expected so
that
h bbasically
i ll there
h is i less
l oil il possible
ibl to
recover by waterflooding.
V. Operate,
p monitor and evaluate waterflood
(Ex.1)
Reviewing
R i i the h production
d i history
hi off the
h
reservoir prior to waterflooding might give
us a clue
l as to whether
h h thishi is
i a possibleibl
explanation. Another possibility is that the
oil
il displacement
di l efficiency
ffi i is
i lower
l than
h
expected- perhaps due to selection of a non
representative
i set off relative
l i permeabilitybili
characteristics.
V. Operate, monitor and evaluate waterflood
(Ex.1)
The figure
shows better
performance
than expected!
V. Operate, monitor and evaluate waterflood
( 2)
(Ex.2)
The previous figure shows the actual performance is
more favorable than that which we predicted. It’s
true that we rather infrequently find this but a
reservoir engineer should attempt to determine
the reason for this difference also. Perhaps the
reservoir is less heterogeneous than expected, or
perhaps the crossflow of injected water between
the different zones or layers in the reservoir has
caused improved sweep.
V. Operate,
p , monitor and evaluate waterflood
(Ex.2)