KARNATAK LAW SOCIETY’S

GOGTE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

UDYAMBAG, BELAGAVI-590008
(An Autonomous Institution under Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

(APPROVED BY AICTE, NEW DELHI)

Department of ____________________

2019-2020

Course Activity Report

ULTRACAPACITORS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES (16EC665)
Submitted in the partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electronics and Communication Engineering

Submitted by
SHARDUL JOSHI (2GI17ME123)
SHYAMALI KANERI (2GI17AE046)
 KARNATAK LAW SOCIETY’S

GOGTE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

UDYAMBAG, BELAGAVI-590008
(An Autonomous Institution under Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

(APPROVED BY AICTE, NEW DELHI)

Department of ____________________

2019-2020

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the course activity entitled
ULTRACAPACITORS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
done at KLS Gogte Institute Of Technology is a bonafide work carried out by
Mr. SHARDUL JOSHI 2GI17ME123
Ms. SHYAMALI KANERI 2GI17AE046
in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in KLS Gogte Institute Of
Technology (Mechanical and Aeronautical respectively), of the Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi during the year 2019 – 2020. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions
indicated have been incorporated in the report. The activity report has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements in respect of course activity prescribed for the said Degree.

NAME USN MARKS SIGNATURE

1. Shardul Joshi 2GI17ME123
2. Shyamali Kaneri 2GI17AE046
FACULTY SIGNATURE DATE

ULTRACAPACITORS
AND
THEIR APPLICATIONS
IN ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES

An “Electric And Hybrid Vehicles” Course Presentation

Shardul Joshi
Shyamali Kaneri
Akhilesh Hongekar
Mandar Sawant
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SR.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION – ULTRACAPACITORS 1
2. CONCEPT OF APPLICATION IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES 2
3. BLOCK DIAGRAM -
4.
5.
6.
7.
ULTRACAPACITORS – DEFINITION AND WORKING PRINCIPLE

A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical

component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. Unlike the resistor,
which dissipates energy in the form of heat, the ideal capacitor does not lose its
energy. Capacitors store energy as a result of their ability to store charge with the amount
of charge stored on a capacitor depending on the voltage, V applied across its plates, and
the greater the voltage, the more charge will be stored by the capacitor as: Q ∞ V. A
conventional one farad capacitor would be very large for most practical electronic
applications, hence much smaller units like the microfarad (μF), nanofarad (nF) and
picofarad (pF) are commonly used.

However, there is another type of capacitor available, which can provide values from a few
milli-farads (mF) to tens of farads of capacitance in a very small size allowing for much more
electrical energy to be stored between their plates. They are called Ultracapacitors or
Supercapacitors.

An Ultracapacitor is a high-capacity capacitor with a capacitance value much higher than

other capacitors, but with lower voltage limits, that bridges the gap between electrolytic
capacitors and rechargeable batteries. It typically stores 10 to 100 times more energy per
unit volume or mass than electrolytic capacitors, can accept and deliver charge much faster
than batteries, and tolerates many more charge and discharge cycles than rechargeable
batteries. Unlike ordinary capacitors, supercapacitors do not use the conventional
solid dielectric, but rather, they use electrostatic double-layer
capacitance and electrochemical pseudo-capacitance, both of which contribute to the total
capacitance of the capacitor.

The ultracapacitor is characterized by much higher specific power, but much lower specific
energy compared to the chemical batteries. Its specific energy is in the range of a few watt-
hours per kilogram. However, its specific power can reach up to 3 kW/kg, much higher than
any type of battery.

ULTRACAPACITORS Pg.1
CONCEPT OF APPLICATION OF ULTRACAPACITORS IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES:

Ultracapacitors have advantages in applications where a large amount of power is needed

for a relatively short time, where a very high number of charge/discharge cycles or a longer
lifetime is required. Typical applications range from milliamp currents or milliwatts of power
for up to a few minutes to several amps current or several hundred kilowatts power for
much shorter periods.

Ultracapacitors, thus find their application in the Transportation Sector of the industry,
alongside many others such as Consumer Electronics, Stabilizers and Energy Harvesting. The
most practical application of the component is observed in ELECTRIC (EV) AND HYBRID
ELECTRIC VEHICLES (HEV).

Owing to the frequent stop-go operation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, the discharging and
charging profile of the energy storage is highly varied. The average power required from the
energy storage is much lower than the peak power of relatively short duration required for
acceleration and hill climbing. The ratio of the peak power to the average power can be over
10:1. Practically, the energy involved in the acceleration and deceleration transients is
roughly two thirds of the total amount of energy over the entire vehicle motion, primarily in
urban driving.

The ultracapacitor is characterized by much higher specific power, but much lower specific
energy compared to the chemical batteries. Its specific energy is in the range of a few watt-
hours per kilogram. However, its specific power can reach up to 3 kW/kg, much higher than
any type of battery. Due to their low specific energy density and the dependence of voltage
on the SOC, it is difficult to use ultracapacitors alone as an energy storage for Electric and
hybrid vehicles. Despite these limitations, there are a number of advantages that can result
from using the ultracapacitor as an auxiliary power source.
BLOCK DIAGRAM – CONCEPT DEPICTION