Website: www.himuacademy.com Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/himusp Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/himuacademy17, Cell: 01722-53567 DIGEST, EEE Job Preparatiox, BCS Technical, M.Sc Admission (Communications) Himu Academy, EEE Job Preparation & M.Sc Admission Test Rana Nirob Updated Lecture Sheet EEE Job Preparation (SAE and AE) Communication Lecture Sheet v Aasbonteadoais ¥_ SAE New batch will be Start on 14 December 2019 ¥ AE and BUET M.Sc Admission Test batch will be start on 20 Scanned with CamScannerFacebook Group: hitps://www facebook.com/groups/himusp Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.convhimuacademy17, Cell: 01722-53567 DIGEST, EEE Job Preparatiox, BCS Technical, M.Sc Admission (Communications) Himu Academy, EEE Job Preparation & M.Sc Admission Test Rana Nirab 01, A modulated carrier wave has maximum and minimum amplitude of 750mVand 250mV. Determine the value of percentage modulation Solution: Given that, Max. Amplitude £-(max) =750mV Minimum Amplitude £-(min)=250mV ‘We know that, Fetmaxy~Belminimum)_750-250_ 500 _p g_ S6Percentage Modulation mum)"7507250" 100070 550% 02.A 10 MHz sinusoidal carrier wave of amplitude 10mV is modulated by a 5 kHz sinusoidal audio signal wave of amplitude 6mV. Determine the frequency components of the result modulated wave and their amplitude Solution: Given that, Original frequency Carrier wave f,=10MHz, Modulated frequency Carrier wave fn,=5 KHz = 0.005 MHz. So, the USB of frequency= (f; + fn.)=10+0.005=10.005 MHz And the LSB of frequency= (f- — fm.) =10-0.005=9.995 MHz +m=5=0.6 where, A=10 and B=6 _mA_06x10, So, the amplitude of the USF and LSF is ==" 3m Scanned with CamScannerFacebook Group: hitps://www facebook.com/groups/himusp Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.comvhimuacademy17, Cell: 01722-53567 DIGEST, EEE Job Preparatiox, BCS Technical, M.Sc Admission (Communications) Himu Academy, EEE Job Preparation & M.Sc Admission Test Rana Niraby 03. An audio signal given by 15sin 27(2000)t is amplitude modulated with a sinusoidal carrier wave is 60sin 277(100000)t. Find the (a) Modulation index, (b) Percentage Modulation, (c) Frequency of signal and carrier, (d) Frequency spectrum of the modulated carrier wave. Solution: Given that, A=60, B=15, fn=2000 Hz = 2 kHz, f=100000 Hz = 100 kHz, (@)Modulation Index=2=0.25 (b) Percentage of modulation=0.25% 100=25% (©) LSB of frequency= fe-fin= (100-2) =98 kHz USB of frequency= fe-fm= (100+2) =102kHz 04.A BW of 1SMHz is available for amplitude modulation transmission of the maximum audio signal frequency used for modulating. The Carrier signal is not to exceed 15 kHz. How many radio stations on broadcast within this band simultaneously without interfering with each other. Solution: Given that, Frequency fmn¢maximum)=15 kHz, BW required for a station=2X fmn(maximum)=2%15 kHz = 30 kHz Hence the number broadcasting stations which can broadcast within this frequency band without interfering with each other. So, ASMi2_15x10°kH2, ‘30KH2 s0kH2 Scanned with CamScannerFacebook Group: hitps://www facebook.com/groups/himusp Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.convhimuacademy17, Cell: 01722-53567 DIGEST, EEE Job Preparatiox, BCS Technical, M.Sc Admission (Communications) Himu Academy, EEE Job Preparation & M.Sc Admission Test Rana Nirab 05.In a broadcasting studio a 1000 KHz carrier wave is modulated by an audio signal of frequency range (100-5000)Hz. Determine (a) Width of frequency range of side bands, (b) Maximum and Minimum frequencies of USB and LSB (©) Bandwidth of channel. Solution: Given that, For frequency range, Maximum frequency fy, (max)=5000 Hz = 5 kHz Minimum frequency fn (tin)=100 Hz = 0.1 kHz (a) Width of side band=[ fn maxy-Fmn(min)]= [5000-100]H2=4900 Hz.=4.9 kHz. (b) For USB Maximum frequency of USB = (1000+5) kHz =1005 kHz Minimum frequency of USB = (1000+0.1) kHz = And also for LSB, Maximum frequency of LSB = (1000-01) kHz =999.9 kHz Minimum frequency of LSB = (1000-5) kHz =995 kHz (© Channel BW= (1005-995) kHz=10k Hz. Or, another process, BW required of channel= 2X fn(maximum)=2X5=10 KHz Scanned with CamScannerFacebook Group: hitps://www facebook.com/groups/himusp, Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.convhimuacademy17, Cell: 01722-53567 DIGEST, EEE Job Preparatiox, BCS Technical, M.Sc Admission (Communications) Himu Academy, EEE Job Preparation & M.Sc Admission Test Rana Niraby 06.The turned circuit of oscillator in an Am transmitter uses a 40H coil and a InF capacitor. If the carrier wave produced by the oscillator is modulated by audio frequency upto 10 kHz. Find the frequency band occurred by the side bandwidth. Solution: Given that, Coil L=40xF=40 x 10-6 Capacitance C=1nF=1 x 10-? Frequency fin(max)~10 kHz [Note: Because, up to 10 kHz, that means (0-10 KHz)] We know that 1 ‘The resonant frequency isfe = Fa a kHz So, the max. Frequency of USB= (f- + fn) =796-10 = 806 kHz And minimum frequency of USB= (fz — fn)=796-10 = 786 kHz So, required the BW =(806-786) kHz=20 kHz. 07. The total content of AM wave is 1500w for a 100% modulation. Determine (a) Power transmitted by carrier (b) Power transmitted by each side. Solution: Given that, P,= 1500W, Modulation index=100%=1, P.=? ‘We know that, '500%0.667=1000W () Puss = Piso = # x pat x 1000=250 W. Scanned with CamScannerFacebook Group: hitps://wwwfacebook.com/groups/himusp Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.convhimuacademy17, Cell: 01722-53567 DIGEST, EEE Job Preparatiox, BCS Technical, M.Sc Admission (Communications) Himu Academy, EEE Job Preparation & M.Sc Admission Test Rana Niraby 08.The total power of an AM wave is 2.64 kW at a modulation of 80%. Determine the power content of carrier and each side band.(Practice Problem) Solution 09.A transmitted used for radio telephone has an unmodulated carrier power of 10 kW and can be modulated to a maximum of 80% by a single frequency audio signal before over loading. Determine the valueof which carrier power can be increased if a 50% Modulation index is imposed. Solution: Given that, Carrier power P.= 10 KW Modulation index=80%=0.8 We know, P= RGR D=x( ae =132W But, when modulation index is 50% than P, is still 13.2kW.so, the new value of carrier power is 2 . 2 given by, = Pag )=13.2xG ag =1.73W. ‘We observed that, P. can be increased from 10 kW to 11.73with a total power limit of 13.2 kW when m=50% or 0.5. Scanned with CamScannerWebsite: www.himuacademy.com Facebook Group: htps://www.facebook.com/s Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.convhimuacademy17, Cell: 01722-53567 DIGEST, EEE Job Preparatiox, BCS Technical, M.Sc Admission (Communications) Himu Academy, EEE Job Preparation & M.Sc Admission Test Rana Niraby 10. What is the modulation index of an FM carrier having a carrier swing 100 kHz a modulating signal of 5 kHz? Solution: We know that, Carrier Swing is C,=2Af e108 ApS 50 kz af _sokitz ¥ Modulation Index= = =10 Fmemax 5 kHz 11. An FM transmission has a frequency derivation of 18.75 kHz. Calculate the percent modulation if it is to broadcast (a) in the 88 MHz-108 MHz band (b) As same portion a TV broadcast. Solution: For transmission band, A fynax=75 kHz Actual Afgeruar=18.75 KHz Mase 1875 So, modulation index my x LO0=25% When sound portion on TV broadcast than Afmae=25 kHz + Modulation index =m= Afaetw ‘Am 12.An FM signal has a resting frequency of 105 MHz and highest frequency of 105.03 MHz when modulated by a signal of frequency 5 kHz. Determine (a) frequency deviation, (b) Carrier Swing, (c) Modulation Index, (d) Percent Modulation, (e) Lowest frequency of the FM wave. Scanned with CamScannerWebsite: waw.himuaendemy.com Facchook Group: https://www.farebook.com/groupohinusp Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/himuacademy 17, Cell: 01722-53567 DIGEST, EEE Job Preparation, BCS Technical, M.Se Admission (Communications) Himu Academy. EEE Job Preparation & M.Sc Admission Test Rana Nirab Questions with solution-2011 1. A PCM system multiplexes 20 band limited voice channel (300-3400Hz). 15 more than are multiplexed and use 2 256 level quantizer, considering the standard sampling rate for telephony system what will be the BW of binary encoded signal? PGCL-2011 Solution: Given that, L= 256= 2%=2", so number of bits n=8 We know that the standard sampling frequency f= 8 KHz + BW for every channel Ry= nf=8X8 = 64 KHz So, BW for 15 Channel=64x 15 = 960 KHz A television signal (Video and audio) has a BW of 4.5MHz. This signal is sampled quantized and binary coded to obtain a PCM signal. (a) Find out the sampling rate if the signal is to be sampled 20% above the Nyquist rate (b) If the samples are quantized into 1024 levels, determine the minimum BW required to transmit the signal. PGCB-2011, Bangladesh Fisheries Development Corp.-2017, Bangladesh Bank (AD-Electrical)-2018 (11/05/18) Solution: Given that, Frequency of mess fn=A.SMU2 (a) Nyquist frequency fuquist =2/n=2% 4.5 = MHz Scanned with CamScannerWebsite: wwrw.himuaeademy.com Facebook Group: Facebook Page: hitpsil/www.fucebook.com DIGEST, EEE Job Preparation, BCS Techni cihwww.facebook.convgroupwhimusp mcuclemy!7, Cell; 01722-53567 }¢ Admission (Communications) Himu Academy. EEE Job Preparation & M.Sc Admission Test Rana Nirab So, BW for every channel Ryzn 7,=10X 10.8 = 108 bit/s [ref 6.2, B.P Lathi] + Minumum BW required to transmit the signal =" = S4itz . If the signal at beginning of a cable with -0.3db/km has a power of 2mW, what is the power of the signal at Skm? [3.3, Forouzan] PCGB-2011 Solution: The loss in the cables in db =5x (—.03) = -1.5db s By asicwat We know that, ‘The power db= |Olog 107 P24970.15 2=10 'p, F=0.71 + Pazozix = 1.4m 4. A transmitter is transmitting data at rate of 65Kbps. At the receiver, the error detector detects 32 errors in the received bits in 15s of the data transmission. Calculate Bit Error Rate (BER) of the communication Systems. PGCB-2011 Solution: Data transmitted in 1Ss= 65x 15 = 975 Error in 15s=32s 32 « BER =975* 100 = 3.282% 21 Pace Scanned with CamScannerWebsite: www.himuncademy.com Facebook Group: htips:iiwww.facebook.com/groupshimusp Facebook Page: https://www.facchook.convhimuncademy 17, Cell: 01722-53677 DIGEST. Job Preparation, BCS Technical, M.Sc Admission (Communications) Himu Academy, EEE Job Preparation & M.Sc Admission Test Rana Nirob 5. Describes Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis. DWASA-2011, BCS-35" Solution: As we know n aN have hi: nplitude and higher frequency components. This high frequency noise will lead to frequency distortion when its amplitude is higher than the components present in the modulating signal. To overcome this situation most of the FM circuits use techniques known as Pre- emphasis at the transmitter and De-emphasis at the receiver. De- émphas ty Dre- Confhasi 0 V, e Vv, Vv, Vv Ae ot | I {* V. R, (1+ joCR, ) 14+ joRC V, “R +R, (1+ jmCR,||R, ) Pre-emphasis: Pre-emphasis is referring to boosting the relative amplitudes of the modulating voltage for higher audio frequencies from 2 to approximately 15 KHz, As shown in the figure, it consists of R and C components such that t = RyxC where in t should be about 75 pS. This circuit will have lower frequ ‘ut off at 2123 Hz. ‘As mentioned in the curve, all the frequencies higher th: amplified at the rate of 6dB/octave. Pre-emphasis circuit also has upper cutoff frequency from where signal enhancement will be fl a}Pace Scanned with CamScannerWebsite: www.himuaeademy.com Facebook Group: https:/www facebook cony/graupvtilmusp Facebook Page: hitps:/www £acctook.convhimuncaderny 17, Cell: 01722-53567 DIGEST, EEE Job Prepars Himu Academy. EEE Job Preparation & M.Sc Admission Test Riana Due to this characteristics, it is simple High Pass Filter with amplification. 7 ie Preemphasized i FIM Output Upper cutoff frequency, Fy= «ao oe Pre-emphasis ecu De-emphasis: The De-emphasis does exactly reverse of the Pre-emphasis counterpart. It is used at the receiver part. Ithelps bring pre-amplified signal back to the normal amplitude level. is a simple Low Pass Filter with time constant of about 75 pis. De-empha ircuits will have cutoff frequency of about 2123 Hz. To bring the signal back to normal level. all the frequeney components above 2123 Hz is attenuated at 6dB/octave. ined, pre-emphasis operation performed at the transmitter is compensated by is operation at the receiver. Both these modules help increase amplitude of ignal while in tran: ion. Hence the same cannot be masked or Ry asicwat Scanned with CamScannerWebsite: wwu:himuncademy.com Facebook Group: btps/hvww-facebook.conv/groupvhimusp Facebook Page: i tpn:// sw facebook.convaimuncudeny17, Cell: 01722-535677 DIGEST. h Preparation, BCS Technical, M.Se Admission (Communications) Himu Academy, EEE Job Preparation & M.Sc Admission Test Rana Nirab 6. A signal A,, Sinf,,7t and Carrier is A, Sin(27f, +0). Find the DSB, Amplitude modulated signal and draw the upper and lower sideband frequency spectrum, —_ BPDP-2011 Solution: We know that, Message Signal= A,, Sinf,,7t Carrier Signal= A, Sin(2nf. +). So, DSB, Amplitude Modulated Signal=[A,, Sinfyytt | x [Ac Sin(2mfe + )1 =Ay Ac X Sinf,, mt x Sin(2mf, + 0) wine mt x [2 Sinfinmt x Sin(2mf- + A)] Ae x [Sin(2mf. + 0) x 2Sinf,Tt] x[Cos (21f.t + A-finmt)- Cos (2rf.t + 0+ finmt)] Scanned with CamScannerWebsite: wwwhimuacudemy.com Facebook Group: https://www facebook.com/groupyhimusp Facebook Page: hitps://www.facebook.com/himuacademy 7, Cell: 01722-53567 DIGEST. EEE Job Preparation, BCS Technical, M.Sc Admission (Communications) Himu Academy. EEE Job Preparation & M.Sc Admission Test Rana Nirob 7, Write down the Advantage and Disadvantage of Digital Communication. Why digital communication is so popular? What are the Advantage and Disadvantage of Digital Communication? Why digital communication is more preferable to analog Communication System? PGCL-2011, BCS-24", 31"", 33th qth Solution: Advantage of Digital Communication: more secure than analog communication. used; as a result error can be detected and corrected in > Processing is very easy like encryption and compression. Disadvantage of Digital Communication: High power Consumption. It required more BW as Compared to analog Systems. Ithas sampling error. Necd for precision timing A/D to D/A Conversion High Complexity Scanned with CamScannerWebsite: www.himuncademy.com Facebook Group: https//www facebook.com/groupyhimusp Facebook Page: Aitps://www.facebook. convhimuncademy 17, Cel 01722-53567, DIGEST, EEE Job Preparation, BCS Technical, M.Se Adi Himu Academy. EEE Job Preparation & M.Sc Admission Test Rana Nirob 8. Explain the slop overload effect of Delta modulation (DM). (Ref: https://electronicspost.con/) BPDB-2011 Solution: DM is an analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog signal conversion technique used for transmission of voice transmission, Its works by transmitting a sequence of “up” and sented by I and 0, its at 0, If an “up” increased by some small amount. If a “down” is received, the receiver output is decreased by some small amount. The transmitter contains a copy of the re current output of the copy of the ree a ransmitted. If the current input signal is below the current output of the copy of the receiver, a “down” is transmitted. (Figure) Slope overload distortion Granular noise Slope-overlond distortion xt) —> Staircase nal cannot approximate it, the (1) to follow the step segment of x (1). Hence, there Scanned with CamScannerWebsite: www.himuneademy.com Facebook Group: https:i/www.facebook.com/groupyhimusp icebook Page: hitps:/iwww.faechook.com/himuscademy 17, Cell; 01722-535677 DIGEST, EEE Job Preparation, BCS Technical, M.Se Admission (Communications) Himu Academy, EEE Job Preparation & M.Sc Admission Test Rana Nirab Granular or Idle Noise Granular or Idle noise occurs when the step size is too large compared to small variation in the input signal. ‘This means that for very small variations in the input signal, the staircase signal is changed by large amount (A) because of large step size. shows that when the op sen al is almost fat, the al u (1) keeps on il approximated ignall is small, In onder to overcome the quantization errors due to stope overload and granular noi the step size (A) is made adaptive to variations in the input signal x(1). Particularly in the steep segment of the signal x(t), the step size is increased. And the step is decreased when the input is varying slowly. This method is known as Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM). The adaptive delta modulators can take continuous changes in step size or discrete change ‘lep size. 9. Write Down Abbreviation: OFDM, GMSK, WiMAX, DWDM, PSTN, BIST, BUET M.Sc Admission (May be 2011) Solution: OFDM-=Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Frequeney GMSK= Gaussian Minimum shift Keying WiMAX= World Interoperability for Microwave Access DWDM= Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing PSTN= Public Switched Telephone Network BIST=Built- In self Test Scanned with CamScannerA broadcast transmitter radiates 20 KW when the modulation percentage is 75. How much of this is carrier power? Also calculate the power of each sideband, 7 Solution: we know that, P, = P-(1 +8 base So, Ph. = = 2, = 15.6 kW We z The total antenna current of an AM transmitter is 18 |5A. If the modulation index is 0.6, calculate the antenna current when only the carrier is sent. Solution: We know that: fp =f, J1+ 2 So, |. =H = 5 _=46A 2 a wi 1408 The rms antenna current of an AM transmitter increases by 15% over ifs un-modulated valuc, when sinusoidal modulation by 1 kHz signal is applied. Determine the Modulation index, Solution: iE Given that: fy = [e+ (le x25) = 115 fe Now, we know that: J, = [, [1+ So, y2 = 2(2— 1) = 2x (1.15) - 1) = 0.645 =p = 0645 = 08 Scanned with CamScanneroe idemy, - EEE Job Preparation fi M.Sc Admission Tast Ran Nirob 5 Shannon's theorem, In a Communication channel signal to noise ‘ratio. io is 8dB and channel BW 4.5 KHz. Find channel Capacity BAPEN-2016 "s theorem states that the error free transmission is Possible as long as the er does not exceed the channel Capacity, )=4.5x log 2.(1+6.309) =12.91 Kbps ty of Modulation? Draw the ontput frequency curve of | Modulation, RRI-2016 height of Antenna.Website: www himnacaietiy.com Fadebook Grau: httpst//wewfacebo Facebook Paye: https://www.facebook.conyhinimcademy 17, DIGEST, EEE, ECE, ICT, CSE Job Preparation, BCS Technical, MLS ook.comv groupe hie Call: 03722.935677 » Academy, FEE Job Preparation & MSc Admission Test Rana Nirob Abbreviate: VAST, WIMAX, WLAN, ADSL, SONET, OFDMA , CDMA, USB, GPRS, IGFET, VLSI, CMMR, EPROM BOF & DWASA-2014 mall Aperture Terminal interoperability for Microwave Acces $ Local Area Network sete Digital Subseriber nous Optical Network nal Frequency Division Multiple Access sion Multiple Access al Bus Packet Radio Service ic Transfer i-Gate-Scale- Effect Transistor ge-Scale-Integration n-Mode-Rejection Ratio lc Programmable Read-Only Memory \ telephone line normally has a range of (3000-3300) Hz assigned for communications. The Signal to noise ratio is usually 3162. For this calculate channel capacity? olution: "\ 300-3000) =300Hz e know that yC= BW log2 (14) 00% lop 2 (143162) 3.SKbps 27 | Digest Communication, Weitten by Rana Niraty, Published by Him® ] auston: Signal Am SinJunt and casniet is Ae sin (anie*?) Find the pso, AM signal and draw the vpn and WUwer Sideband fraquncy Speetwum BPDP-2041- Sal" Fralty equation, ant [eos Crfet +-dmmt) - Cos (rfet 43+ 5er] AmAe Pf “oe = on te+0- Sm we anfeto-t dnt ee 1, aoe oD wee Figures Frequency Spectrum Scanned with CamScanner4 @ EGc8-2042,2013 Quustion: Demonsinate ook, Esk, PSK signa amuming a bit Sequins 01001104. 14 ANA Af A RAARAY A (\! W\ uN in Ps 1 ' 1 ' ' . ' ' \ ' | \ \ \ 1 ' ‘ Fig: Bit sequins 04001201 Qusstion: BGeB-2017$ CAque ony) Ce ———— Aiguy ony 10 ont ¢ ae" None 2085 mg we gat a 4 KHZ SEHZ. Scanned with CamScanner7 : @ Questions pppe= 9014; The Spectum of a medukting signal YW Shown iw figure Draw th spectrum of psg-se- SSBHE and Veo modulated signals fun this modulating Signal ansuming a cannon simal of @ (4) = pe cos Datet- HC Hew "0 tym we Fig; $SB-c ¢LSB) —We-W cue CA f Figs vse eet ees Scanned with CamScanner® Question: $>47c9- 20141 Fon mavimum Bandwidth G draw the Frequny spectrum of ps6-s¢ and ssp. i | > So; ne fet ton j Fig: Fort Sin only os 5 Sesh ae -B fe fe4+Q f 8 oo Figs For Bare band (0-8) Hz. ~~ aie tm [ * o te-fe fe fae ras Fra: fon tm ony —————— > . 4 ff iy co “ Se46 e Scanned with CamScanner06 Qusstion: EGrcB-20148 Oreaws He frequency SPectnum & and Y(t). iS x ee =5) Ww > vw) Freequiny Spero ats mt) act) = Cs uyt Sal”. 7 Ros a 2 eee wt) ot 8S eo Sis Oe we Me xO) Na ‘ cf vay * ae Yeo tue Scanned with CamScanneroF Question! NWPacL- 2015! Draw the spectrum of XL) ay the system below [Amity ltastiet__(Q) [Lor } [pe mace] — 0/p t toswet ‘a a : arose Now ance “ Tad m (4) Costuct x toswet HELA +m] [At Gs2nct] [Ta at ’may] [it Ws2ve9 Ap At Af b Cosruct + Vomet) + A/a tt) loge t " = IAhkt If ™ (4) = Ay m4) Scanned with CamScanner0% QUO ENG DPDE 2845! Draw & Signal Unpnen NED, Unipolan R-2, Palan-nez.and Blopolan-g2 signaling fort the bit sequunce sitttams af 1101004 | Fon Lon diffoamner transmission wich ak te four signaling Schemm Preferred and aby? reana fire ee Hien AG ar Saon7F — a eae ° £ 2 7 ‘ ' A i 0 [ey ey | || Unipoen ep (1 tt 7 i. ' ' | ' ' i i +A ! \ 1 | Polan wez ° =: \ ee ? A y ' 1 ce | 1 1 ; o! 1 1 1 ' i ! Usipolam pp en \ \ tote: ae ! \ ' : ot | ' Mae) ao \ 1 ‘ o i L 1 | Boolan a 01 IT y \ Y UT ' ' -Ae { | \ tA | iene | | lanchesten : Cods a | a \ —~ wezs i 1 1 | \ ' | = Scanned with CamScanner_ 09 Quostion PDB-201G; Ty Cormalation ak a(t) and bet) ah tay Yb I ae) bA=W) Me Dotownine the Conretation we oa \ the signal pain ak “eerto la: 4 a(t) > 0 + t - so|” Mow, acd) and bck) Taw 2 dc) * acs) Lew = \, G = o ote oh a oo er ~ 2 We Scanned with CamScanner10 te Detonmins ond Sketch Pounien Frowyform af- signal Y (4) = =H (4) hoe (4) Cos (2007+) H(t) Cos¥ Crpmxt) . 4x (4) Questions GT eCL-20Re 4 ~ 2 Re Naot 0 Seca oF Sree as e - 500 500 So)”. bey be enter tion, Finally equation , Syey = fe DRC 2000) 4 (Sere) 3+ Os Cone 4 fy Cf 300) t™ (f43er) J. sy 4 i . 2 2 z P — 3000 = 4000 A ooo 3a00 Figs seecinum Dhagih Scanned with CamScannerWebsite: www-himuacademy.com Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/himusp Facebook Page: https:/Avww.facebook.com/himuacademv17, Cell: 01722-535677 DIGEST, EFE CSE & ICT Job Preparation, BCS Technical, M.Sc Admission (Commu Lecture-10 Data Communication & Networking Define Computer Network and Describes Solution A set of devices often mentioned as nodes connected by media link is called a Network .A mode con be a device which is capable of sending or receiving data generated by other nodes on Network like a computer, printer etc. These links connecting the devices are called Communication channel, Computer network is a telecommunication channel through which we can share our data .it is also called data network .the best example of computer network is Internet. Write down the Properties of Good Network | Solution The properties of good network are below > Interpersonal Communication: we can communicate with each other efficiently and easily example emails chat rooms, video conferencing ete. > Resources can be shared: we can use the resources provide by network such as printers etc. > Sharing files, data: Authorized users are allowed to share provide by network. Define data Communication. Solution The exchange of data between two devices through a transmission medium is data Communication .The data is exchanged in the form of 0’s and1’s.The transmission medium used is wire cable .for data communication to occur, the communication device must be part of a communication system. Scanned with CamScannerWebsite: www himuacademy:com Facebook Group: httpsi/svww facebook,com/groups/himusp Facebook Page: htty vww.facebook.com/himuacademy17, Cell: 01722-535677 DIGEST, EEE CSE & ICT Job Preparation, BCS Technical, M.Sc Admission (Communications) Draw a block diagram of Communication System and describe their elements Solution Communication model is used to exchange data between two parties. For example communication between a computer, server and telephone (through modem). [ source Hf TRANSMITTER Ei TRANSMISSION SYSTEM Hy RECIEVER EI DESTINATION Source: Data to be transmitted is generated by this device, example: telephones, personal computer ete. Transmitter: The data generated by the source system are not directly transmitted in the form they are generated |The transforms and encodes the information is such a form to produce electromagnetic waves or signals Transmission System: A transmission system can be a single transmission line or a complex network connecting source and signals. Receiver: Receiver accepts the signal from the transmission system and converts it to a form which is easily managed by the destination device. Destination: Destination receives the incoming data from the receiver. Write down the Components of data communication Message: It is a information to be delivered Sender: Sender is the person who is sending the massage Receiver: Receiver is the person to him the massage is to be delivered. Medium: It is the medium through which message is to be sent for example modem Protocol: These are some set of rules which govern data communication Scanned with CamScanner‘Website: www.himuacademy.com Facebook Group: https:/ivww.facebook.com/groups/himusp Facebook Page: https:/;www.facebook.com/himuacademy17, Cel DIGEST, FEF CSE & ICT Job Preparation, BCS Technical, M.Sc Admission (Communications) What is Network Topology and describes the type of network topology. Solution Network Topology is the schematic description of a network arrangement connecting various nodes (sender and receiver ) through lines of connection. Bus topology.bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to single cable .when it has exactly two endpoints .then it is called Linear Bus topology. Ring topology. It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as each computer is connected to another computer, with the last one connected to the first. Exactly two neighbors for each device Star topology: In this type of topology all the computer are connected to a single hub through a cable. This hub is the central node and all others are connected to the central node. Mesh Topology: It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or devices .all the network nodes are connected to each other ,mesh has n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices. There are two techniques to transmit data over the Mesh topology, they are Routing & Flooding > Routing :In routing the nodes have a routing logic .as per the network requirements, Link routing logic to direct the reach the destination using the data to reach the destination using the shortest distance. or, routing logic which the information about the broken links ,and it avoids those node ete. We can even have routing logic .to re-configure the failed nodes. > Flooding: In flooding , the same data is transmitted to all the network nodes, hence no routing logic is required -The network is robust, and it’s very unlikely to lose the data, but it leads to unwanted load over the network. Tree Topology: It has a root node and all other are connected to it forming a hierarchy It is also called hierarchical topology .It should at least have three levels to the hierarchy Scanned with CamScannerFacebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/himuacademy17, Cell: 0172: DIGEST, EEE CSE & ICT Job Preparation, BCS Technical, M.Sc Admission (Communications) Hybrid topology: It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or more topologies .for example if in an office in one department ring topology is used and in another star topology is used .connecting these topologies will result hybrid Topology(ring topology and star topology). Define Transmission Modes and write down their types Transmission mode means transferring of data between two devices. It is also called communication mode .These modes direct the direction of flow information, There are three types of transmission mode. They are Simplex. In this type of transmission mode data can be sent only through one direction ie. communication is unidirectional .We cannot sent a message back to the sender. Unidirectional communication is done in Simplex systems. Examples of simplex Mode is loudspeaker, television broadcasting ,television and keyboard and monitor etc. loudspeaker, television broadcasting television and remote, keyboard and monitor ete. Half Duplex. In half duplex system we can send data in both directions but it is done one at a time that is when the sender is sending the data then at that at that time we can’t send the sender our message. The data is sent one in one direction, Example of half duplex is a walkie-talkie in which message is sent one at a time and messages are sent in both the directions. Full Duplex: In full duplex system we can send data in both directions as it is bidirectional .data can be sent in both directions simultaneously. We can send as well as we receive the data. Example of full Duplex of full Duplex is a Telephone Network in which there is communication between two persons by a telephone line, through which both can talk and listen the same time. Scanned with CamScannerWebsite: www.himuaeademy.com Facebook Group: https://www_facehook.com/groups/himusp Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/himuacademy17, Cell: 01722-53567 DIGEST, EEE CSE & ICT Job Preparation, BCS Technical, M.Sc Admission (Commu ns) Define Transmission Medium and describes Data is represented by computers and other telecommunication devices using signals are transmitted in the form of electromagnetic energy from one device to another. Electromagnetic signals travel through vacuum, are or other transmission mediums to travel between one points to another transmission mediums travel between one points to another(from source to receiver). Electromagnetic energy( includes electrical and magnetic fields) includes power voice, visible light .radio waves ultraviolet light, gamma rays etc. Transmission medium is the means through which we send our data from one place to another Local Area Network(LAN): It is also called LAN and designed for small physical areas such as an office ,group of buildings or a factory.LAN are used widely as it is easy to design and to troubleshoot. personal computers and workstations are connected to each other through LANs .We can different types of topologies through LAN, these are Star, Ring, Bus, Tree etc. ‘Application of LAN > One of the computers in a network can become a server serving all the remaining computers called clients. Software can be stored on the server and it can be used by the remaining clients. > Connecting locally all the workstations in a building to let them communicate with each other locally without any internet access > Sharing common resources like printers ete. are some common applications of LAN Metropolitan Rea Network. It is basically a bigger version of LAN. It is also called Man and uses the similar technology as LAN .It is designed to extent over the entire city .It can be means to connecting a number of LANs into a larger network or it can be a single cable Scanned with CamScannerwww.himuacademy.com Facebook Group: https:/vww.facebook.com/groups/himusp, Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/himuacademy17, Cell: 01722-53567 DIGEST, ERE CSE & ICT Job Preparation, BCS Technical, M.Se Admission (Communications) Wide Area Network (WAN): Itis a also called WAN .WAN can be private or it can be public leased network. It is used for the network that covers large distance as cover states of a country Communication medium used by WAN are PSTN or satellite links Wireless Network: Tt is the fastest growing segment of computer .They are becoming very important in our daily life because wind connections are not possible in cars or aero-plane We can access Intemet at any place voiding wire related troubles. These can be used also when the telephone systems gets destroyed due to some calamity/disaster. Inter Network: When we connect two or more networks then they are called internetwork or internet We can join two or more individual networks to form an internetwork through devices like routers gateways or bridges. Difference between Connections oriented service and Connectionless service » In connection oriented service authentication is needed while connectionless service does not need any authentication. > Connection oriented protocol makes a connection and checks whether message is received or not and send again if an error occurs connectionless service protocol does not guarantees a delivery » Connection oriented service is more reliable than connectionless service > Connection oriented service interface is stream based and connection is massage based OSI Model There are many users who use computer network and are located all over the world To ensure national and worldwide data communication ISO(ISO stands for International Organization of Standardization .)developed this model this is called a model for open system interconnection (OSI)and is normally called as OST Scanned with CamScanner‘Website: wwwhimuacademy.com Facebook Group: https://www facchook.com/groups/himusp Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/himuacademy17, Cell: 01722-535677 DIGEST, EEE CSE & ICT Job Preparation, BCS Technical, M.Sc Admission (Communications) model,OSI model architecture consists of seven layers It defines seven layers or levels in a completed Communication system Functions of different Layers The physical Layer > Itis the lowest layer of the OSI Model. > Itactivates , maintains and deactivates the physical connection. > It is responsible for transmission and reception of the unstructured raw data over network, + Voltages and data rates needed for transmission is defined in the physical layer. > It converts the digital/analog bits electrical signal or optical signals. > Data encoding is also done on this layer. Data Link Layer , , , , Data link layer synchronizes the information which is to be transmitted over the physical layer. The main function of this layer is to make sure transfer is error firee from one node to another , over the physical layer. Transmitting and receiving data frames sequentially is managed by this layer. This layer sends and expects acknowledgment for frames received and send respectively .Resending of non ~acknowledgements for frames is also handled by this layer. This layer establishes a logical layer between two nodes ans also manages the Frame traffic control over the network .It signals the transmitting mode to stop when the frame buffers are full. The network Layer Scanned with CamScanner‘Website: www himuacademy.com Facebook Group: htips://www.facebook.com/groups/himusp Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/himuacademy17, Cell: 01722-535677 DIGEST, EEE CSE & ICT Job Preparation, BCS Technical, M.Sc Admission (Communications) > It routes the signal through different channels from one node to other. > Itacts as a network controller. It manages the Subnet traffic. » It decides by Which rout data should take > It divides the outgoing messages into packets and assembles the incoming packets into messages for higher levels Transport Layer > It decides if data transmission should be on parallel path or single path. > Function such as Multiplexing Segmenting or Splitting on the data are done b this layer > It receives messages from the Session layer above it, convert the message into smaller units and passes it on to Network layer. » Transport layer can be very complex , depending upon the networks. requirements. > Transport layer breaks the message (data)I n to units so that they are handled more efficiently by the network layer. ‘The Session Layer > Session layer manages and synchronize the conversation between two different applications. > Transfer of data from source to destination session layer streams of data are marked and are resynchronized properly ,so that ends of the messages are not cut prematurely and data loss is avoided The Presentation Layer > Presentation layer takes care that the data is sent in such a way that the receiver will understand the information (data) and will be able tousle the data. > While receiving the data, presentation layer transforms the data to be ready for the application layer Scanned with CamScanner