I-14 Index
overdamped circuits, 1010
overdamping, 454
overloaded circuits, 868–869
overtones, 491
P Pendulum
Pacemakers, 864f
Pair annihilation, 1484
Pair production, 1265–1266, 1483–1484
positrons in, 1483–1484
Parabola, equation for, 77
Parabolic graphs, 46
Parabolic mirrors, 1117
Parabolic trajectory, 77
Parallel connection, 791–793
Parallel resistors, 849
Parallel vectors, 11
Parallel-axis theorem, 288–289
Parallel-plate capacitors, 787
dielectrics in, 797–803
Paramagnetism, 941–942
Paraxial approximation, 1116
Paraxial rays, 1116
Parent nucleus, 1452
Parity, 1496
Parsec, 1504
Partial derivatives, 222–223, 477
Particle(s), 3, 35
alpha, 1287–1288, 1342–1343
antiparticles and, 1484
in bound state, 1336–1337
distinguishable, 1421
as force mediators, 1484–1485
free, 1323
fundamental, 1481–1502
light waves as, 1254–1274
in Newtonian mechanics, 1267–1268
photons as, 1256–1257. See also Photons;
Wave–particle duality
in standard model, 1500–1502
strange, 1495–1496
wave function for, 1321–1331
Particle accelerators, 1486
cyclotrons, 891, 913, 1486–1488
linear, 1486
synchrotrons, 1488
Particle collisions
in accelerators, 1486
available energy and, 1488
in colliding-beam experiments, 1489–1490
Particle detectors, 1490
neutrino, 1490
Particle in a box
measurement and, 1348–1350
in one dimension, 1331–1334
in three dimensions, 1362–1367
Particle interactions, 1490–1496
conservation laws for, 1496
electromagnetic, 155–156, 1491, 1492
fundamental types of, 155–157, 1491–1492
gravitational, 155–156, 1491, 1492
isospin and, 1496
parity in, 1496
strangeness in, 1495–1496
strong, 156, 1491, 1492
symmetry-breaking, 1496
weak, 156, 157, 1491–1492
Particle motion, vs. wave motion, 471
Particle physics, historical perspective on,
1481–1486
Particle speed, vs. wave speed, 514
Particle velocity, vs. wave velocity, 514
Particle waves
angular frequency of, 1323
one-dimensional, 1322–1325
wave equation for, 1322–1325
wave number for, 1323–1324
Pascal, 348, 371
Pascal, Blaise, 348, 373
Pascal’s law, 373
Path difference, and diffraction, 1191–1192, 1196, diffraction and, 1267
1198, 1202 discovery of, 1482
Paths, in thermodynamic system, 622–623 Einstein’s explanation for, 1256–1257
Pauli, Wolfgang, 1387 electroweak interactions and, 1500–1501
Pauli exclusion principle. See Exclusion principle emission of, 1260–1263, 1484
as force mediators, 1484–1485
ballistic, 249 gamma ray, 1455
periodic motion of, 450–453 interference and, 1267
physical, 451–453 light emitted as, 1260–1263, 1484–1485
simple, 450–451, 452 momentum of, 1258, 1267–1271, 1270
Pendulum bob, 450 pair production and, 1265–1266
Penzias, Arno, 1516 as particles, 1256–1257
Percent error, 8 photoelectric effect and, 1254–1260
Perfect crystals, 1415–1416 position of, 1267–1271, 1270
Perihelion, 411 probability and, 1267–1268
precession of, 1244 spontaneous emission of, 1300
Period in standard model, 1500–1501
frequency and, 434–435 stimulated emission of, 1300–1303
orbital, 412 stopping potential and, 1255–1256
oscillation, 434 threshold frequency and, 1256
in simple harmonic motion, 438–439 uncertainty and, 1267–1271
of uniform circular motion, 84 virtual, 1485
Periodic driving force, damped oscillation and, wave–particle duality and, 1266–1273. See also
455–456 Wave–particle duality
Periodic motion, 433–458. See also oscillation x-ray, 1260–1263
amplitude of, 434 Photosynthesis, 1405
displacement in, 434 Photovoltaic effect, 1430
frequency of, 434–435 Physical optics, 1080, 1160
in harmonic oscillators, 436 Physical pendulum, 451–453
molecular vibration and, 447–449 Physical quantities, 4
overview of, 433–435 units of, 4–7. See also Units of measure
of pendulum, 450–453 Physical theories, 2
resonance and, 456–457 Physics
simple harmonic motion and, 435–450. See also as experimental science, 2
Simple harmonic motion nature of, 2
of spring, 433–434 nuclear, 1440–1473
of waves, 470–473 overview of, 2
Periodic table, 1388–1389 particle, 1481–1485
Periodic waves, 470–473. See also Mechanical waves problem-solving strategies for, 2–4
longitudinal, 472. See also Longitudinal waves as process, 2
mathematical description of, 473–478 quantum, 1321–1352
sinusoidal, 471, 473–478. See also Sinusoidal waves Pi, value of, 8
transverse, 470–471. See also transverse waves p mesons, 1485, 1521. See also Pions
Permanent magnets, 881–882, 939–940 Pianos, string vibration in, 523
Permanent set, 353 Picoampere, 818
Permeability, 941 Picofarad, 788
Permittivity, of dielectric, 799–800 Pions, 1485, 1491, 1492, 1494
Pfund series, 1298 Pipe organs, 520–522
Phase, 560 Pitch, 509
wave, 475 Planck, Max, 1305–1307
Phase angle, 440, 1025, 1030–1031 Planck radiation law, 1305–1307
Phase change, 560–562 Planck time, 1510
Phase diagrams, 605 Planck’s constant, 940, 1257
Phase equilibrium, 560, 605 Planck length, 1510–1511
Phase shifts, interference and, 1171–1173 Plane mirrors
Phase transitions, 604–607 graphical methods for, 1121–1122
Phase velocity, 475 image formation by, 1111–1114
Phases of matter, 604–607 Plane of incidence, 1082
critical point and, 605 Plane surface
molecular interactions and, 604 reflection at, 1111–1114
pV-diagrams and, 590 refraction at, 1126
pVT-surfaces and, 606 Plane waves, electromagnetic, 1054–1056, 1059
sublimation and, 605 Planetary motion, 410–414. See also orbit(s)
triple point and, 605 center of mass and, 414
Phasor, 437, 1021 Kepler’s laws of, 411–413
Phasor diagrams, 1021 Planets, detection of, 258f
Photinos, 1502 Plasma, 1472
Photocells, 1427 Plastic deformation, 353
Photocopying machines, 766 Plastic flow, 353
Photoelasticity, 1098 Plastic material, 348, 353
Photoelectric effect, 1079, 1254–1260 p-n junctions, 1427–1430
Photoelectrons, 1255 Point charges, 690
Photography. See Cameras electric dipole and, 706–710
Photomicrographs, 1146 electric fields of, 722–723. See also Electric charge
Photomultipliers, 1267 electric potential energy of, 754–757
Photons, 1079, 1242, 1254–1274 electromagnetic waves from, 1052
absorption of, 1254–1260, 1484 force between, 693
in Bohr’s atomic model, 1290–1300 inside closed surface, 722
in charged-particle interactions, 1484 inside nonspherical surface, 730–731
Compton scattering and, 1263–1265 inside spherical surface, 729–730