REVIEWER FOR RIZAL (Prelims)
the World like a Conflagration
Lesson 1 The
Conditions of Europe,
America and Spain
Rizal’s Century: The 19th Century
*French Revolution at 1789
Ideas of freedom, liberty, equality, and the
belief of sovereignty.
July 14, 1789, in Paris, France
The storming of Bastille (symbol of Royal Power)
During the French Revolution
1. King Louis XVI reign the Monarchy
King Louis Auguste XVI last king of
France before the fall of monarchy during
the French Revolution
2. Ushering in of The French Republic
THREE STATES OF FRENCH SOCIETY:
First State – Clergy
Second State – Noble
Third State – Commons
Taxation is excessive, inefficient and
unfair.
3. The establishment of Napoleon
Bonaparte’s French Empire.
First French Republic was established in
1972 in the French Revolution.
Napoleon Empire 1804 – First French
Empire
* Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-99)
-One of history’s greatest military leaders.
-served as emperor of France 1804-1815
-remembered today for his role in the
Napoleonic War (1803-15).
4. The Restored Bourbon April 6 1814
Bourbon Restoration – King Louis XVIII
5. The Ideas of Philosophers such as Jean-
Jacques Rousseau, Montesquieu,
François-Marie Arouet (Voltaire) and
Englishman John Locke spread around
 Jean-Jacques Rousseau
-French Philosopher and writer of the Age
of Enlightenment.
-“Man is Born free, but he is everywhere
in chains”
The Social Contract 1762
 *Montesquieu
- (a judge, man of letters, and
political philosopher)
- lived 1689-1755
- His most famous work “The Spirit
of the Laws”
- 3 classes: monarchy, aristocracy,
and commons.
 *Francois-Marie Arouet
(Voltaire)
- the Theory of Separation of
Powers
- place of the word “Despotism”
 John Locke
-human nature is characterized by reason
and tolerance.
-human nature allowed people to be
selfish.
The Struggle for Equal Rights over the Word
-Europe revolution from 1848 ( due to upsurge of
nationlism)
-Austria seeks more responsible governments
-1861, Tsar Alexander II emancipated Russians
Serfs.(Emancipation Reform of 1861)
-Italians, Giuseppe Garibaldi, threw out the
Austrians and took over the papal lands. (Italy)
-United States, President Abraham Lincoln
emancipated the black slaves, also triggered the
American Civil War lasted from 1861-1865.
-Mexican Troops dealt a humiliating defeat of
Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria.
-France, Napoleon III was crumbling after debacle
in Mexico.
- most Spain colonies , in South and Central
America won Independence from Spain through
Revolution. Countries such as : Chile, Argentina,
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras and others.
-Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Spanish
Sahara are remaining Colonies of Spain.
The Need for Reform: Representation
(During Napoleons Time)
-Spain was part of Frances alliance against Great
Britain in Continental System.
-Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808, installed
brother Joseph as King.
-Spaniards resisted the French
-Constitution of Cadiz, allowing colonies
represented in Spanish parliament called Cortes.
-Ventura de los Reyes selected represent
Philippines.
-King Ferdinand VII abolished the Cortes.
Spanish colonies began to revolt and sought
independence.
-1820, Spanish people forced King Ferdinand VII
to reconvene Cortes and restore of
representation of Colonies.
-France sent army restored Ferdinand to rule
caused abolition of the Cortes.
-1833, King Ferdinand VII died and Cortes
restored.
-Philippine had no representation the Cortes.
-Queen Isabella II ruled the country, characterized
by decadence and mismanagement.
-Great Britain and France became leading
powers in the Continent.
Conditions in Asian in the 19 th
Century
-1839-1842, Opium War
-1856-1858, Arrow War
-1854, Great Britain enlarged Colony in Hong
Kong by taking over Kowloon, and Japan forced
open by the Americans under Commodore
Matthew Perry
-1858, India became a crown Colony of Great
Britain
-1857, suppression of the Sepoy Mutiny
-1824-1826, Burma became Colony of Great
Britain after 3 Burmese War (1824-1826, 1862-
1863, 1885-1886)
-Near Philippines, Indio-China became
protectorate of France ff. suppression of
Kingdoms Annam and Cochin-China.
-Filipino troops sent from Manila played a role in
the conquest of Indio-China for France.
-Malaysia became protectorate and eventually a
Colony of Great Britain while the Dutch of
Netherlands conquered Indonesia.
Lesson 2:Conditions in the
Philippines in 19th Century
*Administrative Organization
-Spain established a centralized colonial
Government: National Government and Local
Government (Provinces, Towns, Cities, and
Municipalities)
*Spanish Crown Monarchy Ministry of
Colonies
-King of Spain
-The Colonial Government
-The Executive Branch (Government-General)
and The Judicial Branch (Lower Court..)
*Municipal Government (Corrigimiento)
-Province Government (Alcalde mayor) and City
Government (Cabildo)
-Pueblos (Gobernadorcillos) and Cabildo City
Council (Alcalde, Aguacil Mayor)
--Barrios (Cabeza de Barangay)
-Residencia, investigates governor-general about
to replace and report of finding to the King.
-Visita, called Visitador General to observe >Spanish Mestizo
conditions in the colony.
>Principalia (Nobility class social and educated
-Royal Audencia, highest court in the Land, send a class in the towns colonial in Philippines composed
yearly report to Spain. of gobernadorcillo or cabeza de barangay.
-Guardia Civil, 1867 native police under the >Chinese Mestizos
leadership of Spanish officers.
>Chinese
-1880, filibusteros or enemies of government
>Indios
-Kailanes, in Ilocos the leading citizens and refuse
believe Cadiz Constitution was abolished by *Filipino Revolts against Spain
King Ferdinand VII and rose up in revolt. -Basi Revolt -Maniago Revolt
*Cadiz Constitution -Agrarian Revolt -Pule Revolt
-Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy -Tamblot Revolt -Sumuroy Revolt
-March 18 1812 by the Cortes of Cadiz defined -Lakandula Revolt -Dagohoy Revolt
Spanish and Spanish-American Liberalism for 19th
century. -First Pampanga Revolt -Silang Revolt

-Constitution Crisis cause by forced abdiction and *Lt. Andres Novales

exile of Spanish legitimate monarch Ferdinand VII
in 1808.
*Ferdinand VII
-son of Charles IV and Maria Luisa of Parma.
-Creole Captain in the Spanish army in the
Philippines
-1823, led him to start to revolt because of his
discontentment

-King of Spain 1808 and 1814-1833 between
1808 and 1813 during Napoleonic Wars he was
imprisoned in France by Napoleon.
-1812, independent Spaniards adopted Cadiz
Constitution
-1814, Ferdinand return to Spain reactionest to
abolish the Cortes of Cadiz
-1820, liberal restored the constitution of 1812
*The Social Structure
-Encomienda System imposed by the colonizers
-Philippine Society was feudalism
-collected all forms of taxes and tributes from
Filipinos required natives polo y service or
forced labor to the government and the Catholic
Church.
>Peninsulares (Spanish who are born in Span)
>Insulares (Spaniards born in Philippines who took
important positions in the Spanish government in
the Philippines)
-was proclaimed Emperor of the Philippines by
his followers.
*Apolinario de la Cruz (Hermano Pule)
-Filipino religious leader founded and led the
Cofradia de San Jose (1832)- 4500-5000
members in Tayabas, Batangas and Laguna.
-1841-1842, the last series of revolt
-October 23, 1841, Spanish Colonial Government
sent military to attack by Hermano Pule and his
followers.
-November 1, 1841, more troops sent to Cofradia
finally killed by the colonial military forces.
Colonial Power and evil
>Instability of the Colonial Administrative
>Corrupt Officialdom
>No Representation on the Spanish Cortes
>Denial of Human Rights for Filipinos
>No equality before the Law
>Maladministration of Justice *Influence the Church in Politics and who fought
for Secularization of the Philippine Catholic
>Racial Discrimination Church
>Frailocracy >Padre Pedro Pelaez
*Spanish Monopolistic Policy and >Padre Jose Burgos
Mercantilist Policy
>Padre Jacinto Zamora
-forbidden for the Philippines to trade with other
>Padre Mariano Gomez
country but in 19th Century colonial officials ignored
this. The King of Spain and the Pope
-1834, Mercantilist Policy not allowing the -gave the instructions for the secularization of the
Philippines to trade. country’s parishes but resisted by the orders of
-other ports open like, Iloilo, Cebu, Sual, Friars who contented the Filipino seculars were
Pangasinan and Zamboanga. not ready to take over.
The previous administration Liberal Governor-
>Demand of Philippine Products
General Carlos ma de la Torre,
-Sugar, Coffee, Abaca, Tobacco, Deyestaff, and
-Filipino liberals and seculars were allowed to voice
Rice.
their grievances.
Lesson 3: TheReligious Front -Governor-General Izquierdo’s regime, this right
Secularization was suppressed.
-the Catholic clergy in the Philippines *Cavite Munity
*Different Religious Orders: -provided the pretext for the conservatives
Spaniards for elimination.
>Augustinians
*Spanish forces arrested
>Recollects
>Jose Ma, Basa
>Jesuits
>Antonio Ma. Regidor
>Franciscans
>Balbino Mauricio
>Dominicans
>Joaquin Pardo de Tavera
*The Council of Trent of the Vatican
*Filipino Secular Priest
-they came as missionaries to the Philippines.
>Pedro Dandan
-by the seculars to implement the Royal and Papal
orders. >Toribio H. del Pilar brother propagandist
Marcelo H. del Pilar
*Jesuits in 1767
* Father GOMBURZA
-created opportunities for seculars to occupy
vacated parishes -identified false witness named Francisco Zaldua
who pointed out the 3 Priest
-allowed return in 1858
-garroted at Bagumbayan on February 17, 1872
*Peninsulares- Spaniards in the Philippines who
were born and grew up in Spain -were found guilty
*Filipinos- Spaniards born in the Philippines -they were sentenced with deportation to Guam in
the Marianas.
*Spanish Clergymen
-rejoicing Spanish Country
-help stablished town’s course of their
Evangelization
-spreaders of the Christian faith but also as
representatives of the colonial government.
-served or help positions in the government.
-controlled education in the country
-endorsed candidates for political position.
-gave him role in addition to a religious role.
-advisers to the govern0r-general.
-regulars order such as the Friar Orders
-religious serve longer than the governor-general
whose average term lasted around 3years.
-difficult for a new governor-general to enforce
sweeping reform, especially those concerning
secularization.