DOSEN PENGAMPU:

Prof. Dr. I Wayan Santyasa, M.Si

PENGANTAR FISIKA KUANTUM

TUGAS CHAPTER 2

OLEH :

GEDE RISAL /1713021014

Kelas VIB

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN FISIKA

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN GANESHA

MARET

2020
1. Problem 2.6
Consider the Gaussian distribution 𝜌(𝑥 ) = 𝐴𝑒 −𝜆(𝑥−𝑎)2 where A, ɑ and λ are contants
(look up any integrals you need).
a. Use Equation 2.16 to determine A
∞
1 = ∫ 𝐴 exp(−𝜆(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 )𝑑𝑥
−∞
∞
1 = 𝐴 ∫ exp(−𝜆(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 )𝑑𝑥
−∞
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝑎, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
∞
1 = 𝐴 ∫ exp(−𝜆𝑢2 )𝑑𝑢
−∞

∞
2 𝜋
∫ 𝑒 −𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = √
−∞ 𝑐

𝜋 𝜆
1 = 𝐴√ → 𝐴 = √
𝜆 𝜋
𝜋
𝜌(𝑥) = √ exp(−𝜆(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 )
𝜆

b. Find 〈𝑥 〉, 〈𝑥 2 〉 and 𝜎
∞ ∞
𝜋 𝜋𝑎
〈𝑥 〉 = ∫ 𝑥𝜌(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥√ exp(−𝜆(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 ) =
−∞ −∞ 𝜆 𝜆
∞ ∞
𝜋 𝜋𝑎 𝜋
〈𝑥 〉 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝜌(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 √ exp(−𝜆(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 ) = + 2
−∞ −∞ 𝜆 𝜆 2𝜆
𝜋𝑎 2 𝜋 𝜋𝑎 2 𝜋(2𝑎 2 𝜆−2𝜋𝑎 2 +1
𝜎 = √𝜎 2 = √〈𝑥 〉2 − 〈𝑥 〉2 = √ + 2𝜆2 − ( 𝜆 ) = √
𝜆 2𝜆2
c. Sketch the graph of 𝜌(𝑥)
2. Problem 2.7
At time t = 0 a particle is represented by the wave function
𝐴𝑥/𝑎
𝜓(𝑥, 0) = {𝐴(𝑏 − 𝑥)/(𝑏 − 𝑎)
0,
if 0 ≤ x≤a,
if a≤x≤b,
if a≤x≤b,
A. Normalize Ψ (that is, find A, in terms of a and b).
2 a 2 b
A A
1   dx  b  a  
(b  a) dx
2 2
2 2
a 0 a

 1  3  a 1  b  x   
b

3
1  A  2   
2

3 
 
   
 a  3  0
b a  3  a 
2 a b  a
1 A  
3 3 
2 b
1 A
3
3
A
b

B. Sketch Ψ(x, 0) as a function of x.

1.6 Ψ(x, 0)
1.4 ρ(x, 0)
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 a b
x

C. Where is the particle most likely to be found, at t = 0?

At x  a  .
x
 D. What is the probability of finding the particle to the left of a?
Check your result in the limiting cases

b = a and b = 2a.

a
P    dx
2

0
2 a
A
. P x
2
2
dx
a 0

a a
P A 
2

3 b

In the limiting case of b = a, this gives a probability of 1, which is to be expected

as the probability is 1 over the interval [0, b], which is now the same as [0, a]. In the
limiting case of b = 2a, the probability is 1/2, which is also expected, as P (x, 0) is
symmetric about a when both intervals have equal size, distributing half of the
probability on [0, a] and half on [a, b].

E. What is the expectation value of x?

2
x     dx
1 a 3 b

 b  x 2 dx 
1
x  A  2  x dx  2 
2

a 0 b  a  a 
3 x3 x 4  
a b
 1  x 1  2 x2 
x  2   
2 
b  2b  
 
b  a  4  0 b  a   2 3 4  a
 
x
3
4b(b  a) 2

a 2 (b  a) 2  2b 4  8b 4  b 4  2a 2b 2  8a 3 b  a 4
3 3

3  b4 2 
x   a 2b 2  a 3b 
2 
4b(b  a)  3 3 
x
1
4(b  a) 2

b 4  3a 2b 2  2a 3b 
x
b  a  2a  b 
2

4(b  a) 2
2a  b
x
4

3. Problem 2.8

Consider the wave function

 Ψ(x,t)= Aexp(−λ|x|)exp(−ıωt)

Where A,λ,andωare positive realconstants.

(a) Normalize Ψ
(b) Determine the expectation values of x and x2
(c) Find the standard deviation ofx. Sketch the graph of|Ψ2,asafunction ofx, and mark the
points ((x)+σ)and ((x)−σ),toillustratethe sensein which σr epresentsthe
“spread”inx. What is the probability that the particle would be found outside this
range?

Answer :

a. Normalize Ψ

ρ(x) = ⃒Ψ(x,t)⃒2 = Ψ*Ψ

Ψ = Aexp(−λ|x|)– ıωt
Ψ* = Aexp(−λ|x|)+ıωt
ρ(x) = A2exp(−2λ|x|)
+∞
1 = ∫−∞ 𝜌(𝑥 )dx
+∞ 1
A-2 = ∫−∞ exp(−2λ|x|) dx = λ

A = √λ
ρ(x) = λexp (−2λ|x|)
Ψ(x,t) = √λ exp(−λ|x|)– ıωt
b. Determine the expectation values of x and x2

+∞ +∞
(x) = ∫−∞ 𝑥 𝜌(𝑥 )dx = ∫−∞ 𝑥λexp(−2λ|x|) = 0
+∞ +∞ 1
(x2) =∫−∞ 𝑥 2 𝜌(𝑥 )dx = ∫−∞ 𝑥 2 λexp(−2λ|x|) = 2λ2

c. Find the standard deviation ofx. Sketch the graph of|Ψ2,asafunction ofx,and mark the
points ((x)+σ) and ((x)−σ),to illustrate the sensein which σrepresents the
“spread”inx. What is the probability that the particle would be found outside this
range?

1
 2  x 2  (x)2 
2 2
 0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

x−σ xx+σ

ρ[(x)-σ< x <(x) + σ)’ = 1 - ρ[(x)- σ< x <(x) + σ)

(𝑥)+σ
= 1 - ∫(𝑋)−σ 𝜌(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

(2λ2 )−1
=1-∫ −1 λ exp(−2λ|x|) 𝑑𝑥
−(2λ2

= 1 – (1 – exp(−λ−1 )) = 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−λ−1 )

4. Problem 2.9
Let Pab(t) be the probality of finding a particle in the range (a<x<b), at time t.
𝑑 p𝑎𝑏
a. Show that = 𝑗 (𝑎, 𝑡) − 𝑗 (𝑏, 𝑡)where
𝑑𝑡

i   *  
J (x, t) =   * 
2m  x x 

What are the unit of J (x , t)? Conment: j is called the probability current, because it
tells you the rate at which probability is “flowing” past the point x. If P ab (t) is
inceasing, then more probability is flowing into the region at one end than fows out at
the other.
 Answer :

b
Pab (t )    x, t  dx , jadi
2

 2
b
dPab
   dx , tetapi pada persamaan 2.25 :
dt a
t

   i  *   *  
        J ( x, t )
2

t x  2m  x x  x


b
   J ( x, t )dx  ( J ( x,t ))  J (a, t )  (b, t )
dPab b

dt a
x a

b. Find the probability current for the weve function in problem 1.9 (This is not a very
pithy example, I’m afraid; we’ll encounter more substantial ones in due course).
Jawaban:

 x, t   f ( x)e it , dim ana f ( x)  xe   x ,

Jadi :
 * dt it df
  fe it e  f
x dx dx
dan
 f
*  , jadi J ( x, t )  0
x x
5. Problem 2.10
Suppose you wanted to describe am unstable particle that spontaneously
disintegrates with a “lefetime” τ. In that case the total probability of finding the
particle somewhere should not be constnt, but should decrease at (say) an exponential
rate :
+∞
𝑃 (𝑡 ) = ∫ 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡)2𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑖/𝑡
−∞

A crude way of achieving this result is as follow. In equation 2.24 we tacitly

assumed tahat V (the potential energy) is real. That is certainly reasonable, but it teads
 to the conservation of probability enshrined in equation 2.27. What if we assign to V
an imaginary part :

Where V0 is the true potential energy and F is a positive real contant ?

2
𝑖ћ 𝜕 2 𝛹 2 𝑖
(a) Equation (2.24) now reads𝜕𝛹 = − 2𝑚 + ћ 𝑉𝛹 ∗
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2

𝜕 𝑖
and (2.25) pick up an extra term : 𝜕𝑡 |𝛹 |2= ⋯ + ћ |𝛹 |2(𝑉0 + 𝑖𝛤 − 𝑉0 + 𝑖𝛤)

2𝛤
= ⋯− |𝛹 |2
ћ

𝑑𝑃 2𝛤 ∞ 2𝛤
And (2,27) be comes 𝑑𝑡 = − ћ
∫−∞|𝛹 |2𝑑𝑥 = − ћ
𝑃

𝑑𝑃 2𝛤
=− 𝑑𝑡
𝑃 ћ
2𝛤
ln 𝑃 = − 𝑡+𝐶
ћ
2𝛤
(b) 𝑃 (𝑡 ) = 𝑃 (0)𝑒 − ћ
ћ
So, 𝜏 = 2𝛤

6. Problem 2.12
Calculate d(p)/dt. Answer :

𝑑(𝑝) ɗ𝑣
= (− )
𝑑𝑡 ɗ𝑥
This is known as Ehrenfest’s theorem, it tells us that expectation values obey
Newton’s second law.

Answer :

d  p   
Berdasarkan persamaan 2.33,  i    * ,
dt t  x 
 2  2

dxt tdx

  *    *     
   *  
t  x  t x x  t 
  i  2  * i *   *   i  
2 *
i 
          
 2m x  x x  2m x
2 2
  

i  *  3   2  *   i  *   
     V  * (V) 
2m  x 3
x x   
2
x x 

d  p i 2 V V
jadi,  i    dx  
dt  x x

7. Problem 2.13
DenganΨ memenuhipersamaan Schrodinger tanpa V0, yaitu :
 2 2
i   V
t 2m x 2
Kita ingin menemukan solusi dari
 2 0
0  dengan V0 : i    
2
 V  V0 0 .
t 2m x 2
iv0 t
Nyatakandalam 0  e h

Jawaban :
Pembuktian:
0  iv0 t   iV 0  iv0 t    2  2   iv0 t  iv0 t
i  i e  i  e    V  e  V  e h
t t 
0
  
2
 2 m x 
  0
2 2
  V  V0 0
2m x 2

8. Problem 2.14
𝑚𝑥2
−𝑎[( )+𝑖𝑡]
A particle of mass m is in the state 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 ℎ , where A and a are positive real
constant.
 2
 2 am x
a. 1  2 A e
2 t
dx
0

1 
1 2 A
2

2 2a m


1 A
2

2am
1
 2am  4
A   
  
 
b.  ia
t
 2amx
 
x 
2 2am   
   x 
x 2
  x 
2 2am  2amx 2 
  1  
x 2    
…………...............................................................................................(i)
  2  2
Masukkan persamaan (i) ke persamaan Schrodinger : i   V , sehingga di
t 2m x 2
peroleh :
 2  2am  2amx 2 
V  i(ia )    1  
2m     
  2amx 2 
V  a  a1   
   
V  2a 2 mx 2 
jadi V ( x)  2a 2 mx 2


c. x  x dx  0
2


 2
 2 am x
x 2A x e
2 2 2 
dx
0

1  
x2  2 A 
2

2 2a m
2
 
 2am 4am

1  

2
2A 2

2 2a m

 2am 4am

d ( x)
pm 0
dt
   *  
2 2

P   
2
 dx    
* 2
dx
 i x  x 2
2 2am  2amx 2 
karena   1  , maka:
x 2    
  2am 2 2 
P 2  2am   dx 
 
x  dx 
2

 
 2am 2 
P 2  2am1  (x )
  
 2am  
P 2  2am1  
  4am 
1
P 2  2am   am
2


d.  x  x 2  ( x) 2   p 2  p 2  ( p) 2  am
2
dan
4am

x   p  am
4am
Maka :
 
 x p  am 
4am 2