CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER SUPPLY AND SOURCES

&
WASTEWATER SOURCES

GROUP 1

ALLYZA MARIE LEBANTINO

MARQUESA SALI
JANTZEN GOALCANTARA

BSCE 5C
WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
MTH 2:30PM – 4:00PM

COURSE INSTRUCTOR:
ENGR. ROCKY SIORES
CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER SUPPLY AND SOURCE & WASTEWATER SOURCES

A. WATER SUPPLY
Also known as water system is the source, means, or process of supplying water for the
community including reservoirs, tunnels, and pipelines and often the watershed from which the
water is ultimately drawn.

B. 4 TYPES OF WATER

1. SURFACE WATER
– includes streams, rivers, lakes, reservoirs and wetlands. This represents all flowing
surface water and provides 78% of the fresh water we use.

2. GROUND WATER
– makes up about 22% of the water we use is the water beneath the earth’s surface
filling cracks and other openings in beds of rock and sand. It exists in soils and sands
that are able to retain water.

3. WASTEWATER
– any water that has been affected in quality by human activities. Wastewater can
develop from agricultural activities, urban water use, and sewer inflow and storm
water runoff. Wastewater from municipality is also called sewage.

4. STORM WATER
– defined as the runoff generated when precipitation from rain and snowmelt
events flows over land or impervious surface without percolating into the ground.

C. IMPORTANCE OF WATER SUPPLY

As water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and animals must
have water to survive. If there’s no water, there would be no life on earth.

D. SOURCES OF WATER

1. SURFACE WATER
– this water is collected from a special are called catchment. The catchment feeds
water into a holding area via rivers, streams, and creeks. The water is then stored in
a natural or artificial barrier called a dam or reservoir.

2. RIVERS OR LAKES
– town or community water supplies are sometimes drawn directly from rivers and
lakes.

3. SPRINGS
– these are found where underground water flows out of the ground naturally
without the use of bores, wells or pumps. Spring often occurs towards the bottom of
a hill or on sloping ground.

4. ROCK CATCHMENT AREAS AND ROCK HOLES

– sometimes large rocky outcrops contain low areas in which water is trapped. These
low areas make good natural dams. Often a wall can be built to increase the amount
of trapped water.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER SUPPLY AND SOURCE & WASTEWATER SOURCES

5. EXCAVATED DAMS
– are made by scooping out soil to make a large shallow hole. These dams are
sometimes placed at the bottom of a slope to aid water collection. However, this can
only be done in areas where the soil will not allow the water to drain away very
easily through the ground. For example, in clay soils. Soils which do not allow water
to drain away are called impervious.

There is often a layer of water lying beneath the ground surface, trapped by an
impervious layer of rock which will not allow it to drain away. The water may be
close to ground level or it may be deep in the ground. This layer of water is called
the water table.

When this water table is close to ground level the water may actually come to
the surface and create a permanent wet area called a soak. This usually occurs in low
lying areas or hollows.

6. RAINWATER TANKS
– the rain water which falls on the roofs of houses is often collected using roof
guttering leading through a pipe to a storage tank.

7. BORES AND WELLS

– these are holes drilled into the ground deep enough to find a permanent body of
water. A pipe runs down the hole into the water and a pump is used to get the water
up to ground level. The water is then pumped to the community.

8. ARTESIAN BORES
– sometimes when a bore is sunk into a low lying area the water gushes out of the
hole under its own pressure. This water is under pressure because it is part of an
underground body of water much of which is at a higher level than the bore
opening. A water supply taken directly from a bore or well is often called
groundwater.

E. CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTECTED WATER SOURCE

1. The water source is fully enclosed or capped and no surface water can run directly
into it.
2. People do not step into the water while collecting it.
3. Latrines, solid waste pits, animal excreta and other sources of pollution are located
as far away as possible from the water source and on ground lower in elevation than
the water source.
4. There is no stagnant water within 5meters of the water source.
5. The water collection buckets or hand pump at the source are kept clean.

F. CHARACTERISTICS OF UNPROTECTED WATER SOURCE

1. Are those with no barrier or other structure to protect the water from
contamination.
2. All surface water sources, such as lakes, rivers, and streams or poorly constructed
wells, are examples of unprotected sources.
3. Water from unprotected sources cannot be considered safe to drink unless it has
been treated.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER SUPPLY AND SOURCE & WASTEWATER SOURCES

A. WASTEWATER
Refers to all effluent from household, commercial establishments and institutions, hospitals,
industries and so on. It also includes storm water and urban runoff, agricultural, horticultural and
aquaculture effluent.

Sewage is also wastewater. It is wastewater originating from toilets and bathroom fixtures,
bathing, laundry, kitchen sinks, cleaners, and similar dirty water that is produced in households and
public places. Water used to irrigate turf and gardens, swimming pools, roof drainage, surface runoff
and storm water are all wastewater but not classified as sewage.

B. TYPES OF WASTEWATER

1. BLACKWATER
– This is wastewater that originates from toilet fixtures, dishwashers, and food preparation
sinks. It is made up of all the things that you can imagine going down the toilet, bath and
sink drains. They include poop, urine, toilet papers and wipes; body cleaning liquids, anal
cleansing water and so on. They are known to be highly contaminated with dissolved
chemicals, particulate matter and is very pathogenic.

2. GRAYWATER
– This is wastewater that originates from non-toilet and food fixture such as bathroom sinks,
laundry machine, spas, bathtubs and so on. Technically it is sewage that does not contain
poop and urine. Graywater is treated very differently from Blackwater and is usually suitable
for re-use.

3. YELLOW WATER
– this is basically urine collected with specific channels and not contaminated with either
Blackwater and Graywater.

C. SOURCES OF WASTEWATER

1. DOMESTIC SEWAGE
– This includes all wastewater generated by home dwellings, public restrooms, hotels,
restaurants, motels, resorts, schools, places of worships, sports stadium, hospitals and other
health centers, apartments and the like.

2. NON-SEWAGE
- These includes water from floods (storm water), runoff (rainwater running through cracks
in the ground and into gutters), water from swimming pool, water from car garages and
cleaning centers. They also include laundromats, beauty salons, commercial kitchens,
energy generation plants and so on. Wastewater is also generated from agricultural
facilities. Water used for cleaning animal farms, washing harvested produced and cleaning
farm equipment.

D. EFFECTS OF WASTEWATER

1. WATER POLLUTION
– Fresh water bodies and marine water into which wastewater is discharged maybe polluted
and rendered unsafe for human use. Depending on what is discharged, aquatic life may be
harmed too.

2. WATER SECURITY
– there is water scarcity in many places in the world. Wastewater discharged on lands can
leach into underground water tables and potentially contaminate aquifers and underground
water. If discharged in fresh water bodies, it may render water sources unsuitable for use.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER SUPPLY AND SOURCE & WASTEWATER SOURCES

3. ECOSYTEM SERVICES
- All ecosystems are connected and they all ultimately depend on water. Similarly, all water
(surface and underground) is connected. This means careless water discharge can have
serious ripple effect. One common effect of wastewater is the eutrophication of fresh water
bodies and oceans. If one part of the ecosystem chain is destroyed, it can upset its entire
food chain.

4. AGRICULTURE/ FISHERIES/ TOURISM

- wastewater for irrigation make contain unsuitable chemicals and higher concentration of
nutrients needed for crops. This can result in delayed and under yielding. Wastewater used
for animal farming may also contain harmful things and chemicals dissolved in them.
Animals may die, and there is a chance that humans that eat such animals may be harmed
too. In some places, faecal sewage is discharged directly into the sea. The discharged
contains pathogens and harmful dissolved chemicals which can affect fishing in that area.
The smell and such behavior does not encourage tourism to that area.

5. HEALTH OF RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION

– Wastewater is a big health issue, as it carries and transports myriad of diseases and
illnesses. It is believed that about 2.2 million people die each year (globally) from diarrheal
disease (WHO) at least 1.8 million children under 5 years die every year due to water related
disease, or 1 every 20 secs (WHO, 2008).