Chapter 5:

Mathematics and the Arts

5.1. Recognizing and Analyzing Geometric
Shapes
5.2. Patterns and Diagrams
5.3. Design, Arts and Culture
5.4. Presence of Arts @ Home

https://sengreblando.wordpress.com/2012/03/16/ar
https://diannefabro.wordpress.com/2012/03/16/prominent-inventive-far-eastern-university-feu-art-deco/ t-deco-in-philippines/
5.1. Recognizing and Analyzing
Geometric Shapes
• Geometry comes from the Greek words for “earth” and
“measure.”
• It helps human to have a clear understanding of patterns
and also in the nature of symmetry.
• In ancient Egypt, it was used by the Egyptians to
measure land and to build structures such as the
pyramids. Today geometry is used in many fields, such
as physics, medicine, and geology as well as in applied
fields such as mechanical drawing and astronomy.
• Geometric shapes can be defined as figure or area
closed by a boundary which is created by combining the
specific amount of curves, points, and lines. These are
used in art and design.
 Geometric Shapes

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 Transformation
• The movement of figure establishes a
correspondence between set of points in the
original figure and the set of points of the new
figure (called image).
• Pairing each point of a figure with exactly one
point of its image on a plane and vice versa, is
called transformation.
• An isometry (rigid transformation) is a
transformation that preserves size and shape.
Isometry Type Description Illustration
Translation a figure moves a fixed distance in
a fixed direction

Rotation turning motion, when points in the

original figure rotate or turn an
identical number of degrees
about a fixed center point

Reflection when a flips across an axis or

produces a figure’s “mirror
image”
Glide reflection uses a
combination of a reflection and
translation.
5.2. Patterns and Diagrams

• A pattern is a design that has translation

symmetry in an underlying structure that
organizes surface or structure in a
consistent regular manner.
1. Symmetry
2. Rosette Pattern
3. Frieze Pattern
4. Wallpaper Pattern
Watch the video uploaded in
CANVAS
 1. Symmetry
• The word “symmetry” came from the Greek
word “symmetrein” which means “to measure
together”
• An object is said to be symmetric if it can be
divided into two or more identical parts that can
be arranged in an organized fashion.
• Reflectional (mirror) symmetry is a symmetry
in which half of the image of an object is exactly
same as the other half.

Vertical
Horizontal Diagonal
 1. Symmetry
• Rotational symmetry is a symmetry in which
the image is rotated to a certain degree about at
axis and does not affect the shape of the image.

• Translational symmetry is a symmetry in which

particular pattern or design is shifted from on
place to another.
 2. Rosette Pattern
• Rosette pattern is a pattern consist of taking a motif or
element and rotating and/or reflecting that element,
these two rigid motion is called Leonardo’s Theorem.
• A Cyclic rosette pattern is one which do not contain
reflection symmetry.

• A Dihedral rosette pattern is one which have reflection

symmetry.
 3. Frieze Pattern
• A frieze pattern is a design or pattern on a two
dimensional surface that is repetitive (or translational
symmetry) in one direction.
Frieze Description Illustration and Example
Group
HOP The first frieze group, F1,
contains only translation
symmetries.
Mosaic Border by Alcazar de los Reyes Cristianos , Cordoba, Spain

STEP The second frieze group,

F2, contains translation
and glide reflection
symmetries.

Flying horses by M.C. Escher

Frieze Description Illustration and Example
Group
SIDLE The third frieze group, F3,
contains translation and
vertical reflection
symmetries.
Tile Frieze in Palacio de Velazquez by Parque de Retiro
Madrid, Spain

SPINNING The fourth frieze group,

HOP F4, contains translation
and rotation (by a half-
turn) symmetries.
Meander Frieze by San Giorgio Maggiore
Venice, Italy

SPINNING The fifth frieze group, F5,

SIDLE contains translation, glide
reflection and rotation (by
a half-turn) symmetries.
Mosaic by Nuestra Senora de la Almundena
Madrid, Spain
Frieze Description Illustration and Example
Group
JUMP The sixth frieze group, F6,
contains translation and
horizontal reflection
symmetries.

Ceiling by Mezquita
Cordoba, Spain

SPINNING The seventh frieze group,

JUMP F7, contains all
symmetries (translation,
horizontal & vertical
reflection, and rotation) Back of a Bench at Banos de la Maria de Padilla by Reales Alcazares
Seville, Spain
 4. Wallpaper Pattern
• A wallpaper pattern is a mathematical classification of a
two-dimensional repetitive pattern which covers a plane
and can be mapped based on the symmetries on the
pattern in more than one direction
Source: https://blog.artlandia.com/the-simplest-
diagram-of-the-17-symmetry-types-ever/
Sample wallpaper patterns
 5.3. Designs, Arts, and Culture
• Tessellation or Tiling
– An arrangement of congruent figures that cover a plan without any
gaps or overlaps.
– Maurits Corneis Escher, the “Father of Tessellation” of Dutch
province of Friesland created tessellations on woodworks around
1935 and made 137 tessellations in his lifetime.
– Types: Regular (made up of congruent regular polygon)
Semi-regular (edge-to-edge tessellations where two or more
different polygons are around each vertex having same
patterns of polygons)
Demi-regular (edge-to-edge where the arrangement at each
vertex is not the same.
– A group of techniques called transformation is used to create
tessellation.
 Maurits Corneis Escher’s Tessellation
Designs

Source: http://www.tessellations.org/eschergallery1thumbs.shtml
5.3. Designs, Arts, and Culture
• Aperiodic Tiling
Penrose tiling (P1)

– A tiling made from the basic elements or tiles than can cover an
arbitrary large surface without exactly repeating itself.
– Discovered by Roger Penrose, a British mathematician.

Watch: The Big Draw (2015). How

Drawing Is Used for Math and Science.
 References:
• De Las Peñas, L. (2015). Mathematical Symmetries of Selected Philippine
Indigenous Textile. Retrieved from https://youtube.com/video/8eE4uVC437s/ (05 Nov
2018)
• Sirug, A. G., W.(2018). Mathematics in the Modern World.Philippines:Mindshapers,
Co., Inc.
• The Big Draw (2015). How Drawing Is Used for Math and Science. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hb4V4O-7M4s (05 Nov 2018)
5.4. Collage Making Presence of Arts @
Home

1. Take photos (minimum of 9) of geometric

shapes, transformations and patterns you
see in your home.
2. Using these photos create a collage that
reflects your perception on importance of
Mathematics in Arts.
3. Place this in a short bond paper (8.5” x
11”) with your name and section on top
and a short explanation (maximum of 5
sentences) at the bottom.
 Format and Rubric for Grading
Format:
Criteria Maximum
Points
Use of 10
Required
Photo
Creativity 10
Explanation 10
Format 5
Punctuality 5
Total 40