A monograph includes :
- name of the ingredient or preparation
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACY
Pharmacy
- an art and science
- preparing from natural and synthetic sources
(ex: willow bark – aspirin, senna- senokot)
- suitable materials for distribution
- use in the treatment and prevention of diseases
Pharmacy embraces the knowledge of :
o identification and selection
o pharmacological action
o preservation
o analysis and standardization of drugs and medicines
Pharmacy includes :
o proper and safe distribution or use
o dispense of prescription
o sell directly to patients
Pharmacists
- indispensable and knowledgeable member of the health
team licensed to dispense medicines
Philippine Pharmacy Act (RA 10918)
- an act regulating and modernizing the practice of Pharmacy
in the Philippines
- repealing RA 5921 (The Pharmacy Law)
Drug
- pharmakon (Greek)
- pharmaceutical products
- chemical compounds/biological substances, other than food
- used in the treatment, prevention or diagnosis of disease in
humans or animals (RA 10918, Art. 1, Sec. 5)
1. Articles recognized in the official :
a. United States Pharmacopeia (USP) /
National Formulary (NF)
- book of public pharmacopeial standards
- standards for medicines, dosage forms, drug substances,
excipients, medical devices, and dietary supplements
USP - monographs of :
o drug substances and preparations
o dietary supplements and ingredients in a separate
section
NF - excipient monographs
- definition
- packaging, storage, labeling requirements, & specification
Specifications
- test procedures and acceptance criteria
b. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States of
America
c. Philippine Pharmacopoeia
d. Philippine National Drug Formulary
e. British Pharmacopoeia
f. European Pharmacopoeia
g. Japanese Pharmacopoeia
h. Any official compendium or any supplement to the
mentioned references
2. Articles used in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment,
or prevention of disease in man or other animals
3. Articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure
or any function of the body of man and animals
4. Articles intended for use as a component of any article
specified in (1), (2) and (3) but does not include devices, or
components, parts or accessories
Devices
- instruments, apparata, contrivances, components
5. Herbal or traditional drugs
- as defined in RA 9502 in the Universally Accessible
Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act of 2008
- are articles of plant or animal origin used in folk medicine
which are : (RA 9502, Sec. 4)
o Recognized in the Philippine National Drug Formulary
o Intended for used in the treatment, or cure, or
mitigation of disease symptoms, injury or body defects
in humans
o Other than food, intended to affect the structure or
any function of the human body
o In finished or ready-to-use dosage form; and
o Intended for use as a component of any of the articles
specified in clauses (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv)
Medicine
- drug as the active ingredient; excipients
- formulated into a suitable dosage form with complete
packaging
Dale Ellivera | Page 1
Fields of Pharmaceutical Services
1. Community Pharmacy
- botica, drugstore, pharmacy, retail pharmacy
o Independent Drugstore
- vary in size and merchandise
o Chain Drugstore / Multiple Pharmacy
- profitable, more than 2 branches; 1996
2. Industrial Pharmacy
o Research (R & D)
- formulation; reformulation
- drug-excipient compatibility testing
- determine proper route of administration of drug; to
be given orally, injected, inhaled, or rubbed
- product’s stability including the proper packaging
material; innovations
o Production
- conversion of raw materials to finished products
- supervises the operation, CGMP must be observed,
planning for production
o Quality Control
- raw materials, intermediate and finished product
- packaging components
- qualitative and quantitative tests
- assay (confirming label claim)
o Marketing / Drug Distribution
- market through detailmen; preferably men
- contact potential prescribers regarding their
company’s products
o Regulatory affairs officer / Liaison
- participates in the development and implementation
of regulatory strategy
- assembles a regulatory file / dossier
- monitors product files in the developmental phase
- conducts regulatory monitoring of approved
products
- provides counselling to internal and external clients
with regulatory issues
3. Hospital Pharmacy
- drug consultant to doctors, nurses, patients and other
hospital personnel
- compounding prescriptions in a hospital setting
- member of the Pharmacy Therapeutic Committee
- hospital pharmacist assumes all responsibility for the
drug control system in the hospital
4. Clinical Pharmacy
- patient-oriented
- makes the rounds with the doctor
- monitors drug therapy
- advises the patient on drug use, side effects, and drug
interactions
5. Drug Wholesaling
- provides products of hundreds of manufacturers in a
single store
- saves the retailer from contacting each supplier
individually saving him correspondence, stock handling,
record keeping, and bill paying
6. Pharmaceutical Education
- most important field of Pharmacy
- responsible for nurturing the future pharmacists
7. Research
- discover new drugs
- development and improvement of existing drug products
o Clinical Research
- branch of healthcare science that determines the
safety and effectiveness (efficacy) of medication
- involves human participants and helps translate basic
research (done in labs) into new treatments and
information to benefit patients
o Cosmetics Industry
- companies that make and sell things like makeup,
lotion, shampoo, and nail polish
- regulated by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - to
ensure the ingredients of beauty products are safe for
humans
8. Pharmaceutical Journalism
- serves as writer, editor and publisher of drug and health
related magazines, brochures and newsletters
- drug manufacturers usually publish a variety of
magazines, brochures, and newsletters which are
scientific, but with sales appeal
9. Government Service
o FDA as drug inspector, licensing of pharmaceutical
establishment and registration of new drugs
o DOH and DOST as researchers
o NBI and DDB to help in the prevention and
rehabilitation of drug dependents
o PRC as board examiners
10. Organizational Management
- serves as officers of national and provincial associations
of pharmacists
o PPhA - Philippine Pharmacists Association
o IPAP - Industrial Pharmacists Assoc. of the Philippines
o PAPVI - Philippine Association of Pharmacists in the
Veterinary Industry
o PACOP - Philippine Association of Colleges Pharmacy
o PSHP - Philippine Association of Hospital Pharmacy
o CPAP - Community Pharmacists Assoc. of the Phils.
o PAPPI - Philippine Association of Pharmacists in the
Philippine Industry
Dale Ellivera | Page 2
11. Medical Communications o Many of the medicinal plants included are still recognized
- computer handling of medical data, creation of reference in Pharmacy practice today :
materials, and research, evaluate, assemble, and package
info specifically for the end-user Podophyllum laxative
- perform drug interaction review for prescriptions with Rhubarb laxative
more than one drug antioxidant ;
Ginseng
for erectile dysfunction
12. Institutional Pharmacy anti-cough ;
- non-pharmaceutical establishments (ex: Supreme Court, Stramonium
bronchial asthma
San Miguel Corp., GSIS, Proctor & Gamble) vehicle of medicaments ;
Cinnamon bark
solubilizing agent
CHAPTER 2 : EVOLUTION OF PHARMACY anti-cough ;
Ma huang or Ephedra
bronchial asthma
Before the Dawn of History
o Lao Tzu (500 BC)
Beliefs - Taoist and natural philosopher
o Sickness was caused by evil forces - author of The Way
o Punishment from the gods - promotes concept of health and prosperity through
awareness and observance of natural cosmic cycles
Remedies
o Offer sacrifices like food and prayers o Qi (energy)
o Use of natural resources like cool water, leaf, dirt, or mud - balance of Yin and Yang
as his first soothing application
o Eventually, he applied his knowledge to improve his Ancient Egypt
remedies for the benefit of others - known for the most important pharmaceutical record :

Antiquity o Papyrus Ebers (1500 BC)

- ancient past, specifically period before Middle Ages - 21 yards (60 ft.) long
- collection of 800 prescriptions, containing 700 drugs
Ancient Babylonia - recorded formulas for gargles, suppositories, inhalations,
- Jewel of ancient Mesopotamia poultices, lotions, and ointments
- cradle of civilization
- earliest known record of practice of the art of apothecary o Biblical Records (1200 BC)

o Practitioners of healing (2600 BC) Book of Sirach

- were priests, pharmacists, and physicians, all in one - creation of medicines by God

o Shamans Genesis
- quack doctors - myrrh as astringent, carminative, and protectant

o Clay tablets (800) Exodus

- medical texts - olibanum (frankinscence)
- were used to record the first symptoms of illness, - aromatic resins (frants’-in-sense)
prescription, and directions for compounding and
invocation to the gods Ancient Greece

Ancient China o Hippocrates (460 BC)

- practice of Pharmacy originated from Shen Nung in early
2000 BC
o Shen Nung (2000 BC)
- Father of Chinese Pharmaceutics
- emperor who searched for and experimented on the
medicinal application of herbs
- wrote the first Pen T’sao (The Botanical Basis of
Pharmacy), or native herbal, recording 365 drugs
- Father of Medicine
- sought the rationalization of treatment
- shows the fundamentals of scientific method
o Theophrastus (300 BC)
- known as the Father of Botany
- Greek philosoper and natural scientist
- made use of the ability to change the character of plants,
by cultivation and transforming, like wild mint
(menthrastrum) to tame mint (menthe)

Dale Ellivera | Page 3

Ancient Turkey Latin Compilations

o Mithridates VI (about 100 BC) o Antidotaria

- King of Pontus, Father of Toxicology - similar to dispensatories
- known as the Royal Toxicologist
- found time to practice not only the art of poisoning, but o Receptaria
also the art of preventing and counteracting poisoning - more modest formularies
- used himself and his prisoners as “guinea pigs” on which
to test poisons and antidotes Damian and Cosmas
- patron saints of Pharmacy and Medicine
o Mithridatum - twinship of the health professions
- his popular formula of alleged pan-antidotal power - Arabian descent
- was known for over a thousand years as an antidote - their careers were cut short in the year 303 by martyrdom
against all kinds of poisons - after canonization, they became the patron saints of
- semi-mythical remedy; 65 ingredients (antidote for Pharmacy and Medicine
poisoning)
o Damian - the apothecary
Ancient Mediterranean o Cosmas - the physician

o Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth) Monastic Pharmacy

- one of the first therapeutic agents to bear a trademark /
means of identification and of gaining customers’
confidence
- clay tablet originating from the Mediterranean island of
Lemnos before 500 BC
- one day each year clay was dug from a pit on a Lemnian
hillside in the presence of governmental and religious
dignitaries
- washed, refined, rolled to a mass of proper thickness
- the clay was formed into pastilles and impressed with an
official seal by priestesses, then sun-dried
- the tablets were then widely distributed commercially
- practice of Pharmacy and Medicine passed from lay
practitioners to the clerics
- translation of Greek books into Latin by the monks
o Monasteries (5th-12th Century)
- center of intellectual life
- preserved western knowledge of Pharmacy and Medicine
o Monks
- collected and cultivated medicinal plants
- distilled aromatic and cordial waters (non-alcoholic
concentrated syrup, fruit flavoured)

Middle Ages Famous manuscripts :

Pedianos Discorides (1st AD) o De Viribus Herbarum (Herbs Used by the People)
- Father of Pharmacology - Abbot Odo in France
- his texts were considered basic science as late as the 16th
century o Causae et Curae
- Abbess Hildegard in Germany (exploration of the human
o De Materia Medica body)
- 600 plants & 90 minerals
- recorded what he observed, promulgated excellent rules The Arabs (980-1037 AD)
for collection of drugs, their storage and use (The Herbal) - separated the arts of apothecary and physician
- treaties were more influential and authoritative in Europe
Clausius Galen (130-200 AD) - more refined and elegant way of administering drugs
- first Pharmacist / Botanist
- practiced and taught both Pharmacy and Medicine in Rome o Established in Bagdad (late 8th century) the 1st privately
- his principles of preparing and compounding medicines ruled owned drugstore
in the Western world for 1,500 years
- his medical writings were basis of treaties on simple drugs o Ibn Sina
- the “Persian Galen”
o Galenicals - known as Avicenna by the Western world
- class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical - pharmacist, poet, physician, philosopher, diplomat
means - his pharmaceutical teachings contributed to the sciences
of Pharmacy and Medicine
o Cold cream
- originator of the formula (Galen’s cerates)
Dale Ellivera | Page 4
Magna Carta of 1240 French Pharmacists
- separation of Pharmacy and Medicine
o Bernard Courtois
o Issued by Frederick II, head of the Holy Roman Empire - iodine in algae, bromine (sea water)
o Edict creating pharmacy as an independent branch of
public welfare service o Joseph Caventou & Pierre Pelletier
o Pharmacy was separated from Medicine in Sicily and - quinine (used against malaria), caffeine
southern Italy
o Limitation of the numbers of pharmacies o Pierre Robiquet
o Fixed the prices of remedies - codeine
o Required official supervision to pharmaceutical practice
o Made the use of prescribed formulary compulsory o Henri Moissan
- fluorine by electrolytic methods
The First Official Pharmacopoeia
German Pharmacists
o Originated in Florence, Italy
o The Nuovo Receptario written in Italian o Frederick Serturner
o Published and became the legal standard for the city-state - morphine
in 1498
o Johannes Buchner
Modern Age (Modern Europe) - salicin from willow bark, nicotine from tobacco; aspirin
and nicotinic acid production
Paracelsus (1493-1541 AD)
- revolutionalized Pharmacy o Rudolf Brandes & Philipp Geiger
- hyoscyamine and atropine
o Introduced medicinally active “quintessences” from
natural resources; led to important discoveries in drug 20th Century Scientists
therapy
o Transformed pharmacy from botanical science to chemical o Paul Ehrlich
science - chemoTx, Arsphenamine (syphilis)

The Society of Apothecaries of London o Frederick Banting & Charles Best

- formed by Francis Bacon in 1617 - insulin

o Master, Wardens and Society of the Art and Mystery of the o Gerhardt Domagk
Apothecaries of the City of London - Prontosil (Sulfa drug), for hemolytic streptococci
o First organization of pharmacists in the Anglo-Saxon World
o Alexander Fleming
Italy - cradle of European professional Pharmacy - penicillin

1. 1st professional European apothecary shop o Selman Waksman

2. 1st post-antique antidotary - streptomycin
3. 1st pharmacopoeia
4. 1st real botanical garden o Jonas Salk
- injectable vaccine for polio
o Ricettario Florentino
- 1st official pharmacopoeia of the European world o Albert Sabin
- oral vaccine for polio
Modern Age (18th Century)
1871
o William Withering - the first educational institution of the Pharmacy was founded
- digitalis, digoxin in the Philippines

o Karl Scheele Don Leon Ma. Guerrero

- arsenic, chlorine, glycerin, organic acids - first Filipino to study Pharmacy
- considered as the Father of Philippine Pharmacy
o Edward Jenner
- eradication of small pox
Dale Ellivera | Page 5
CHAPTER 3 : PHARMACY EDUCATION Other Scholarships

The Philippine Pharmacy Act (RA 10918) a. UST Faculty of Pharmacy Alumni Association and
- one of its objectives is the regulation and standardization of Scholarship Foundation, Inc. (3rd or 4th Year ; 10 scholars)
Pharmacy Education in the country b. Josephine Sarau Scholarship
c. Mercury Drug Foundation, Inc. Scholarship
Technical Committee on Pharmacy Education (TCPE) d. Daewong Pharma Scholarship
- responsible for the regulation of pharmacy education in the e. DOST Scholarship
country
- its purpose is to develop and prescribe minimum standards Pharmacy Curriculum
for colleges of Pharmacy - BS Pharmacy is currently offered as a 4-year program
- the last year is comprised of a 1200-hour internship or
Commission on Higher Education (CHED) supervised pharmacy practice expertise
- carries out the implementation of pharmacy education
Course Requirements
Mission Statement o General Education Courses (47 units)
- the main concern of the Pharmacy Education is to provide o Professional Courses (131 units)
the country with pharmacists who are scientifically competent o Internship (30 units)
to deliver the full spectrum of pharmaceutical services
required in health care delivery system Philippine Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (page 50)
- has 34 members, including UST
At the end of the program, the student should have acquired
and developed the knowledge, skills, aptitude, and Schools with Associate Membership (page 52) – 7
competencies in :
Non-PACOP Member Schools (page 52) – 50
1. Practicing Pharmacy in a professional and ethical manner
2. Providing pharmaceutical care Internship Requirements
3. Conducting relevant research and disseminating findings - a total of 1200 hours in the last year of the curriculum
4. Applying managerial and entrepreneurial skills
5. Communicating and facilitating learning effectively Institutional Pharmacy 120 hrs
Public Health and Regulatory Pharmacy 180 hrs
Scholarships Community Pharmacy 300 hrs
Hospital Pharmacy 300 hrs
UST Scholarship Programs Industrial Pharmacy 300 hrs

a. Santo Tomas Scholarship Pharmacy Board Examination

- academic, for batch Valedictorians and Salutatorians - twice a year, March and August

b. Santo Domingo de Guzman Scholarship (Special)
- for those inclined in arts, music, and sports
- rules set by the Institute of Physical Education and
Athletics (IPEA)
c. San Martin de Porres Scholarship (Equity)
- for the poor but academically deserving
d. San Lorenzo Ruiz Scholarship (Service)
- financial assistance to those willing to render assistance
for 20-30 hours per week to the university
Qualifications for the Licensure Examination
(RA 10918, Art III, Sec 14)
1. Citizen of the Philippines or of a foreign country that has a
law/policy on reciprocity for the practice of the pharmacy
profession
2. Of good moral character and reputation
3. Degree holder of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy or its
equivalent degree conferred by an HEI in the Philippines,
or an institution of learning in a foreign country duly
recognized by the CHED

Scholarships from Professional Organizations o In order to be registered and licensed as a pharmacist, a

candidate must obtain a general weighted average of 75%
a. Philippine Pharmacists Association Scholarship (4th Year) with no rating lower than 50% in any of the courses
b. Philippine Association of the Colleges of Pharmacy
Scholarship (4th Year ; two students)
c. Colegio Medico Farmaceutico de Filipinas, Inc Scholarship
and Study Grant (4th Year with Pharmacist/Doctor parent)

Dale Ellivera | Page 6

Pharmacy Board Examination - recent composition of modules 6. Emulsion
- two-phase system in which one liquid is dispersed
Pharmaceutical Chemistry 20% throughout another liquid in the form of small droplets
Pharmacology 15%
Practice of Pharmacy 17.5% 7. Eye drops
Pharmacology-Pharmacokinetics 15% - sterile aqueous or oily solutions/suspensions for
Pharmaceutics 17.5% installation into the eyes
Quality Assurance Quality Control 15%
8. Gargles
License Requirements - aqueous solution intended for use in the prophylaxis or
- license is renewable every 3 years subject to the latest treatment of throat infections
requirements
9. Granules
1. Certificate of Good Standing from the Accredited - preparation of dry aggregates of powder particles that
Professional Organization may contain one or more active ingredients with or
2. Proof of completion of the Continuing Professional without other ingredients
Development requirements
10. Inhalations
Admission of Women in the University of Santo Tomas - drugs/combination of drugs administered by the nasal or
- started in 1924; the College of Pharmacy had 3 applicants oral respiratory route for local or systemic effect

Pharmacy Botanical Garden 11. Injection

- co-founded by Fr. Lorenzo Rodriguez on October 10, 1932 - preparation intended for parenteral administration (non-
- the second one was inaugurated on December 7, 1948 after oral means) for constituting/diluting a parenteral article
the first was destroyed during WWII prior to administration

Continuing Professional Development (CPD) 12. Liniment

- pursuant to Resolution no. 2019, 1146 of the Professional - alcoholic/oleaginous solution/emulsion applied by
Regulatory Board, effective March 1, 2019 rubbing on the skin for treating pain and stiffness of
- all pharmacists who wish to renew their professional license underlying musculature
should have attended 15 CPD units offered by an accredited
CPD provider 13. Lozenges
- solid preparations that are harder than ordinary tablets
APPENDIX A : SOME DRUG DOSAGE FORMS and are intended to dissolve/disintegrate slowly in the
mouth
1. Aerosol
- solvent + propellant intended for administration via the 14. Ointment
nasal passages - semisolid preparation intended for external application to
the skin or mucous membrane
2. Capsule
- solid dosage form in which the drug is enclosed in a hard 15. Pastes
or soft soluble container or shell - solid preparation for external application containing a
high proportion of finely powdered medicaments used as
3. Cream antiseptic, protective, or soothing dressings
- semisolid dosage containing one or more drug substances
dissolved/dispersed in a suitable base 16. Plaster
- medicated/protective dressing that consists of a film
4. Enema (cloth/plastic) spread with a medicated substance intended
- aqueous or oil solution/suspension which may contain for topical application to various parts of the body
purgative, anti-inflammatory, or diagnostic drugs intended
for rectal administration 17. Solution
- liquid preparation that contains one/more dissolved
5. Elixir chemical substances in a suitable solvent/mixture of
- clear, pleasantly flavored, sweetened hydro-alcoholic miscible solvents
liquid containing dissolved article ingredients intended for - may be oral, topical (skin), otic (ear), or ophthalmic (eye)
oral use

Dale Ellivera | Page 7

18. Sprays 9. Antipruritic
- liquid preparation of medicaments in aqueous, alcoholic, - relieves itching
or gylcerin-containing vehicle
- intended for application to the nose/throat by means of 10. Antispasmodic
an atomizer or nebulizer - relieve/prevent spasm

19. Suppository 11. Antiflatulent

- solid body adapted for introduction into the rectal, - relieves/prevents flatulence (buildup of gas in the
vaginal, or urethral orifice digestive system)

20. Suspension 12. Antipyretic

- liquid preparation that consists of solid particles - reduces fever
dispersed throughout a liquid phase in which the particles
are not soluble 13. Antibiotic
- may be oral, topical, otic, or opthalmic - medical preparation containing a significant quantity of
chemical substance produced by microorganisms or
21. Syrups artificially by synthesis; has the capacity to inhibit/destroy
- concentrated aqueous preparation of sugar w/ or w/out microorganisms in dilute solutions
flavoring agents and mechanical substances
14. Antimalarial
22. Tablet - used in treatment of malaria causes by several species of
- solid dosage form containing medical substance(s) w/ or the protozoa, Plasmodium
w/out diluents
15. Antimicrobial agent
APPENDIX B : GLOSSARY OF MEDICAL TERMS - kills/suppresses multiplication/growth of microorganisms

1. Adsorbent 16. Antiphlogistic

- chemically inert powder able to adsorb gases, toxins, and - includes alcohol and several creams
bacteria - cool by evaporation; reduces inflammation

2. Amebacide 17. Aphrodisiac

- drug used to treat both intestinal and extra-intestinal - stimulates sexual desire
forms of amebic infections
- an ideal amebacide is capable of eliminating amebic cysts 18. Astringent
from the intestines - medication/agent which causes contraction/constriction
of tissues
3. Amenorrhea
- failure of menstruation 19. Ataratic
- capable of producing ataraxia (perfect peace/calmness);
4. Analeptic tranquilizer
- central nervous system (CNS) stimulant employed
primarily to counteract drug-induced respiratory 20. Bitters
depression; action is largely the result of direct stimulation - substance used empirically (by observation/experience)
of the respiratory center to increase salivary and gastric secretion, and to improve
appetite
5. Anorexia
- lack of desire for food 21. Bronchitis
- inflammation of the lungs
6. Anorexic / Anorectic
- drug that induces loss of appetite for food 22. Cataplasm/Poultice
- soft, semiliquid external application which either
7. Antiarthritic stimulates a body surface/alleviates and inflamed area by
- medication used to combat or relieve the distress/pain of supplying medicating substances in the presence of heat
arthritis (inflammation of the joints) and moisture

8. Antidote 23. Caustic (corrosive)

- substance used to counteract poison - topical agent that causes destruction of tissues at the site
of application
Dale Ellivera | Page 8
24. Colagogue 40. Gastritis
- medication used to increase flow of bile (in liver) - inflammation of the stomach

25. Colitis 41. Gingivitis

- inflammation of colon (large intestine) - inflammation of gums

26. Conjunctivitis 42. Hematinic

- a.k.a. “Pink eye”; inflammation of mucous membrane - increases hemoglobin content of the blood through
lining the inner surface of the eyelids and covering the part erythrocytes (red blood cells)
of the eyeball
43. Infection
27. Contraceptive - invasion and multiplication of a pathogen into the body of
- prevents passage of active spermatozoa from the vagina men and animals
into the uterus
44. Insomnia
28. Cystitis - sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying
- inflammation of urinary bladder asleep

29. Demulcent 45. Meningitis

- protective agent employed primarily to alleviate irritation - inflammation of the membrane covering the brain and
particularly of mucous membranes/abraded tissues the spinal cord
- often applied to the skin
30. Deodorant 46. Nephritis
- masks offensive odors - inflammation of the kidney

31. Dermatitis 47. Neuritis

- inflammation of the skin - inflammation of the nerves

32. Depilatories 48. Oxytocics

- used to remove hair from the body - drug that stimulates the smooth muscles of the uterus

33. Diaphoretic 49. Palliative

- agent used to promote sweating/perspiration - medication given to relieve, not to cure/form of
treatment directed toward relief rather than a cure, as in
34. Dysmenorrhea some cases of extensive cancer
- painful/difficult menstruation
50. Phlebitis
35. Emollient - inflammation of the veins
- bland, fatty, or oleaginous substance which may be
applied locally, particularly to the skin and also to mucous 51. Rhinitis
membranes/abraded tissues - inflammation of the nose

36. Enzymes or Biocatalysts 52. Stomatitis

- proteins whose biological function is the catalysts - inflammation of the mouth
(hastening) of chemical reactions in living systems that are
highly specific

37. Expectorant
- drug that increases respiratory tract secretions, lowers
their viscosity, and promotes removal

38. Fungicide
- kills both pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi

39. Galactagogue
- promotes secretion of milk

Dale Ellivera | Page 9

APPENDIX C : CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS 6. Anticholinergics
- drugs that inhibit cholinergic nerves that are primarily
1. Analgesics responsible for gastrointestinal hypersecretions and
- for pain relief motility; used as gastrointestinal antispasmodics
- e.g. propantheline, belladonna alkaloids, adiphenine,
Acute pain
Severe pain Excruciating chronic dicyclomine
(Dental Surgery or pain (Arthritis &
(Headache)
trauma) cancer)
Codeine & 7. Anticoagulants
Aspirin - inhibit the clotting mechanism in patients who have a
Oxycodone Morphine (constant
Acetaminophen or Meperidine & intravenous infusion) propensity for clotting
dextropropoxyphene Morphine - also used as prophylaxis to prevent possible clotting
during hemodialysis and surgery
2. Anesthetics - e.g. herparin, warfarin
- also used to relieve pain by interfering with nerve
transmission 8. Anticonvulsants
- used to depress brain nerve firing to control convulsive
o General Anesthetics seizures in epilepsy
- depress cerebral nerves that carry sensory pain - prevent/reduce convulsions in electroshock therapy,
signals to the brain; useful during surgical procedures brain damage, and ingestion of certain poisons
- gases/volatile liquids administered by inhalation - e.g. phenytoin, trimethadione, diazepam
- e.g. halothane & ether
9. Antidiarrheals
o Local Anesthetics - decrease gastrointestinal activity, absorb toxins and
- used for local nerve block in relieving pain in dental replace the bacterial flora
extractions; more commonly used for topical - e.g. opium tincture (paregoric), loperamide,
application to the skin and mucous membranes to diphenoxylate, kaolin-pectin mixture
relieve pain/minor trauma, sunburns, or painful canker
sores o Lactobacillus acidolphilus
- e.g. procaine, cocaine, lidocane (can be used as a - bacterial culture used to replace the bacterial flora of
cardiac membrane depressant) the lower gastrointestinal tract, frequently depressed
during prolonged antibiotic therapy that can cause
3. Antacids diarrhea
- gastric antacids are used to relieve gastric hyperacidity
and pain associated with duodenal or gastric ulcers 10. Antiemetics
- beneficial results are exhibited by relief of pain
- e.g. sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, aluminum o Phenothiazines
hydroxide, milk of magnesia, magnesium trisilicate - function by blocking the brain centers associated with
vomiting; e.g. prochloroperazine, chlorpromazine,
4. Anthelmintics thiethylperazine, trimetobenzamide
- used to rid the body of worm infestations that have
entered through the gastrointestinal tract (most likely from o Metoclopramide
contaminated food or animal saliva) - used as an antagonist to the emetic effect of
- e.g. pyrvinium pamoate, piperazine citrate, anticancer drugs; used before and after treatment
diethylcarbamazine citrate
o Meclizine & Cyclizine
5. Antianginals - used to prevent emesis (vomiting)
- relieve chest pain associated with increased oxygen
demand by the heart muscle due to physical exertion 11. Antihistamines
- drugs in this class are primarily vasodilators and agents - used to antagonize the pathological effects of histamine
called beta-adrenergic blocking agents that decrease heart that is released as a consequence of various disease states
rate, oxygen demand, and relieve chest pain (e.g. hayfever, common cold, asthma)
- e.g. nitroglycerin, isosorbide, dinitrate, pentaerythritol - e.g. diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine,
tetranitrate, beta-adrenergic blockers (propranolol, brompheniramine, promethazine, tripelennamine
nadolol, labetalol)
o Drowsiness
- leading side effect of agents
- caution in operating machinery, including driving a
car, is indicated
Dale Ellivera | Page 10
 16. Antivirals
o Terfenadine - newest drugs used for the treatment of viral infections :
- has little to no drowsiness associated with it
- unlike other antihistamines, it does not find its way o Herpes simplex
into the brain - acyclovir (Zovirax)
o Group A influenza
12. Antihypertensives - amantadine (Symmetrel)
- ways to treat hypertension : o HIV or AIDS infection
- zidovudine (AZT)
o Diuretics
- reduce vascular volume; e.g. thiazides 17. Bronchodilators / Antiasthmatics
o Vasodilators - relax bronchial smooth muscle, which dilates the airway
- relax blood vessels; e.g. hydralazine, prazocin that is usually constricted in pulmonary disease states
o Nerve ending blocking agents - e.g. epinephrine, isoproterenol, pseudoepinephrine,
- inhibiting the sympathetic nervous system theophylline
o Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
- drugs that inhibit the renal mechanism for blood 18. Cardiac Stimulants and Depressant
elevation; used to lower blood pressure elevation - since these drugs are so potent and frequently used by
- e.g. captopril injection, an overdosing liability is present with subsequent
o Other e.g. propranolol, reserpine, methyldopa, cardiac arrest, arrhythmia or possible death
guanethidine, clonidine, enalapril
Overexcitability of
Cardiac depression the heart resulting in
13. Anti-infectives and Sulfonamides Heart failure w/
w/ slow heart rate & rhythm disturbances
- natural/synthetic agents able to inhibit the growth impulse conduction
compromised heart
& rapid heart rates
muscle function
(bacteriostatic) or destroy (bacteriocidal) microorganisms through heart w/ depressed cardiac
- multiple agents output of blood
Quinidine
Epinephrine and
Digoxine Procainamide
o Topically (ointments, creams, irrigating solutions) Isoproterenol
Proparonol
- e.g. bacitracin, neomycin, polymixin
o Oral, intramuscular, or intravenous administration 19. Decongestants
- e.g. penicillin, cephalosporin, chloramphenicol, - are vasoconstrictors, causing the shrinking of mucous
tetracyclin, erythromycin, sulfonamides membranes, permitting improved air transit through the
nasal and other air passageways
14. Antineoplastics - is also used in cold medication combination products
- cellular toxins that function by destroying rapidly - e.g. pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, phenylephrine,
multiplying cells associated with cancer; however, they disopyramide
also destroy normal cells in the body (hair loss,
gastrointestinal ulcers, blood dyscrasias) 20. Digestants
- e.g. cisplatin, vinblastine, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, - promote the digestion of food in the gastrointestinal tract
fluorouracil in individuals; usually replacement products for normal
digestion substances that are deficient in these patients
o Antiemetic drugs (e.g. asprochloroperazine or - e.g. hydrochloric acid, bile acids, pancreatin, pepsin,
metoclopramide) frequently precede antineoplastic diastase
drug administration because of their ability to stimulate
the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the brain and o Simethicone
vomiting center causing emesis - used to alleviate trapped gas (flatulence) in the
gastrointestinal tract
15. Antitussives
- prevents exhausting nonproductive coughs that interfere 21. Diuretics
with daily activity or sleep - act on the kidney to increase the output of the urine, thus
- depress the central nervous system cough trigger and ultimately reducing edema fluid accumulation
belong to the narcotic category of drugs - e.g. hydrochlorothiazide, flurosemide, ethacrynic acid,
- e.g. codeine, hydrocodone, dextromethorphan bumetanide, spironolactone, acetazolamide

Dale Ellivera | Page 11

22. Emetics 25. Laxatives and Cathartics
- agents used to induce vomiting - promote defecation in patients who are constipated or
- useful in eliminating poisonous substances that have unable to empty the gastrointestinal tracts of its waste
been ingested materials
- taken orally and induces vomiting within a half hour - activity is accomplished by stimulating peristalsis by
- most popular drug for this use is ipecac syrup irritating the gastrointestinal tract, retaining water in the
- a less popular drug due to the pain of the injection is bowel, forming bulk, lubricating the bowel, or reducing
apomorphine surface tension of fecal material
- e.g. castor oil, prunes, magnesium salts, phenolphthalein,
23. Hormones psyllium seed, mineral oil, dicotylsodiumsulfosuccinate,
- organic compounds that are normally produced senna
endogenously (biologically developed) by the endocrine
glands of the body 26. Tranquilizers
- frequently supplemented in the form of drugs in cases of - produce a sense of detach calmness without depression
deficiency states, secondary to disease or surgery to the of mental faculties or clouding of consciousness
gland - used for the treatment of mental & emotional disorders
- named by the gland that produces them; of - can also be used for secondary problems such as
natural/synthetic origin emotional distress or agitation due to surgery or cancer
- e.g. chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, diazepam,
Pituitary hormones regulate release of glandular chlordiazepoxide, meprobamate
hormones (releasing factors)
Growth hormones regulate growth
Thyroid hormones regulates activity of all body cells 27. Miscellaneous Drugs
Follicle-stimulating hormone control sexual growth and - diagnostic aids, radioisotopes, and vitamins
(FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH) development
regulates corticosteroid release Diagnostic Aid
from the adrenal glands;
Corticotrophin - drugs used to determine a specific disease state
influences the ability of the body
to maintain blood pressure and
withstand environmental stress o Histamines
Vasopressin maintain blood pressure in shock - diagnosis of achlorhydria
induce uterine contractility during o Barium sulfate
Oxytocin
labor
Insulin replace deficiencies seen in - used orally to fluoroscopically identify gastrointestinal
diabetes mellitus tract lesions or ulcers
replace a lack of these substances o Sodium diatrizoate radiopaque dye
Estrogen, Progesterone during menopause and ovarian - angiography of the brain and heart, and
dysfunction
prevent negative nitrogen balance
urographically for the urinary tract to visualize vascular
in debilitating disease, promote insufficiency or aneurysms
Male androgens
normal sexual function, treat
osteoporosis and breast cancer Radioisotopes
anti-inflammatory, regulate water
- used to identify and treat certain tumors
balance together with epinephrine
Hydrocortisone, cortisone
& norepinephrine, maintain blood - e.g. iodine, phosphate, gold, cobalt, sodium
pressure
Vitamins
24. Hypnotics and Sedatives - organic catalysts that are required daily by the human
- produce and maintain sleep; may cause habituation body in small amounts for the proper functioning of
under constant use certain enzyme systems that mediate chemical reactions of
- useful for the treatment of patients with sleep the cells and maintain body tissues
disturbances (insomnia) - vitamin A,C,D,E,K
- used in lower doses (anticonvulsants) to treat epilepsy - B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine,
- e.g. secobarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, cyanocobalamin, folic acid, biotin)
flurazepam, temazepam, triazolam
#NoWayButUp

Dale Ellivera | Page 12