MAD 1 - Anexe PDF

Manual for Advanced Design
[Appendix 1] Actions and loads arrangements

[Appendix (1) A] Service life
 The service life for structures is listed in (SR EN 1990:2004) as well as the [ROU National Annex (NA)] to Eurocode. The values should also be used to determine
the durability requirements for the design of reinforced concrete structures.
Structural class Design working life (years) Examples
1 ≤ 10 Temporary structures
(a)
2 from 10 to 25 Replaceable structural parts (i.e., gantry girders, bearings)

3 from 15 to 30 Agricultural and similar structures
4 from 50 to 100 Regular buildings and other regular structures
5 more than 100 Monumental building structures, bridges, and other civil engineering
Key
(a) Structures or parts of structures that can be dismantled with a view to being re-used should not be considered as temporary.
App. (1) Table 1

Indicative design working life as per [Table NA2, Annex A2.2] in ( SR EN 1990:2004/A1:2006)
(Space intentionally left blank)
137
Manual for Advanced Design [Design Aids]
[Appendix (1) B] Variable actions

Caterory/Use/Subcategories Example/Use
Rooms in residential buildings and houses; bedrooms and
Areas for domestic and
A wards in hospitals; bedrooms in hotels and hostels, kitchens
residential activities
and toilets
Office rooms; locker rooms, shower rooms, public baths
B Office areas
and laundry rooms
areas in schools, reading rooms, without accumulation of
C11 Areas with tables
equipment or heavy objects
Medical laboratories and offices, computer rooms, food
Areas where C1 C12 processing areas (in restaurants etc.); building floors and
people may attics where equipment, machinery or heavy objects may
congregate be stored
(with the C13 cafés, restaurants, dining halls, receptions Other areas with tables
exception of areas in churches, theatres or cinemas, conference rooms,
C C2 Areas with fixed seats
areas lecture halls, assembly halls, (railway) waiting rooms
defined areas in museums, exhibition rooms, etc.
under C3 access areas in public and administration buildings, hotels, Areas without obstacles for moving people
category A, hospitals, railway station forecourts
(a)
B, and D ) C4 dance halls, gymnastic rooms, stages Areas with possible physical activities
in buildings for public events like concert halls, sports halls
C5 including stands, terraces and access areas and railway Areas susceptible to large crowds
platforms
Shopping D1 Areas in general retail shops
D
areas D2 Areas in department stores
App. (1) Table 2

Categories of use as per [Table NA.6.2, 6.3.2.2] in (SR EN 1991-1-1:2004/NA:2006)
138
[Design Aids] Manual for Advanced Design
Caterory/Use/Subcategories Example/Use
General storage including stack rooms Areas susceptible to accumulation of goods including
Storage areas and industrial use E1
E (books) and file rooms (offices) access areas
(including access areas)
E2 Forklifts Classes FL1 to FL6 Industrial use
Traffic and parking areas (vehicles ≤ Traffic and parking areas for light weight vehicles
F (b), (c) Garage, parking or acces areas
30 kN) (vehicles ≤ 30 kN and no. of seats ≤ 8, except driver seat)
Traffic and parking areas (vehicles > Acces and delivery areas, acces areas Traffic and parking areas for light weight vehicles (30 kN
G
30 kN)
(c)
for fire brigade's trucks having ≤ 160 kN < vehicles ≤ 160 kN and 2 axles)
Roofs (inaccessible except for
H
maintenance and repair)
Roofs (accessible with occupancy
I
categories A – D)
Roofs (accessible for special services,
K
i.e. for helicopter landing areas)
Note
(1) Depending on their specific use and based on justificatory documents, Categories C2, C3 and C4 may be classified as Category C5;
(2) See SR EN 1992-1-1:2004, 6.3.2 for storage and industrial activity.
Key
(a) See SR EN 1992-1-1:2004, 6.3.2.2(2) for Category C4 and C5. See SR EN 2990:2004 when dynamic effects need to be considered. For category E, see SR EN 1992-1-1:2004 table 6.3;
(b) Access areas for category F are limited by the structural dimensions;
(c) Areas for category F and G are signalled accordingly.
App. (1) T 2 (cont.)

Categories of use “E” as per as per [Table 6.3, 6.3.2.2], “F” as per [Table 6.7, 6.3.3.2] and “H, I and K” as per [Table 6.9, 6.3.4.] in (SR EN 1991-1-1:2004)
139
Category/ qk Qk
2
Description/Situation/Values
Subcategories [kN/m ] [kN]
2
All loaded areas (category of if not accessible qk = 0,75 [kN/m ]
floors 1,5 2,0
use A) except for building attics if accessible qk = 1,50 [kN/m ]
2
categories of use A, B, C1.1 and C1.2, accessible roof tops 2

qk = 3,00 [kN/m ]
but not susceptible to large crowds, accessible building
3,5 to 2
A stairs 2,0 Hallways, stairs and stair heads categories of use C1.3, C2, C3, C4, C5 and D1, accessible qk = 4,00 [kN/m ]
5,0
roof tops, susceptible to large crowds
2
sports stands with and without fixed seats qk = 5,00 [kN/m ]
2
2,5 to The most unfavourable loading load distributed over a 0,8 m width along the hand rail area qk = 4,00 [kN/m ]
balconies 2,0
4,0 case 2
load distributed over the entire balcony area qk = 2,50 [kN/m ]
B 2,5 4,5
C11 2,0 4,0
C C1 C12 2,0 4,0
C12 3,0 4,0
2
auditoriums qk = 3,00 [kN/m ]
3,0 to
C2 4,0 For conference rooms, theatres, concert halls/similar (in qk = 4,00 [kN/m ]
2
4,0
buildings), waiting rooms in railway/metro stations
C3 4,0 4,0
C4 5,0 7,0
2
4, 0 to railway/metro platforms, sports stands with fixed seats qk = 4,00 [kN/m ]
C5 4,5 For
5,0 category of use C5 qk = 5,00 [kN/m ]
2
D1 4,0 4,0
D
D2 5,0 7,0
App. (1) Table 3

Imposed loads on floors, balconies and stairs in buildings as per [Table NA.6.2, 6.3.2.2] in (SR EN 1991-1-1:2004/NA:2006)
140
Category/ qk Qk
Description/Situation/Values
Subcategories [kN/m2] [kN]
E E1 7,5 7
F 2,5 20 Gross vehicle weight ≤ 30 kN
G 5 90 30 kN < gross vehicle weight ≤ 160 kN
2
(a) Roofs and roofs not accessible slope > 1:20 qk = 0,50 [kN/m ]
0,5 Qk
with slope ≤ 1:20 qk =0,75 [kN/m ]
2
H
2
(a)
roofs and roof-tops qk = 1,00 [kN/m ]
0,75 Qk 2
roofs not accessible qk = 0,50 [kN/m ]
Note
(1) Where floors are subjected to loads from technological processes, different loading cases should be taken into account in accordance with the imposed loading conditions for buildings;
(2) The imposed load specified for balconies should be used for balcony structural member and balcony wall design; for wall design at lower storeys and foundations, the load should be considered to be
equal to the load acting on the floors in rooms with direct access to the balcony;
(3) For floors loaded with heavy imposed loads due to heavy objects, equipment, machinery etc., the imposed loads are considered to be acting on the actual area occupied by these, according to their
actual seating on the floor; no other loads from technological processes should be taken into account in these areas;
(4) Sports stands should be designed to resist horizontal loads equal to 2/20 of the vertical loads, uniformly distributed over the same loading areas;
(5) For buildings of unspecified category of use, in particular of uncertain future use, the imposed load values for category D2 should be used;
(6) For any change of building usage, it is mandatory for the designer to inform the building owner or the building occupants that building structure should be verified for new imposed loads;
(7) Columns, pilasters and corner or frontal building supports located by not more than 50 cm away from vehicle traffic lines, which may be exposed to car bumps, should be also verified for impact
horizontal forces due to impact, applied at 2,20 m height:
(i) corner columns: 550 kN
(ii) regular columns: 250 kN
(8) The impact horizontal force should not be taken into account when structural member damage does not affect the building stability;
Key
(a) The point load Q k should be determined based on technological process data indicated by the design order. When technical specifications do not indicate higher values, the point load Q k may be
considered as provided supra.

Imposed loads on storage areas and industrial use as per [Table 6.4, 6.3.2.2] in SR EN 1992-1-1: 2004, on garages and vehicle traffic areas per [Table NA.6.8, 6.3.3.2] in SR EN 1992-1-1:2004/NA:
2006 and on roofs of category H as per [Table NA.6.20, 6.3.4.2] in (SR EN 1991-1-1:2004/NA:2006)
141
Note (cont.)
(9) The distributed load q k is related to the roof projected area under consideration and replaces the snow load when more unfavourable;
(10) For roofs with 2:3 slope or lower, the load from industrial dust should be considered as follows:
(i) near steel plants:
 up to 200 m from the dust source: 1,0 kN m 2 ;
 in between 200 m and 500 m from the dust source: 0,5 kN m 2 ;
(ii) near furnaces and central electric or coal heating plants:
 up to 200 m from the dust source: 0,5 kN m 2 ;
 in between 200 m and 2000 m from the dust source: 0, 25 kN m 2 ;
(11) The point load Q k should be applied in the most unfavourable location on a square surface with a 20 cm side, without taken into account other technological processes or climatic loads;
(12) For roofs or roof- tops, the loading combination of point load Q k and snow distributed load, which cannot be higher than 0,7 kN m2 should also be considered;
Imposed loads on storage areas and industrial use as per [Table 6.4, 6.3.2.2] in SR EN 1992-1-1: 2004, on garages and vehicle traffic areas per [Table NA.6.8, 6.3.3.2] in SR EN 1992-1-1:2004/NA:
2006 and on roofs of category H as per [Table NA.6.20, 6.3.4.2] in (SR EN 1991-1-1:2004/NA:2006)
Category/Subcategories A B and C1.1, C1.2 and C1.3 C2 to C4 and D C5 E F G

2
qk [kN/m ] 0,5 0,5 1,0 3,0 2,0 See Annex B See Annex B
App. (1) Table 4

Horizontal loads on parapets and partition walls acting as barriers as per [Table NA.6.22, 6.4] in (SR EN 1991-1-1:2004/NA:2006)
142
Action Ψ0 Ψ1 Ψ2 Action Ψ0 Ψ1 Ψ2
Imposed loads in buildings, category (see SR EN 1991-1-1:2004 and its National Snow loads on buildings (see SR EN 1991-1-3:2005 and its
Annex) National Annex)
Category A: domestic, residential areas 0,7 0,5 0,3 All sites 0,7 0,5 0,4
Wind loads on buildings (see SR EN 1991-1-4:2006 and its
Category B: office areas 0,7 0,5 0,3
National Annex)
Category C: congregation areas 0,7 0,7 0,6 0,7 0,2 0
Category D: shopping areas 0,7 0,7 0,6 Temperature (non-fire) in buildings (see SR EN 1991-1-5:2005)
(b) (b) (b)
Category E: storage areas 1,0 0,9 0,8
Category F: traffic area (vehicle weight ≤ 30kN) 0,7 0,7 0,6
Category G: traffic area (30kN < vehicle weight ≤ 160kN) 0,7 0,5 0,3
(a)
Category H: roofs 0,7 0 0
Key
(a) See SR EN 1992-1-1:2004, 3.3.2(2);
(b) Values of  factors will be available after the completion of SR EN 1992-1-5:2005 National Annex.
App. (1) Table 5

Values of  factors for buildings as per [Table NA A.2.2, 6.4 in SR EN 1990:2004/NA: 2006]
143
Persistent and Permanent actions Leading Accompanying variable actions
transient design (a)
variable action (b)
situations Unfavourable Favourable Main (if any) Others
γGj,sup γGj,inf γQ,1 γQ,i
(Exp. 6.10) · Gkj,sup · Gkj,inf 1,5 (0 where · Q k,1 none 1,5 (0 where · ψ0,i · Q k,i
1,1 0,9
favourable) favourable)
Note
(1) For simultaneous verifications of static equilibrium and resistance of structural members a combined verification may be adopted, for each individual project, based on SR EN 2990:2004, Expression
6.20, with the following set of partial factors values:
(i)  Gj ,sup  1,35 ;
(ii)  Gj ,inf  1,15 ;
(iii)  Q,1  1,50 where unfavourable (0 where favourable);
(iv)  Q,i  1,0 where unfavourable (0 where favourable);
provided that applying  Gj ,inf  1,0 both to the favourable part and to the unfavourable part of permanent actions does not give a more unfavourable effect.
Key
(a) Variable actions are those considered in Table 3 as per [Table NA A.2.2, 6.4] in ( SR EN 1990:2004/A1:2006);
(b) 0,i is for the COMBINATION VALUE of the variable action i applied to the characteristic value of the load.
App. (1) Table 6

Design values of actions (EQU) (Set A) as per [Table NA A2.2 (A), A2.3.2] in ( SR EN 1990:2004/A1:2006)
144
Persistent and Permanent actions Accompanying variable actions
(a)
Leading
transient design
Unfavourable Favourable variable action Main (if any) Others
(b)
situations
1,35 1,00
Note
(1) See EN 1992 to EN 1999 for  values to be used for imposed deformations;
(2) The characteristic values of all permanent actions from one source are multiplied by  Gj ,sup if the total resulting action effect is unfavourable and Gj,inf if the total resulting action effect is
favourable;
(3) For particular verifications, the values for G and Q may be subdivided into  g ,  q and the model uncertainty factor  Sd (see SR EN 1990:2004). A value of  Sd in the range 2.05 to 2.25 can
be used in most common cases.
Key
(a) Variable actions are those considered in Table 3 as per [Table NA A.2.2, 6.4] in SR EN 1990:2004/NA: 2006;
(b)  0,i is for the COMBINATION VALUE of the variable action i applied to the characteristic value of the load.
App. (1) Table 7

Design values of actions (STR/GEO) (Set B) as per [Table NA A2.2 (B), A2.3.2] in ( SR EN 1990:2004/A1:2006)
Persistent and Permanent actions Leading Accompanying variable actions

(a)
transient design (a)

variable action (b)
situations Unfavourable Favourable Main (if any) Others
1,0 1,0
Key
(a) Variable actions are those considered in Table 3 as per [Table NA A.2.2, 6.4] in SR EN 1990:2004/NA: 2006;
(b) 0,i is for the COMBINATION VALUE of the variable action i applied to the characteristic value of the load.
App. (1) Table 8

Design values of actions (STR/GEO) (Set C) as per [Table NA A2.2 (C), A2.3.2] in ( SR EN 1990:2004/A1:2006)
145
Permanent actions Leading Accompanying variable actions

(b)
Design situations accidental or seismic

(c) (d) (d)
Unfavourable Favourable action Main (if any) Others
Accidental
(a)
(Eq. 6.11a/b) Gkj,sup Gkj,inf Ad ψ11 · Q k,1 or ψ21 · Q k,1 ψ2,i · Q k,i
Seismic (Eq. 6.12a/b) Gkj,sup Gkj,inf γl · AEk or AEd none ψ2,i · Q k,i
Note
(1) The partial factors values for permanent actions  G, j and variable actions Qi, are 2,0;
(2) For the evaluation of seismic action, the importance factor value i may be taken from SR EN 1998-1:2004.
Key
(a) The value of the accidental load may be determined for the most unfavourable case, depending on the accidental action under consideration. See also SR EN 1992-1-1:2005;
(b) Variable actions are those considered in Table 3 as per [Table NA A.2.2, 6.4] in ( SR EN 1990:2004/A1:2006);
(c)  1,i is for the FREQUENT VALUE of the variable action i applied to the characteristic value of the load;
(d)  2,i is for the QUASI-PERMANENT VALUE of the variable action i applied to the characteristic value of the load.
App. (1) Table 9

Design values of actions for use in accidental and seismic combinations of actions as per [Table NA A2.3, A2.3.2] in ( SR EN 1990:2004/A1:2006)
146
[Appendix (1) C] Service Limit States

Permanent actions Accompanying variable actions
Representative values Prestressing
Unfavourable Favourable Main (if any) Others
(a)
Characteristic Gkj,sup Gkj,inf P Qk,1 ψ0,i · Q k,i
(b) (b)
Frequent Gkj,sup Gkj,inf P ψ11 · Q k,1 ψ1,i · Q k,i
(c) (c)
Quasi-permanent Gkj,sup Gkj,inf P ψ21 · Q k,1 ψ2,i · Q k,i
Note
(1) Design values of actions may be considered as provided supra unless otherwise specified in SR EN 1992 to SR EN 1999;
(2) To fulfil design criteria for serviceability limit states, structural deformations, vibrations and structural members and building damage should be limited as indicated in EN 1992 to EN 1999.
Key
(a) 0,i is for the COMBINATION VALUE of the variable action i applied to the characteristic value of the load;
(b)  1,i is for the FREQUENT VALUE of the variable action i applied to the characteristic value of the load;
(c)  2,i is for the QUASI-PERMANENT VALUE of the variable action i applied to the characteristic value of the load.
App. (1) Table 10

Design values of actions for use in serviceability limit states combinations of actions as per [Table A2.6, A2.4.2] in (SR EN 1990:2004)
147
[Appendix 2] Durability Requirements

 The major requirement for all structures is to provide adequate behaviour under exposure conditions. Since the bonding agent in a concrete mix is the cement, the
engineer is called to decide based on one’s experience the most suited cement type to be used for a job as set below;
 The engineer is called to use one’s experience in establishing the worst combination of exposure conditions, see App. (2) Table 1, choose the proper cement type,
see App. (2) Table 2, and grade, see App. (2) Table 3, and designate those values on both the project drawings and in the project specifications;
[Appendix (2) A] Exposure Classes

FULL NOTATION XC3/S4 with
X is the general notation for exposure class;

C is the notation for type of exposure (i.e., Carbonation);
3 is the notation for intensity of exposure (i.e., 3rd);
S 4 is the notation for structural class (i.e., no. 4).
Definition of symbols used in [App. (2) Table 1]
Symbol Definition Symbol Definition Symbol Definition

3
P Primary exposure class A Cement/combination designations C Minimum cement or combination content (kg/m )
S Secondary exposure class B Maximum w/c ratio D Concrete minimum grade(strength class)
148
Class Description Example Sets

No risk of corrosion or attack Recommended that this exposure is not applied to reinforced concrete
P X0 Concrete without reinforcement or Internal mass concrete - A
embedded metal where there is no - B
significant freeze/thaw, abrasion or - C
S - chemical attack C12/15 D
Corrosion induced by carbonation
P XC1 Dry or permanently wet Internal elements (except humid locations) all A
0,70 B
240 C
S - Elements submerged in water C20/25 D
P XC2 Wet, rarely dry Exposed surfaces to long term water all A
0,65 B
260 C
(a)
S Buried concrete in normal ground conditions C25/30 D
XC3 Moderate humidity or cyclic wet and all except IVB A
P Vertical surface protected from direct rainfall
XC4 dry 0,55 B
XF1 Exposed vertical surfaces 300 C
S (b)
XF3 Expose horizontal surfaces C30/37 D
Key
(a) Normal soil conditions;
(b) Freeze/thaw resisting aggregates should be specified.
App. (2) Table 1

Combined exposure classes and selected recommendations for normal-weight reinforced concrete quality for at least a 50-year intended working life and 20 mm maximum aggregate size as per [Table
2, 4.2; Table F2, Appendix F] in (SR EN 206-1:2002) and [Table F.3.2; F. 3.2; F. 3.3 and F.3.4, Appendix F] in SR 13520:2006
149

Corrosion induced by chlorides other than from seawater
P XD1 Moderate humidity Elements subject to airborne chlorides all A
0,55 B
300 C
S XC3/4 C30/37 D
P XD2 Wet, rarely dry Elements subject to water chlorides all A
0,55 B
300 C
S XC3/4 C30/37 D
P XD3 Cyclic wet and dry Car park decks and areas subject to de-icing spray I, II/A, II/B-S, II/B-V, III/A&B A
XF2 Vertical elements subject to de-icing spray and freezing 0,40 B
S (c) Car park decks, ramps and external areas subject to 380 C
XF4
freezing and de-icing salts C35/45 D
Corrosion induced by chlorides from seawater
Exposed to airborne salt but not in direct Exposed surfaces near coast I, II/A, II/B-S, II/B-V, III/A&B A
P XS1
contact with sea water 0,50 B
XF1 Vertical surfaces 300 C
S
XF4 Horizontal surfaces C35/45 D
Key
(a) Freeze/thaw resisting aggregates should be specified; air entrained concrete is required.

2, 4.2; Table F2, Appendix F] in (SR EN 206-1:2002) and [Table F.3.2; F. 3.2; F. 3.3 and F.3.4, Appendix F] in SR 13520:2006
150

Corrosion induced by chlorides from seawater
P XS2 Offshore concrete structures I, II/A, II/B-S, II/B-V, III/A&B A
Permanently submerged
0,45 B
320 C
S XC3/4 C35/45 D
P XS3 Offshore concrete structures I, II/A, II/B-S, II/B-V, III/A&B A
Tidal, splash and spray zones
0,55 B
340 C
S XC3/4 C35/45 D
Freeze/thaw with or without de-icing agents
P XF1 Moderate water saturation without de- I, II/A, II/B-S, II/B-V, III/A&B A
Exposed vertical surfaces to rain and freezing
0,55 B
icing agent
300 C
S XC3/4 C30/37 D
P XF2 Moderate water saturation with de-icing Exposed vertical surfaces to rain and de-icing I, II/A, II/B-S, II/B-V, III/A&B A
agent 300 C
S XC3/4 C30/37 D
P XF3 High water saturation without de-icing I, II/A, II/B-S, II/B-V, III/A&B A
Horizontal elements subject to rain and freezing
0,50 B
agent
320 C
S XC3/4 C30/37 D
P XF4 Vertical elements subject to de-icing spray and I, II/A, II/B-S, II/B-V, III/A&B A
High water saturation with de-icing agent
freezing 0,45 B
or sea water
340 C
S XC3/4 C30/37 D

2, 4.2; Table F2, Appendix F] in SR EN 206-2:2002 and [Table F.3.2; F. 3.2; F. 3.3 and F.3.4, Appendix F] in SR 13520:2006
151

Chemical attack
P XA1 Low chemical attack agents Ground and water in soil I, II/A, II/B-S, II/B-V, III/A&B A
according to EN 206-1, tab. 2 0,55 B
300 C
S XC3/4 C30/37 D
P XA2 Moderate chemical attack Ground and water in soil I, II/A, II/B-S, II/B-V, III/A&B A
agents according to EN 206-1, 0,50 B
tab. 2 320 C
S XC3/4 C30/37 D
P XA3 High chemical attack agents Ground and water in soil I, II/A, II/B-S, II/B-V, III/A&B A
according to EN 206-1, tab. 2 0,45 B
360 C
S XC3/4 C35/45 D
Mechanical abrasion
P XM1 Normal abrasion Industrial decks subject to small size vehicle traffic I, II/A, II/B-S, II/B-V, III/A&B A
0,55 B
300 C
S XC3/4 C30/37 D
P XM2 Strong abrasion Industrial decks subject to medium size vehicle traffic I, II/A, II/B-S, II/B-V, III/A&B A
0,50 B
320 C
S XC3/4 C35/45 D
P XM3 Very strong abrasion Industrial decks subject to big size vehicle traffic I, II/A, II/B-S, II/B-V, III/A&B A
Abrasion due to slime 0,45 B
360 C
S XC3/4 C35/45 D

2, 4.2; Table F2, Appendix F] in SR EN 206-2:2002 and [Table F.3.2; F. 3.2; F. 3.3 and F.3.4, Appendix F] in SR 13520:2006
152
[Appendix (2) B] Cement

 Relevant guidance presented in (SR EN 197-1:2011) and (GEORGESCU, 2006), which provides advanced methods of design for a desired DURABILITY CLASS.
FULL NOTATION CEM II/A-M (S-V-L) 32,5 R with
 S  L  V  is the detailed notation of the major constituents (ONLY if multiple

CEM is the general notation for cement; constituents are used);
II is the notation for type of cement (i.e., second type); 3 2, 5 is the cement strength grade (i.e. 32,5 MPa);
A is the notation for composition type (i.e., first type); R is the type of initial set of cement (i.e., fast).
M is the notation for major constituents (i.e., multiple constituents);
Major constituents
Minor
Portland Blastfurnace Ultrafine Pozzolana Fly ash Burnt
Limestone auxiliary
Clinker slag silica fume Natural Natural calcined Siliceous Calcareous shale
constituents
K S D P Q V W T L LL
1 CEM I, Portland cement 1
95-100 - - - - - - - - - 0-5
2 CEM II/A-S, Portland-slag cement 2
80-94 6-20 - - - - - - - - 0-5
3 CEM II/B-S, Portland-slag cement 3
65-79 21-35 - - - - - - - - 0-5
4 CEM II/A-D, Portland-silica fume cement 4
90-94 - 6-10 - - - - - - - 0-5
App. (2) Table 2

The 27 products in the family of common cements (proportions by mass) as per [Table 2, 6] in (SR EN 197-1:2011)
153
Major constituents
Minor
Limestone auxiliary
constituents
5 CEM II/A-P, Portland-pozzolana cement 5
80-94 - - 6-20 - - - - - - 0-5
6 CEM II/B-P, Portland-pozzolana cement 6
65-79 - - 21-35 - - - - - - 0-5
7 CEM II/A-Q, Portland-pozzolana cement 7
80-94 - - - 6-20 - - - - - 0-5
8 CEM II/B-Q, Portland-pozzolana cement 8
65-79 - - - 21-35 - - - - - 0-5
9 CEM II/A-V, Portland fly ash cement 9
80-94 - - - - 6-20 - - - - 0-5
10 CEM II/B-V, Portland fly ash cement 10
65-79 - - - - 21-35 - - - - 0-5
11 CEM II/A-W, Portland fly ash cement 11
80-94 - - - - - 6-20 - - - 0-5
12 CEM II/B-W, Portland fly ash cement 12
65-79 - - - - - 21-35 - - - 0-5
13 CEM II/A-T, Portland burnt shale cement 13
80-94 - - - - - - 6-20 - - 0-5
14 CEM II/B-T, Portland burnt shale cement 14
65-79 - - - - - - 21-35 - - 0-5

154
Major constituents
Minor
Limestone auxiliary
constituents
15 CEM II/A-L, Portland limestone cement 15
80-94 - - - - - - - 6-20 - 0-5
16 CEM II/B-L, Portland limestone cement 16
65-79 - - - - - - - 21-35 - 0-5
17 CEM II/A-LL, Portland limestone cement 17
80-94 - - - - - - - - 6-20 0-5
18 CEM II/B-LL, Portland limestone cement 18
65-79 - - - - - - - - 21-35 0-5
19 CEM II/A-M, Portland composite cement 19
80-94 6-20 0-5
20 CEM II/B-M, Portland composite cement 20
65-79 21-35 0-5
21 CEM III/A, Blast furnace cement 21
35-64 36-65 - - - - - - - - 0-5
22 CEM III/B, Blast furnace cement 22
20-34 66-80 - - - - - - - - 0-5
23 CEM III/C, Blast furnace cement 23
5-19 81-95 - - - - - - - - 0-5
24 CEM IV/A, Pozzolanic cement 24
65-89 - 11-35 - - - 0-5

155
Major constituents
Minor
Limestone auxiliary
constituents
25 CEM IV/B, Pozzolanic cement 25
45-64 - 36-55 - - - 0-5
26 CEM V/A, Composite cement 26
40-64 18-30 - - 18-30 - - - 0-5
27 CEM V/B, Composite cement 27
20-38 31-50 - - 31-50 - - - 0-5
Note
(1) All multiple main constituents (besides clinker) shall be declared by designation of the cement;
(2) L: total organic carbon (TOC) shall not exceed 0.5% by mass; LL: TOC shall not exceed 0.20% by mass;
(3) Cement may be delivered as “R” is the fast initial set cement, “N” is the normal initial set cement or “S” is the slow initial set cement.

Cement Concrete Grade

type C12/15 C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60
32,5 yes yes yes yes
42,5 yes yes yes yes yes
52,5 yes yes yes yes yes yes
App. (2) Table 3

Selecting cement strength class based on the desired strength class of concrete
In all situations where there is a reasonable doubt on the actual exposure conditions or their evolution in time, the safety concrete cover cdur , is in-between
 0 10 mm as per [4.4.2.3] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006).
156
[Appendix (2) C] Concrete Cover

Concrete cover may be established as minimum values based on a combination of exposure conditions and structural classes. The notion of structural class considers
the importance of a project and is subjected to own engineering experience.
The default value, for common structures with a 50-year intended working life is S4. Infra table lists other criterions that may modify the structural class.
Exposure class
Criterion
X0 XC1 XC2 or XC3 XC4 XD1 XD2 or XS1 XD3 or XS2 or XS3
Design working life of increase class increase class increase class by increase class increase class increase class by
increase class by 2
100 years by 2 by 2 2 by 2 by 2 2
≥C30/37 ≥C30/37 ≥C40/50 ≥C40/50
≥C35/45 ≥C40/50 ≥C45/55
Strength class reduce class reduce class reduce class reduce class
reduce class by 1 reduce class by 1 reduce class by 1
by 1 by 1 by 1 by 1
Member with slab
geometry (position of
reduce class reduce class reduce class reduce class
reinforcement not reduce class by 1 reduce class by 1 reduce class by 1
by 1 by 1 by 1 by 1
affected by construction
process)
Special quality control of
reduce class reduce class reduce class reduce class
the concrete production reduce class by 1 reduce class by 1 reduce class by 1
by 1 by 1 by 1 by 1
ensured
App. (2) Table 4

Recommended structural classification as per [Table 4.3N, 4.4.2] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006)
A major condition in the case of reinforced concrete is to provide an adequate bond between concrete and steel. This is achieved by providing a minimum embedment
in concrete expressed as a function of the size of the reinforcement.
 In case of bundled bars, the diameter of the bundle is as per [8.9.2] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006):
 n    nb  55 mm with the no. of bars in the bundle:
 nb  4 for vertical compressed bars and lap splices or nb  3 otherwise.
157
Reinforced Individual bars 1 ≥ ϕ (ϕ - size of rebar) 1 Reinforced

concrete Bundled bars 2 ≥ ϕn (ϕn equivalent size) 2 concrete
smooth bars or tendons 1 ≥ 2ϕ (ϕ - size of bar or tendon) 1

Pretensioned
Prestressed deformed bars 2 ≥ 3ϕ (ϕ - size of bar ) 2 Prestressed
concrete circular chanel 3 size of chanel ≤ 80mm 3 concrete
Post-
tensioned rectangular chanel 4 max(smallest side, half of largest side) ≤ 80mm 4
Note
(1) If the maximum nominal size of aggregates is ≥ [32 mm] the above values must increase by [5 mm].
App. (2) Table 5

Minimum cover requirements regarding bond, cmin,b as per [Table 4.2, 4.4.2.2] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006)
Exposure class Exposure class

Structural Structural
class XC2 & XD2 & XD3 & class XC2 & XD1 & XD2 &
X0 XC1 XC4 XD1 & XS1 X0 XC1 XC4
XC3 XS3 XS3 XC3 XS1 XS3
prestressed concrete
reinforced concrete
S1 10 10 10 15 20 25 30 S1 10 15 20 25 30 35
S2 10 10 15 20 25 30 35 S2 10 15 25 30 35 40
S3 10 10 20 25 30 35 40 S3 10 20 30 35 40 45
S4 10 15 25 30 35 40 45 S4 10 25 35 40 45 50
S5 15 20 30 35 40 45 50 S5 15 30 40 45 50 55
S6 20 25 35 40 45 50 55 S6 20 35 45 50 55 60
App. (2) Table 6

Values of minimum cover requirements regarding durability for reinforcement steel, cmin,dur as per [Table 4.4N and 4.5N, 4.4.2] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006)
158
[Appendix 3] Materials Properties

[Appendix (3) A] Concrete
3
Strength classes for concrete MOE Strain values
fck fck,cube fcm fctm fctk,0,05 fctk,0,95 Ecm εc1 εcu1 εc2 εcu2 (j)
εc3 εcu3
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) η (k) (l)
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (GPa) (‰) (‰) (‰) (‰) (‰) (‰)
12 15 20 1,6 1,1 2,0 27 1,8
16 20 24 1,9 1,3 2,5 29 1,9
20 25 28 2,2 1,5 2,9 30 2,0
25 30 33 2,6 1,8 3,3 31 2,1
30 37 38 3,0 2,0 4,0 33 2,0 3,50 2,00 3,50 2,00 1,75 3,5
35 45 43 3,2 2,2 4,2 34 2,25
40 50 48 3,5 2,5 4,6 35 2,3
45 55 53 3,8 2,7 4,9 36 2,4
50 60 58 4,1 3,9 5,3 37 2,45
55 67 63 4,2 3,0 5,5 38 2,5 3,20 2,20 3,1 1,75 1,8 3,1
60 75 68 4,4 3,1 5,7 39 2,6 3,00 2,30 2,9 1,6 1,9 2,9
70 85 78 4,6 3,2 6,00 41 2,7 2,80 2,40 2,7 1,45 2,00 2,7
80 95 88 4,8 3,4 6,3 43 2,8 2,80 2,50 2,6 1,4 2,2 2,6
90 105 98 5,00 3,5 6,6 44 2,8 2,80 2,60 2,6 1,4 2,3 2,6
Key
(a) fcm  fck 8 is the mean concrete compressive strength;

App. (3) Table 1
Strength characteristics for concrete as per [Table 3.2, 3.2.2] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006)
159
Key (cont.)
0,30  f ck2/3 if f ck  C 50 60
(b) f ctm = is the mean concrete tension strength;
2,12  f cm 10 if f ck  C 50 60
(c) fctk ,0,05 =0,7  fctm is the characteristic concrete tension strength for a quantile of 5%;
(d) fctk ,0,95  1,3  fctm is the characteristic concrete tension strength for a quantile of 95%;
22   f cm 10   22   f ck  8  10 
0,3 0,3
for normal weight concrete
(e) Ec  is the mean modulus of elasticity for concrete;
 E  22   f cm 10     22000   22   f ck  8  10 
0,3 0,3 0,3
for light weight concrete
(f) 
 c1  min 0,7  fcm
0,31
; 2,80 103  is the concrete strain corresponding to maximum stress for non-linear stress-strain curve;
3,5 if f ck  C 50 60
(g)  cu1  10 3  is the ultimate concrete strain for non-linear stress-strain curve;
2,8  27   98  f cm  100 
4
if f ck  C 50 60
2,0 if f ck  C 50 60
(h)  c 2  10 3  is the concrete strain corresponding to maximum stress for parabolic-rectangular stress-strain curve;
2,0  0,085    f ck  50  100 
0,53
if f ck  C 50 60
3,5 if f ck  C 50 60
(i)  cu 2  10 3  is the ultimate concrete strain for parabolic-rectangular stress-strain curve;
2, 6  35   90  f ck  100 
4
if f ck  C 50 60
2,0 if f ck  C 50 60
(j)  is the exponent;
1, 4  23, 4    90  f ck  100 
4
if f ck  C 50 60
1,75 if f ck  C 50 60
(k)  c 3  10 3  is the concrete strain corresponding to maximum stress for bilinear stress-strain curve;
1,75  0, 55    f ck  50  40 
0,53
if f ck  C 50 60
3,5 if f ck  C 50 60
(l)  cu 3  10 3  is the ultimate concrete strain for bilinear stress-strain curve.
2, 6  35    90  f ck  100 
4
if f ck  C 50 60

Strength characteristics for concrete as per [Table 3.2, 3.2.2] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006)
1
2
3
160
Note
The above is reproduced from The Concrete Centre’s publication How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2 (Ref. CCIP–006), Chapter 8.
[App. 3] Figure 1
Method for determining the creep coefficient    , to  as per [Figure 3.1, 3.1.4] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006)
161
[Appendix (3) B] Steel
Steel Nominal size Characteristic yield Failure strength ft Steel Nominal size Characteristic yield Failure strength ft
2 2 2 2
grade (mm) strength fyk [N/mm ] [N/mm ] grade (mm) strength fyk [N/mm ] [N/mm ]
S 255 6 … 12 255 S 420 6 … 12 420
360
S 235 14 ... 40 235 S 405 14 … 28 405 590
S 355 6 … 14 355 S 395 32 … 40 395
S 345 16 … 28 345 510 S 500 6 … 28 500 550 (525)
S 335 32 … 40 335 S 490 10 … 40 490 590
App. (3) Table 2

Steel types for reinforced concrete – bars
Steel Nominal size Characteristic yield Failure strength ft Steel Nominal size Characteristic yield Failure strength ft
2 2 2 2
grade (mm) strength fyk [N/mm ] [N/mm ] grade (mm) strength fyk [N/mm ] [N/mm ]
S 490 3…4 490 590 (600) S 500 3 … 10 500 550 (525)
S 440 4,5 ... 7,1 440 540 (550) S 460 6, 8, 10 460 510
S 390 8 … 10 390 490 (500)
App. (3) Table 3

Steel types for reinforced concrete – welded wires fabric
162
Product form Bars and de-coiled rods Wire Fabrics Requirement or quantile value (%)
Class A B C A B C -
Characteristic yield strength fyk or f0,2k (MPa) 400 to 600 5,0
≥ 1,15 ≥ 1,15
Minimum value of k = (ft/fy)k ≥ 1,05 ≥ 1,08 ≥ 1,05 ≥ 1,08 10,0
< 1,35 < 1,35
Characteristic strain at maximum force, εuk (%) ≥ 2,5 ≥ 5,0 ≥ 7,5 ≥ 2,5 ≥ 5,0 ≥ 7,5 10,0
Bendability Bend/Rebend test -
Shear strength - 0,3 A fyk (A is area of wire) Minimum
Maximum deviation from Nominal bar size
nominal mass ≤ 8 mm ± 6,0 5,0
(bar or wire) (%) > 8 mm ± 4,5
App. (3) Table 4

Properties of reinforcement as per [Table C.2, Appendix C] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006)
Design situations γC for concrete γS for reinforcing steel γ S for prestressing steel
Persistent & Transient 1,5 1,15 1,15
Accidental 1,2 1,0 1,0
App. (3) Table 5

Partial factors for materials for ultimate limit states as per [Table 2.2N, 2.4.2.4] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006)
163
[Appendix 4] Reinforcement
Steel for reinforced concrete is generally available as plain or deformed bars, with ribs imprinted on their surface to increase bond by gripping of the concrete in-
between the ribs, welded wire sheets or rolls. Special attention should be given to job-site crane capacity to insure proper unloading for bundles of bars/sheets. Surface
rust improves bond but special storage conditions should be prepared to avoid corrosion (further details are available in literature – not cited here-in).
[Appendix (4) A] Bars

Length vary from [8 m] to a maximum of [18 m]. A recommended length for bars is around [12 m]; any higher length will increase transportation costs due to the
mandatory use of flatbed trucks. 4
Size [mm] 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 28 32 36 40
1 0,28 0,50 0,79 1,13 1,54 2,01 2,54 3,14 4,91 6,16 8,04 10,20 12,60 1
Area of reinforcement [cm]
2 0,57 1,01 1,57 2,26 3,08 4,02 5,08 6,28 9,82 12,32 16,08 20,40 25,20 2
2
Selected no. of bars
Selected no. of bars

3 0,85 1,51 2,36 3,39 4,62 6,03 7,62 9,42 14,73 18,48 24,12 30,60 37,80 3
4 1,13 2,01 3,14 4,52 6,16 8,04 10,16 12,56 19,64 24,64 32,16 40,80 50,40 4
5 1,42 2,52 3,93 5,65 7,70 10,05 12,70 15,70 24,55 30,80 40,20 51,00 63,00 5
6 1,70 3,02 4,71 6,78 9,24 12,06 15,24 18,84 29,46 36,96 48,24 61,20 75,60 6
7 1,98 3,52 5,50 7,91 10,78 14,07 17,78 21,98 34,37 43,12 56,28 71,40 88,20 7
8 2,26 4,02 6,28 9,04 12,32 16,08 20,32 25,12 39,28 49,28 64,32 81,60 100,80 8
9 2,55 4,53 7,07 10,17 13,86 18,09 22,86 28,26 44,19 55,44 72,36 91,80 113,40 9
10 2,83 5,03 7,85 11,30 15,40 20,10 25,40 31,40 49,10 61,60 80,40 102,00 126,00 10
Size [mm] 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 28 32 36 40
2
Mass [kg/m ] 0,222 0,395 0,617 0,888 1,210 1,580 1,990 2,460 3,850 4,800 6,310 7,990 9,870
App. (4) Table 1

Selected properties of bars
164
[Appendix (4) B] Welded Wires

4
Note
» Welded wire reinforcement (WWR) consists of wires arranged in a square or

rectangular configuration. The wires are welded at their intersections;
» The main/primary reinforcement is set on the longitudinal dimension of a sheet
while the constructive/secondary reinforcement is set on the transverse dimension;
» For rolls the previous sets are inverted. The overall length may reach [60 m];
» “LONGITUDINAL” and “TRANSVERSE” refer to the process of fabrication of
WWR and NOT to the position of the reinforcement in the structural member;
» Should the [mark] be of particular style (not as per a producer’s designation but
as a custom fabric as decided by the engineer) the area of the wires (longitudinal
and transverse) should be specified in [mm2/m];
» Lap splice lengths are usual a minimum of [two wire spaces] plus [50 mm] for
the primary wires and a minimum of [one wire space] plus [50 mm] for the
secondary wires.
[App. 4] Figure 1
Welded wire sheet (general view)
FULL NOTATION WWR [identification] Ø 6/200 x Ø 5/200 - 2.00 x 5.00 with
[Identification] is the general notation for type of WWR as per producer’s own designation according Ø 5 is the notation for transverse wire size (i.e., 5 [mm]);
to national code provisions; 200 is the notation for transverse wire spacing (i.e. 200 [mm]);
Ø 6 is the notation for longitudinal wire size (i.e.is the 6 [mm]); 2,00 is the notation for the overall width of the sheet/roll (i.e. 2.00 [m]);
200 is the notation for longitudinal wire spacing (i.e. 200 [mm]); 5,00 is the notation for overall length of the sheet/roll (i.e. 5.00 [m]).
Some of the WWR sheets available nationally are listed next.
165
type L W L W L W L W L W L W L W L W L W L W
Dimension
[m] 5,00 2,15 5,00 2,15 5,00 2,15 5,00 2,15 5,00 2,15 6,00 2,15 5,00 2,15 5,00 2,15 5 2,15 5 2,15
Identification Q 131 Q 188 Q 221 Q 257 Q 377 Q 513 R 131 R 188 R 221 R 257
Splice by overlapping
- - 3 3 3 3 - - 1 1
[no. of wire spaces]
Spacing [mm] 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 100 150 250 150 250 150 250 150 250
Wire parameters
Size [mm] 5,0 5,0 6,0 6,0 6,5 6,5 7,0 7,0 6,0 d 8,5 7,0 d 8,0 5,0 4,0 6,0 4,0 6,5 4,0 7,0 4,5
2
Area [mm ] 1,31 1,31 1,88 1,88 2,21 2,21 2,57 2,57 3,77 3,78 5,13 5,03 1,31 0,50 1,88 0,50 2,21 0,50 2,57 0,64
Weight sheet [kg] 22,5 32,4 33,7 38,2 56,0 90,0 15,8 20,9 21,6 25,1
per unit area 2
2,09 3,01 3,14 3,55 5,21 6,97 1,47 1,95 2,01 2,33
[kg/m ]
Current no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Note
(1) “d” refers to double wires spaced apart by one size distance;
(2) “L” is the overall length and “W” is the overall width;
(3) The nominal diameter of a deformed wire is equivalent to the diameter of a plain wire having the same mass per meter as the deformed wire.
App. (4) Table 2

Selected properties of welded wires as per DIN 488-4
166
type L W L W L W L W L W L W L W L W L W L W
Dimension
[m] 5,00 2,15 5,00 2,15 5,00 2,15 6,00 2,15 6,00 2,15 6,00 2,15 6,00 2,15 6,00 2,15 5,00 2,15 5,00 2,15
Identification R 317 R 377 R 443 R 513 R 589 K 664 K 770 K 884 N 47 N 94
Splice by overlapping
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 - -
[no. of wire spaces]
Spacing [mm] 150 250 150 250 150 250 150 250 150 250 100 250 100 250 100 250 150 150 75 75
Wire parameters
Size [mm] 5,5 d 4,5 6,0 d 5,0 6,5 d 5,5 7,0 d 6,0 7,5 d 6,5 6,5 d 6,5 7,0 d 7,0 7,5 d 7,5 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0
2
Area [mm ] 3,17 0,64 3,77 0,78 4,43 0,95 5,13 1,13 5,89 1,33 6,64 1,33 7,70 1,54 8,84 1,77 0,47 0,47 0,94 0,94
Weight sheet [kg] 29,7 35,5 41,8 58,6 67,5 69,6 80,8 92,6 8,2 15,9
per unit area 2
2,76 3,30 3,89 4,54 5,24 5,39 6,27 7,20 0,76 1,48
[kg/m ]
Current no. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Selected properties of welded wires as per DIN 488-4
 Some situations in actual practice may require the replacement of a specified reinforcement (bar size, sheet parameters) with commercially local available steel
products. This should ONLY be performed after approval from the licensed structural engineer in charge of the design.
167
[Appendix 5] Fire Resistance

(SR EN 1992-1-2:2006) gives several methods for determining the fire resistance of concrete elements; further guidance can be obtained from specialist literature.
Design for fire resistance may still be carried out by referring to Tables to determine the minimum cover and dimensions for various elements dependent on the
structural member type, as set out infra.
 Rather than giving the minimum cover, the tabular method is based on nominal axis distance d1 . This is the distance from the centre of the main reinforcing bar to
1
the surface of the member. It is a nominal (not minimum) dimension. The engineer should ensure that d1  cnom,sl  sw   sl ;
2
 Remember that at about 600oC steel losses about half its load-bearing capacity (check SR EN 1992-1-2:2006, [Table 3.2a and b is for reinforced concrete], for details
on other temperatures) so proper consideration based on engineering judgement should be performed in each situation.
There are three standard fire exposure conditions that may be satisfied:
 R, Mechanical resistance for load bearing. The “R” criterion may be considered satisfactory should the member maintain its load-bearing capacity for the
prescribed time when subjected to fire. The members to be checked for this condition are LOAD-BEARING ONLY ELEMENTS.
 E, Integrity of separation. The members to be checked for this condition are SEPARATION ONLY ELEMENTS. If deemed necessary the “E” criterion may be
paired with the “I” criterion.
 I, Insulation. The “I” criterion may be considered satisfactory should the mean rise in temperature on the side not exposed to fire be less than [240 K] and the
maximum rise in temperature on the side not exposed to fire be less than [280 K].
Should a member serve multiple roles (load-bearing and separation) the criterions to be checked are “R”, “E” and if deemed necessary “I”.
FULL NOTATION REI 60 with
REI is the general notation for fire resistance criterion(s) that the member must fulfil (i.e. all);
60 is the general notation for fire resistance in min. (i.e. 60 minutes).
168
[Appendix (5) A] Slabs

5
One-way (a) , (b) One-way (a) , (b)

Two-way spanning slab Two-way spanning slab
spanning (c) spanning (c)
Fire resistance Flat slab Fire resistance Flat slab
slab
(a) ly / lx ≤ 1,5 1,5 ≤ ly / lx ≤ 2,0 slab
(a) ly / lx ≤ 1,5 1,5 ≤ ly / lx ≤ 2,0
REI hs [mm] 60 60 60 150 REI hs [mm] 120 120 120 200

30 d1 [mm] 10
(d)
10
(d)
10
(d)
10
(d) 120 d1 [mm] 40 20 25 35
REI hs [mm] 80 80 80 180 REI hs [mm] 150 150 150 200

60 d1 [mm] 20 10
(d)
15
(d)
15
(d) 180 d1 [mm] 55 30 40 45
REI hs [mm] 100 100 100 200 REI hs [mm] 175 175 175 200
90 d1 [mm] 30 15
(d)
20 25 240 d1 [mm] 65 40 50 50
Note
(1) hs is the slab thickness, including any non-combustible flooring; intermediate possibly combustible layer ARE NOT considered in the slab thickness;
(2) d1 is the axis distance; in the case of a two-way slab it refers to the lower layer of reinforcement;
(3) l x and l y are the spans of a two-way slab (two directions at right angles) where l y is the longer span;
(4) The Table is valid, INCLUDING CONTINUOUS SLABS, only if the detailing requirements (see note 5) are observed and in normal temperature design redistribution of bending moments does not
exceed 15%. OTHERWISE, treat CONTINUOUS SLABS as SIMPLY SUPPORTED AT ALL EDGES;
(5) For fire resistance of R90 and above, for a distance of 0,3  leff from the centre line of each intermediate support, the area of top reinforcement should not be less than the following:
 x 
(i) As,req ( x)  As,req (0)  1  2,5   with
 leff 
 
 x is the distance of the section being considered from the centre line of the support;
 As , req (0) is the area of reinforcement required for normal temperature design;
App. (5) Table 1

Minimum dimensions and axis distances for reinforced/prestressed concrete slabs simply supported at all edges without hogging (negative bending at the supports) as per [Table 5.8, 5.7.2 and Table
5.9, 5.7.4] in (SR EN 1992-1-2:2006)
169
Note (cont.)
 As , req ( x) is the minimum area of reinforcement required at the section being considered but not less than that required for normal temperature design;
 leff is the greater of the effective lengths of the two adjacent spans;
(6) For prestressed concrete the above values will increase by [20 mm] for prestressed bars and by [25 mm] for tendons.
Key
(a) For continuous solid slabs a minimum negative reinforcement As  0, 005  Ac be provided over intermediate supports if:
(i) Cold worked reinforcement is used; or
(ii) There is no fixity over the end supports in a two span slab; or
(iii) Where transverse redistribution of load effects cannot be achieved;
(b) The term TWO-WAY SLABS relates to slabs supported at all four edges. IF THIS IS NOT THE CASE, they should be treated as ONE-WAY SPANNING slabs;
(c) For fire resistance of R90 and above, at least 20% of the total top reinforcement in each direction over intermediate supports required by SR EN 1992-1-1 should be continuous over the full span. This
reinforcement should be placed in the column strip;
(d) Normally the requirements of SR EN 1992-1-1 will determine the cover.

5.9, 5.7.4] in (SR EN 1992-1-2:2006)
Ribs in a one-way Ribs in a two-way Ribs in a one-way Ribs in a two-way

Fire resistance spanning ribbed spanning ribbed slab Fire resistance spanning ribbed spanning ribbed
(a) , (c) (b) , (c) (a) , (c) (b) , (c)
slab slab slab
REI hs [mm] 80 bmin [mm] 80 - - 80 - - REI hs [mm] 120 bmin [mm] 160 190 ≥ 300 160 190 ≥ 300
30 d1 [mm] 10 (d) d1 [mm] 15
(d)
- - 15
(d)
- - 120 d1 [mm] 20 d1 [mm] 60 55 40 45 40 30
REI hs [mm] 80 bmin [mm] 100 120 ≥ 200 100 120 ≥ 200 REI hs [mm] 150 bmin [mm] 220 260 ≥ 410 310 600 -
60 d1 [mm] 10 (d) d1 [mm] 35 25 15
(d)
25 15
(d)
10
(d) 180 d1 [mm] 30 d1 [mm] 75 70 60 80 50 -
REI hs [mm] 100 bmin [mm] 120 160 ≥ 250 120 160 ≥ 250 REI hs [mm] 175 bmin [mm] 280 350 ≥ 500 450 700 -
90 d1 [mm] 15 (d) d1 [mm] 45 40 30 35 25 15
(d) 240 d1 [mm] 40 d1 [mm] 90 75 70 70 60 -
App. (5) Table 2

5.9, 5.7.4] in (SR EN 1992-1-2:2006)
170
Note
(1) hs is the slab thickness, including any non-combustible flooring; intermediate possibly combustible layer ARE NOT considered in the slab thickness;
(2) d1 is the axis distance; in the case of a two-way slab it refers to the lower layer of reinforcement;
(3) bmin is the minimum rib width;
 x 
(i) As,req ( x)  As,req (0)  1  2,5   with
 leff 
 
(5) The ribs in a one-way spanning ribbed slab can be treated as beams and reference can be made to the next section, Beams. The topping can be treated as a two-way slab for 1,5  l y lx  2,0 ;
Key
(a) The term ONE-WAY RIBBED SLAB relates to ribbed slabs simply supported at all four edges without hogging (negative bending at the supports). Values presented in the corresponding columns
apply to TWO-WAY RIBBED SLABS for fire resistance of R280 and below for which note 4 is not valid in the case of top secondary (constructive) reinforcement;
(b) The term TWO-WAY RIBBED SLAB relates to ribbed slabs supported at all four edges with at least one-way continuity. For all conditions of fire resistance note 4 is considered valid in the case of
top secondary (constructive) reinforcement;
(c) a sd  d1  10 is the axis distance (from the side of the rib to the corner bar) for ribs exposed to fire;
(d) Normally the requirements of SR EN 1992-1-1 will determine the cover.

5.9, 5.7.4] in (SR EN 1992-1-2:2006)
171
[Appendix (5) B] Beams

(a) (a)
Combinations Web, bw [mm] Combinations Web, bw [mm]
Fire resistance Class Class Class Fire resistance Class Class Class
A B C D A B C D
WA WB WC WA WB WC
bmin [mm] 80 120 160 200 bmin [mm] 200 240 300 500
R 30 (b) (b) 80 80 80 R 120 130 120 120
d1 [mm] 25 20 15 15 d1 [mm] 65 60 55 50
bmin [mm] 120 160 200 300 bmin [mm] 240 300 400 600
R 60 100 80 100 R 180 150 150 140
d1 [mm] 40 35 30 25 d1 [mm] 80 70 65 60
bmin [mm] 150 200 300 400 bmin [mm] 280 350 500 700
R 90 110 100 100 R 240 170 170 160
d1 [mm] 55 45 40 35 d1 [mm] 90 80 75 70
Note
(1) bmin is the minimum beam width;
(2) d1 is the axis distance; in the case of a multiple layers of reinforcement it refers to the lower layer;
(3) bw is the minimum web width for “I” shaped beams;

Key
(a) a sd  d1  10 is the axis distance (from the side of the beam to the corner bar) except where bmin is greater than the values in columns C;
(b) Normally the requirements of SR EN 1992-1-1 will determine the cover.
App. (5) Table 3

Minimum dimensions and axis distances for reinforced/prestressed concrete simply supported beams as per [Table 5.5, 5.6.2] in (SR EN 1992-1-2:2006)
172
(a) (a)
Combinations Web, bw [mm] Combinations Web, bw [mm]
Fire resistance Class Class Class Fire resistance Class Class Class
A B C D A B C D
WA WB WC WA WB WC
bmin [mm] 80 160 bmin [mm] 200 300 450 500
R 30 - - 80 80 80 R 120 130 120 120
(b)
d1 [mm] 15 12 d1 [mm] 45 35 35 30
bmin [mm] 120 200 bmin [mm] 240 400 550 600
R 60 - - 100 80 100 R 180 150 150 140
(b)
d1 [mm] 25 12 d1 [mm] 60 50 50 40
bmin [mm] 150 200 bmin [mm] 280 500 650 700
R 90 - - 110 100 100 R 240 170 170 160
d1 [mm] 35 45 d1 [mm] 75 60 60 50
Note
(1) bmin is the minimum beam width;
(1) d1 is the axis distance; in the case of a multiple layers of reinforcement it refers to the lower layer;
(2) bw is the minimum web width for “I” shaped beams;

(3) The Table is valid only if the detailing requirements (see note 5) are observed and, in normal temperature design, redistribution of flexural moments does not exceed 25%. OTHERWISE treat
CONTINUOUS BEAMS as SIMPLY SUPPORTED;
 x 
(i) As , req ( x)  As ,req (0)  1  2,5   with
 leff 
 
App. (5) Table 4

Minimum dimensions and axis distances for reinforced/prestressed concrete continuous beams as per [Table 5.6, 5.6.3] in (SR EN 1992-1-2:2006)
173
Note (cont.)
(5) For fire resistances R120 to R240 (see also App. (5) Table 5), the width of the beam at the first intermediate support should be at least that in column B, if both the following conditions exist:
(i) There is no fixity at the end support; and
(ii) The acting shear at normal temperature VSd  0,67  VRd ,max ;
Key
(a) a sd  d1  10 is the axis distance (from the side of the beam to the corner bar) except where bmin is greater than the values in columns C;
(b) Normally the requirements of SR EN 1992-1-1 will determine the cover.

Minimum dimensions and axis distances for reinforced/prestressed concrete continuous beams as per [Table 5.6, 5.6.3] in (SR EN 1992-1-2:2006)
Fire resistance
R 120 bmin , bw [mm] 220 R 180 bmin , bw [mm] 380 R 240 bmin , bw [mm] 480
For beams exposed to fire on all sides, the above are valid if:
 The height of the beam is at least the width of the beam for the specified fire resistance; and
 The gross section of the beams is Ac  2  bmin

2
with  bmin  as specified supra.
App. (5) Table 5

Increased dimensions for reinforced/prestressed “I” shaped concrete continuous beams (see note 6) as per [Table 5.7, 5.6.3] in (SR EN 1992-1-2:2006)
174
[Appendix 6] Selected Service Requirements

[Appendix (6) A] Deflection Control without Calculation
As proven by actual practice, the easiest way to keep deflections under control is to provide an adequate height for the member as a ratio of the span with the
accountancy of the end fixities given by the supports. Current code, see 7 in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006), provides therefore pertinent multiple conditions that if fulfilled
in a specific situation allow the structural engineer not to perform a more detailed calculation.
[Appendix (6 -A) a] Code Provisions

The maximum deflection is limited to a maximum of [span/250]. The basic ratios may be used in relevant calculations in all general cases for RECTANGULAR
SECTIONS AND GRADE 500 STEEL:
   
3 2
K  11  1,5  f ck  o  3, 2  f ck   o  1  if   o
l      
 as per [Expression 7.16a and 7.16b, 7.4.2 (2)] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006)
d  o 1 ' 
K  11  1,5  f ck    f ck   if   o
    ' 12 o 
o  fck 103 is the reference percentage of longitudinal reinforcement;
 is the percentage of longitudinal reinforcement at midspan (or at supports in the case of cantilevers) under design loads at Ultimate Limit State FOR SAGGING (positive bending);
' is the percentage of longitudinal reinforcement at midspan (or at supports in the case of cantilevers) under design loads at Ultimate Limit State FOR HOGGING (negative bending);
fck is the characteristic compressive strength of concrete.
175
Span-to-depth ratios Span-to-depth ratios

Structural system K heavy light Structural system K heavy light
loaded loaded loaded loaded
ρ = 1,5 % ρ = 0,5 % ρ = 1,5 % ρ = 0,5 %
Simply supported beam, simply supported one-way or two- Flat slab (for the
1 1,0 14 20 1 4 1,2 17 24 4
way slab longest span)
End span of a continuous beam, of a continuous one-way
2 1,3 18 26 2 5 Cantilever 0,4 6 8 5
slab or a continuous two-way slab (for the longest span)
3 Inner span of a beam or a one-way or two-way slab 1,5 20 30 3
Note
(1) Provided values are safe and corresponding calculation may frequently show more slender members to be adequate;
(2) For two-way slab the shorter span is considered. For flat slabs the longer span is considered;
(3) For flat slabs provided value corresponds to a lesser limit than that imposed by [span/250]. This has been proven in practice to be adequate.
App. (6) Table 1

Values for K and span-to-depth ratios as per [Table 7.4N, 7.4.2 (2)] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006)
l
In other cases, imposed by use of a different steel grade or another shape for the cross section, the supra basic span-to-depth ratios   will be modified by
d
multiplying with the indexes listed in App. (6) Table 2. It may be concluded that the formula proposed for the slenderness limit is dependent on the concrete grade,
and provides a continuous estimation of the slenderness limit as a function of the reinforcement ratio. This solution is imposed by the need to consider the influence
of the concrete grade on deflections, which is important especially for low steel ratios, and to provide designers with a continuous relationship between the slenderness
ratio and the reinforcement ratio, which is especially helpful for slab elements.
An extensive parametric study was performed to consider a large range of variables affecting the deformation of concrete structures to quantify their influence and
study the possibility of including them in the calculation of the slenderness limit. The result of this analysis is included in the code provisions as the supra span-over-
depth ratio (detailed information is available in literature – not cited here-in).
176
Use Index Use Index
For tee sections having the ratio in- For flat slabs with slabs in excess of 8,5 m and
1 between the width of the flange and the 0,8 1 3 where it is necessary to limit deflections to 8,5/span 3
width of the web higher than 3 ensure that finishes are not damaged
For spans longer than 7 m (except flat 310 500
 [Exp.
slabs) and where it is necessary to limit For characteristic steel strength other than 500
2 7/span 2 4 s Asl , req 7.17] 4
deflections to ensure that finishes are not MPa f yk 
Asl , prov with
damaged
 s is the tensile stress in the reinforcement at midspan (or at supports in the case of cantilevers) under design loads at Service Limit State;
f yk is the characteristic tensile strength of steel;
Asl , req is the reinforcement required by calculus (for flexure under design loads at Ultimate Limit State);
Asl , prov is the reinforcement provided (for flexure under design loads at Ultimate Limit State);
App. (6) Table 2

Modifying Index for Basic Ratio of Deflection as per [7.4.2 (2)] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006)
[Appendix (6 -A) b] National Practice

In national practice, other values are more frequently used in the form of depth-to-span ratios as provided infra. Do remember that those values correspond to a
minimum threshold and although more economical than the code provisions are often inappropriate for long term effects or for production operations involving early
age removal of formworks. Previous Code required ALWAYS the calculation of the final deflection (deflection due to quasi-permanent combination and THEN due
to frequent combination) so all possible intermediary execution stages were checked. The alternative method for complying with the code requirements, the deemed-
to-satisfy span-to-depth ratios, are an innovation introduced by the current Code (the Eurocodes family) so any national experience prior to the latter may be helpful
in design but may not be given undisputed ruling authority.
177
Member Description Value Member Description Value

simply supported at all edges 1/30 resting on columns without capital 1/30
(d)
fully restrained at all edges 1/35 Flat slab resting on columns with capital 1/32
One-way
spanning slab simply supported at two parallel edges 1/25 resting on columns with drop panel & capital 1/35
(a) , (b)
elastically fixity at two parallel edges 1/30 primary beams (girder) 1/15
Beams
cantilever 1/12 secondary beams (beams) 1/20
Two-way simply supported at all edges 1/40 Ribs in a one-way spanning
spanning slab (a) , (b) elastically fixity at all edges 1/25
(b) , (c) elastically fixity at all edges 1/45 ribbed slab
Ribs in a two-way spanning simply supported at all edges 1/30

(b) , (c)
ribbed slab with continuity on at least one direction 1/35
Note
(1) l x and l y are the spans of a two-way slab (two directions at right angles) where l y is the longer span
Key
(a) For one-way span the following criterion holds true: l y lx  2 ;
(b) The short span  l x  is the ruling span;

(c) For two-way span the following criterion holds true: l y lx  2 ;
(d) The long span  l y  is the ruling span.

App. (6) Table 3
Recommended span-to-depth ratios
178
[Appendix (6) B] Crack Control without Calculation
[Appendix (6 -B) a] Stress Limitation

In 7.2 of the current code (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006) some general conditions are presented under the same title as presented supra, a title that does not refer directly
to crack control but implicitly contains information on the subject hence our decision to present it in this section.
(1) To avoid longitudinal cracks, micro-cracks or high levels of creep, when such effects may impact negatively on the serviceability of specific elements in the
structure, the compressive stress in concrete is limited to:
(a) For the CHARACTERISTIC combination, if otherwise not specified, such as corrections (increases) on the concrete cover for reinforcement in compression or
confinement by transverse reinforcement, for exposure classes XD, XF and XS:
(i)  c  k1  f ck with k1  0, 6 according to [ROU National Annex (NA)] to Eurocode;
(b) For the QUASI-FREQUENT combination:

(i)  c  k 2  f ck with k 2  0, 45 according to [ROU National Annex (NA)] to Eurocode;
 IF the CONDITION is TRUE, concrete creep may be considered linear;

 IF the CONDITION is FALSE, concrete creep may be evaluated on non-linear model;
(2) To avoid inelastic strains in the reinforcement that may create a crack state or strains excessively large and therefore unacceptable, the tensile stress is limited to:
(a) For the CHARACTERISTIC combination:
(i)  s  k3  f yk with k3  0,8 according to [ROU National Annex (NA)] to Eurocode;
(ii)  s  k4  f yk with k 4  1, 0 according to [ROU National Annex (NA)] to Eurocode if the stress state is caused by imposed deformations;
(iii)  s  k5  f yk with k 5  0, 75 according to [ROU National Annex (NA)] to Eurocode for the mean stress for prestressing reinforcement;
179
[Appendix (6 -B) b] Crack Width Limitation

Reinforced Concrete members and Prestressed Prestressed Concrete members with bonded
Exposure Class Concrete members with unbonded tendons tendons
QUASI-PERMANENT Combination FREQUENT Combination
(1)
XD, XC1 0,4 0,2
(2)
XC2, XC3, XC4 0,2
0.3
XD1, XD2, XS1, XS2, XS3 Decompression
Note
(1) For exposure class X0 and XC2, crack width has no negative impact on durability and the indicated limit is based on visual requirements. In the absence of such requirements, this limit may be less
strict;
(2) For the indicated exposure classes decompression should be checked for the QUASI-PERMANENT combination.
App. (6) Table 4

Recommended maximum crack width as per [Table 7.2N, 7.3.2 (5)] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006)
[Appendix (6 -B) c] Minimum Reinforcement Area

The formula proposed infra is partially deduced by expressing the condition that the minimum reinforcement should be able to withstand the cracking moment
working at a certain stress  s  f yk :
As ,min   s  kc  k  f ct ,eff  Act as per [Expression 7.1, 7.3.2 (2)] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006)
As ,min is the minimum area of reinforcement in the tensile zone of the cross section;
 s is the maximum admissible stress just prior to the opening of the first crack:
» it may be equal to the elasticity limit f yk ;
» a lesser limit as a function of the maximum bar size or the maximum centre-to-centre distance for bars may be considered more appropriate, according to 7.3.3 (2) in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006);
kc is a coefficient considering the stress repartition just prior to the opening of the first crack as well as the change in the lever arm z:
» k c  1, 0 for pure tension;
180
 c 
» kc  0, 4  1    1,0 for webs in box or flanged sections;
h
 k1  *  f ct ,eff 
 h 
N Ed
 c  is the compressive stress in concrete;
bh
 N Ed is the compressive force acting in the part of the section considered for the Serviceability Limit State (positive for compression); it should be calculated by considering the
CHARACTERISTIC combination for Prestressing Concrete or the CORRESPONDING combination for Reinforced Concrete;
 b is the width of the cross section in tension;

 h is the height of the cross section;
 k1 is a coefficient taking into account the effect of compressive force on the repartition of stresses:
 k1  1,5 if N Ed is compression;
2  h*
 k1  if N Ed is tension;
3 h
h if h  1,0 m
 h*  ;
1, 0 m if h  1, 0 m
 f ct ,eff is the mean tensile stress at the time of cracking:
 it may be taken as f ctm or

 if cracking may appear before the age of 28 days, the function of mean tensile stress should be considered as a function of time, f ctm (t ) ;
Fcr
» kc  0,9   0,5 for flanges in box or flanged sections;
Act  f ct ,eff
 Fcr is the tensile force calculated just prior to the cracking caused by the cracking moment calculated with f ct ,eff :
N Ed M b  h2
 The cracking moment is given by the Navier formula for normal stresses as presented in Strength of Materials: f ct ,eff   cr2  M cr   f ct ,eff   c   ;
bh bh 6
6
 Fcr  M cr   b  h  ;
181
 Act  b  hcr is the area of concrete subjected to tension just prior to the opening of the first crack;
h h  c 
 hcr   x   1 
f ct ,eff   c 
is the height of the cross section in tension:
2 2 
 The height in tension prior to cracking (negative for tension), relative to the centre of gravity of the cross section is given by the condition that the stress is nil when the existing axial force
M cr c h
is applied together with the cracking moment: 0   c  x x  ;
bh 3
f ct ,eff   c 2
12
k is a coefficient that considers the effect of inner non-uniformly self-equilibrated stresses that reduce forces in the flange due to restraining strains:
» k  1,0 for webs having h  300 mm and flanges having a width less than [300 mm];
» k  0,65 for webs having h  800 mm and flanges having a width bigger than [800 mm];
» Interpolation in-between supra limits is permitted;
It may be admitted that crack control is improved by tendons on a maximum radius of [150 mm] around their centre may be adjusted by introducing a new term in
the right-hand member as 1  Ap   p :
'
s
1    is the ratio of the bond capacity of tendons to the bond capacity of reinforced concrete reinforcement corrected by their size:
p
»  is the ratio of the bond capacity of tendons to the bond capacity of reinforced concrete reinforcement;
»  s is the maximum size of the passive reinforcement and  p is the equivalent size of the active reinforcement as per 6.8.2 in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006);
A'p is the area of tendons placed inside the area of concrete in tension Ac ,eff ;
Ac,eff  b  hcr is the effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the tendons
2,5  d1
hx
» hcr  min is the height of the cross section in tension;
3
h 2
 p is the stress variation in tendons for nil strains in the concrete at the same level with the tendons.
182
ξ ξ
Type of reinforcement post-tensioned Type of reinforcement post-tensioned
pre-tensioned pre-tensioned
≤ C 50/60 ≥ C70/85 ≤ C 50/60 ≥ C70/85
Bars and Wires (plain) N/A 0,3 0,15 Wires (deformed) 0,7 0,6 0,3
Tendons 0,6 0,5 0,25 Wires (ribbed) 0,8 0,7 0,35
App. (6) Table 5

The ratio of the bond capacity of tendons to the bond capacity of reinforced concrete reinforcement as per [Table 6.2, 6.8.2 (2)] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006)
[Appendix (6 -B) d] Size or Distance Limitation

Stress Levels
(b) Maximum bar size [mm] Stress Levels
(b) Maximum bar distance [mm]
[MPa] wx = 0,4 mm wx = 0,3 mm wx = 0,2 mm [MPa] wx = 0,4 mm wx = 0,3 mm wx = 0,2 mm
160 40 32 25 160 300 300 200
200 32 25 16 200 300 250 150
240 20 16 12 240 250 200 100
280 16 16 8 280 200 150 50
320 12 10 6 320 150 100 N/A
360 10 8 5 360 100 50 N/A
400 8 6 4
450 6 5 N/A
Key
(a) The following conditions are considered in calculating the tabulated values listed supra:
(b) For the CORRESPONDING combination;
App. (6) Table 6

Maximum bar size as per [Table 7.2N, 7.3.3 (2)] and maximum centre-to-centre distance as per [Table 7.3N, 7.3.3 (2)] for crack control (a) in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006)
183
Supra values may be modified using the following:
f ct ,eff kc  hcr
 For flexure (at least partly compression in the cross section): s  s*   as per [Expression 7.6N, 7.3.2 (2)] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006);
2,9 8  d1
f ct ,eff hcr
 s  s*   as per [Expression 7.6N, 7.3.2 (2)] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006) with  s is the modified bar size and s* is the maximum bar size as listed
2,9 8  d1
in the supra;
184
[Appendix 7] Design Tables

7
Concrete grade
Definitions Symbol
≤ C50/60 C55/65 C60/75 C70/85 C80/95 C90/105
ε cu [‰] 3,500 3,100 2,900 2,700 2,600 2,600
Parameters λ 0,800 0,788 0,775 0,750 0,725 0,700
η 1,000 0,975 0,950 0,900 0,850 0,800
ξ lim 0,668 0,641 0,625 0,608 0,599 0,599
S400
μ lim 0,392 0,368 0,349 0,317 0,289 0,265
Steel ξ lim 0,617 0,588 0,572 0,554 0,545 0,545
S500 (a)
grade μ lim 0,372 0,347 0,328 0,296 0,269 0,247
ξ lim 0,573 0,543 0,526 0,509 0,499 0,499
S600
μ lim 0,353 0,328 0,309 0,278 0,252 0,231
Note
(1)  cu is the ultimate strain in concrete. It is acknowledged that out of the three-possible stress-strain curves as given by (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006) (non-linear, referenced by subscript “2”, parabolic-
rectangular, referenced by subscript “2” and trapezoid, referenced by subscript “3”) the most favourable variation in terms of safety in design is the trapezoid stress-strain curve. For other specific values
see [App. (3) Table 1] and the corresponding notes and keys;
0.80 if f ck  50 MPa

(2)    f ck  50 is the coefficient affecting the height in compression in the equivalent rectangular stress block;
0.8  400 if 50  f ck  90 MPa

1.00 if f ck  50 MPa

(3)    f ck  50 is the coefficient affecting the maximum stress to develop in the concrete fibre in compression in the Equivalent rectangular stress block;
1  200 if 50  f ck  90MPa

Es   cu  x
(4)  lim  is the upper limit for the relative height in compression    IN CASE OF SINGLE REINFORCEMENT;
f yd  Es   cu  d
App. (7) Table 1

Calculated values for selected parameters
185
Note (cont.)
lim  lim      lim   0,5   2 

2
(5) is upper limit for the relative value of the bending moment IN CASE OF SINGLE REINFORCEMENT;
Key
(a) Values for  lim  and steel grade S500 are considered upper limits in infra table.
App. (7) Table 2
Calculated values for selected parameters
Symbol μ 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08

-3
Last digit 10 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5
≤ ξ 0,0126 0,0189 0,0253 0,0317 0,0381 0,0445 0,0510 0,0576 0,0641 0,0708 0,0774 0,0841 0,0908 0,0976 0,1044 0,1112
C50/60 ω 0,0101 0,0151 0,0202 0,0253 0,0305 0,0356 0,0408 0,0461 0,0513 0,0566 0,0619 0,0673 0,0726 0,0780 0,0835 0,0890
ξ 0,0131 0,0197 0,0263 0,0330 0,0397 0,0464 0,0532 0,0600 0,0669 0,0738 0,0807 0,0877 0,0947 0,1018 0,1089 0,1160
C55/65
ω 0,0101 0,0151 0,0202 0,0253 0,0305 0,0357 0,0409 0,0461 0,0514 0,0566 0,0620 0,0673 0,0727 0,0781 0,0836 0,0891
Concrete grade
ξ 0,0137 0,0205 0,0275 0,0344 0,0414 0,0484 0,0555 0,0626 0,0698 0,0770 0,0842 0,0915 0,0989 0,1062 0,1137 0,1211
C60/75
ω 0,0101 0,0151 0,0202 0,0253 0,0305 0,0357 0,0409 0,0461 0,0514 0,0567 0,0620 0,0674 0,0728 0,0782 0,0837 0,0892
ξ 0,0149 0,0224 0,0300 0,0376 0,0452 0,0529 0,0606 0,0684 0,0763 0,0841 0,0921 0,1001 0,1081 0,1162 0,1243 0,1325
C70/85
ω 0,0101 0,0151 0,0202 0,0254 0,0305 0,0357 0,0409 0,0462 0,0515 0,0568 0,0621 0,0675 0,0730 0,0784 0,0839 0,0894
ξ 0,0163 0,0246 0,0328 0,0412 0,0496 0,0580 0,0665 0,0751 0,0837 0,0923 0,1011 0,1099 0,1187 0,1276 0,1366 0,1456
C80/95
ω 0,0101 0,0151 0,0202 0,0254 0,0305 0,0358 0,0410 0,0463 0,0516 0,0569 0,0623 0,0677 0,0731 0,0786 0,0842 0,0897
ξ 0,0180 0,0270 0,0362 0,0454 0,0546 0,0639 0,0733 0,0828 0,0923 0,1018 0,1115 0,1212 0,1310 0,1409 0,1508 0,1608
C90/105
ω 0,0101 0,0151 0,0203 0,0254 0,0306 0,0358 0,0411 0,0463 0,0517 0,0570 0,0624 0,0679 0,0734 0,0789 0,0845 0,0901
App. (7) Table 3

Calculated values for design of singly reinforced rectangular sections (SRRS)
186
Symbol μ 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16

-3
Last digit 10 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5
≤ ξ 0.1181 0.1250 0.1320 0.1390 0.1460 0.1531 0.1603 0.1675 0.1747 0.1820 0.1893 0.1967 0.2042 0.2117 0.2192 0.2268
C50/60 ω 0.0945 0.1000 0.1056 0.1112 0.1168 0.1225 0.1282 0.1340 0.1398 0.1456 0.1515 0.1574 0.1633 0.1693 0.1754 0.1815
ξ 0.1232 0.1304 0.1377 0.1450 0.1524 0.1598 0.1673 0.1748 0.1824 0.1900 5.6712 5.8932 0.2133 0.2211 0.2290 0.2370
C55/65
ω 0.0946 0.1001 0.1057 0.1114 0.1170 0.1227 0.1285 0.1342 0.1401 0.1459 0.1518 0.1578 0.1638 0.1698 0.1759 0.1820
Concrete grade
ξ 0.1287 0.1362 0.1438 0.1515 0.1592 0.1670 0.1748 0.1827 0.1907 0.1987 7.9248 8.2360 0.2230 0.2312 0.2396 0.2479
C60/75
ω 0.0947 0.1003 0.1059 0.1115 0.1172 0.1230 0.1287 0.1345 0.1404 0.1463 0.1522 0.1582 0.1642 0.1703 0.1764 0.1825
ξ 0.1408 0.1491 0.1574 0.1659 0.1744 0.1829 0.1915 0.2002 0.2090 0.2178 5.6732 5.8975 0.2447 0.2538 0.2630 0.2722
C70/85
ω 0.0950 0.1006 0.1063 0.1120 0.1177 0.1235 0.1293 0.1351 0.1411 0.1470 0.1530 0.1591 0.1652 0.1713 0.1775 0.1838
ξ 0.1547 0.1639 0.1731 0.1825 0.1918 0.2013 0.2108 0.2205 0.2302 0.2399 8.9535 9.3102 0.2698 0.2799 0.2902 0.3005
C80/95
ω 0.0953 0.1010 0.1067 0.1124 0.1182 0.1241 0.1299 0.1359 0.1418 0.1479 0.1539 0.0048 0.1663 0.1725 0.1788 0.1852
ξ 0.1709 0.1811 0.1914 0.2017 0.2122 0.2227 0.2333 0.2441 0.2549 0.2658 0.2768 0.2879 0.2992 0.3105 0.3220 0.3336
C90/105
ω 0.0957 0.1014 0.1072 0.1130 0.1188 0.1247 0.1307 0.1367 0.1427 0.1488 0.1550 0.1613 0.1675 0.1739 0.1803 0.1868
Symbol μ 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24
-3
Last digit 10 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 7
≤ ξ 0.2345 0.2422 0.2500 0.2578 0.2657 0.2737 0.2818 0.2899 0.2980 0.3063 0.3146 0.3230 0.3314 0.3400 0.3486 0.3608
C50/60 ω 0.1876 0.1938 0.2000 0.2063 0.2126 0.2190 0.2254 0.2319 0.2384 0.2450 0.2517 0.2584 0.2652 0.2720 0.2789 0.2887
ξ 0.2451 0.2532 0.2613 0.2696 0.2779 0.2862 0.2947 0.3032 0.3118 0.3204 0.3292 0.3380 0.3469 0.3560 0.3650 0.3779
C55/65
ω 0.1882 0.1944 0.2006 0.2070 0.2133 0.2198 0.2263 0.2328 0.2394 0.2460 0.2528 0.2595 0.2664 0.2733 0.2803 0.2902
Concrete grade
ξ 0.2564 0.2649 0.2735 0.2821 0.2908 0.2996 0.3085 0.3175 0.3266 0.3357 0.3449 0.3542 0.3636 0.3731 0.3827 0.3964
C60/75
ω 0.1888 0.1950 0.2013 0.2077 0.2141 0.2206 0.2272 0.2338 0.2404 0.2471 0.2539 0.2608 0.2677 0.2747 0.2818 0.2918
ξ 0.2816 0.2910 0.3005 0.3101 0.3198 0.3296 0.3395 0.3495 0.3596 0.3698 0.3801 0.3905 0.4011 0.4117 0.4225 0.4378
C70/85
ω 0.1901 0.1964 0.2029 0.2093 0.2159 0.2225 0.2292 0.2359 0.2427 0.2496 0.2566 0.2636 0.2707 0.2779 0.2852 0.2955
ξ 0.3109 0.3214 0.3321 0.3428 0.3537 0.3646 0.3757 0.3869 0.3983 0.4097 0.4214 0.4331 0.4450 0.4571 0.4693 0.4867
C80/95
ω 0.1916 0.1981 0.2046 0.2113 0.2179 0.2247 0.4314 0.4930 0.2454 0.2525 0.2597 0.2669 0.2742 0.2817 0.2892 0.2999
ξ 0.3453 0.3571 0.3691 0.3812 0.3935 0.4059 0.4184 0.4311 0.4440 0.4570 0.4703 0.4837 0.4973 0.5111 0.5251 0.5450
C90/105
ω 0.1934 0.2000 0.2067 0.2135 0.2203 0.2273 0.2343 0.2414 0.2486 0.2559 0.2633 0.2708 0.2785 0.2862 0.2940 0.3052

187
Symbol μ 0,25 0,26 0,27 0,28 0,29 0,30 0,31 0,32

-3
Last digit 10 0 5 0 9 0 5 0 5 0 6 0 5 0 7 0 8
≤ ξ 0,3661 0,3750 0,3840 0,4004 0,4022 0,4115 0,4208 0,4303 0,4399 0,4516 0,4594 0,4694 0,4794 0,4938 0,5000 0,5169
C50/60 ω 0,2929 0,3000 0,3072 0,3203 0,3218 0,3292 0,3367 0,3443 0,3519 0,3613 0,3675 0,3755 0,3836 0,3950 0,4000 0,4135
ξ 0,3835 0,3929 0,4024 0,4197 0,4217 0,4315 0,4414 0,4514 0,4616 0,4740 1,3890 1,4194 0,5036 0,5189 0,5255 0,5435
Concrete grade
C55/65
ω 0,2945 0,3017 0,3089 0,3223 0,3238 0,3313 0,3389 0,3466 0,3544 0,3639 0,3703 0,3784 0,3867 0,3984 0,4035 0,4173
ξ 0,4023 0,4122 0,4222 0,4406 0,4426 0,4531 0,4636 0,4743 0,4851 0,4982 1,9521 1,9955 0,5298 0,5461 0,5532 0,5725
C60/75
ω 0,2962 0,3035 0,3109 0,3244 0,3259 0,3336 0,3413 0,3492 0,3571 0,3668 0,3734 0,3817 0,3901 0,4021 0,4073 0,4215
ξ 0,4444 0,4556 0,4670 0,4877 0,4901 0,5019 0,5138 0,5260 0,5383 0,5533 1,4063 1,4386 0,5896 0,6085
C70/85
ω 0,3000 0,3075 0,3152 0,3292 0,3308 0,3388 0,3468 0,3550 0,3633 0,3735 0,3804 0,3891 0,3980 0,4107
ξ 0,4942 0,5070 0,5199 0,5436 0,5463 0,5599 0,5737 0,5877 0,6019
C80/95
ω 0,3046 0,3124 0,3204 0,3350 0,3367 0,3450 0,3535 0,3621 0,3709
Symbol μ 0,33 0,34 0,35 0,36 0,37 0,38 0,39
-3
Last digit 10 0 5 0 7 0 5 0 8 0 2 0 5 0 2
≤ ξ 0,5211 0,5319 0,5429 0,5585 0,5653 0,5769 0,5886 0,6077 0,6126 0,6175 0,6376 0,6505 0,6637 0,6691
Concrete grade
C50/60 ω 0,4169 0,4255 0,4343 0,4468 0,4523 0,4615 0,4708 0,4862 0,4901 0,4940 0,5101 0,5204 0,5310 0,5352
ξ 0,5481 0,5596 0,5714 0,5881 0,5954 0,6078 0,6204 0,6411
C55/65
ω 0,4208 0,4297 0,4387 0,4516 0,4572 0,4667 0,4764 0,4923
ξ 0,5774 0,5898 0,6024 0,6205 0,6284
C60/75
ω 0,4251 0,4342 0,4435 0,4568 0,4627

188
[Appendix 8] Bond Requirements

8
Hatched area – poor bond conditions

Good bond conditions for all bars
Plain area – good bond conditions
o
45 ≤ α ≤ 90
o
h ≤ 250 mm h > 600 mm h > 250 mm
all similar cases whether in tension or compression
App. (8) Table 1

Bond Conditions as per [Fig. 8.2, 8.4.2 (2)] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006) (“A” is the direction of casting)
Concrete grade
C12/15 C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60 C55/67 C60/75
Good bond conditions
1.650 1.950 2.250 2.700 3.000 3.300 3.750 4.050 4.350 4.500 4.650
Poor bond conditions
1.155 1.365 1.575 1.890 2.100 2.310 2.625 2.835 3.045 3.150 3.255
App. (8) Table 2

Design bond strength f bd [MPa] for sizes ≤ [32 mm] as per [8.4.2] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006)
189
Reinforced concrete
(a) (b) (a)
General snh ≥ ϕmax or ϕn Horizontal ϕmax ≤ snh If the maximum size of the
Bars
case (c) aggregates is ≥ 16 mm
snv ≥ 20 mm Vertical dg + 5 mm ≤ snv
Prestressed concrete
(a) (c)
2 · ϕt 2 · ϕduct
snh ≥ dg + 5 mm
(b) Horizontal dg + 5 mm
(b) ≤ snh
Pre-tensioned 20 mm 50 mm
(a) (c)
Post-tensioned tendons
tendons 2 · ϕt 2 · ϕduct
snv ≥ dg
(b)
Vertical dg
(b)
≤ snv
40 mm
Note
(1) snh is the horizontal side-to-side distance and snv is the vertical side-to-side distance.
Key
(a) The maximum tendon size;
(b) The maximum aggregate size;
(c) The maximum duct size.
App. (8) Table 3

Minimum distance between bars as per [Figure 8.14, 8.10.1.2; Figure 8.15, 8.10.1.3] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006)
190
[Appendix 9] Shear Force Calculations

Static calculus operates in relevant calculations with structural members reduced to their axis. Due to the dimensions of the support (even if small) some reductions
are possible because of a direct unloading mechanism of the loads to the support (based on the main stresses that develop in horizontal members subjected to vertical
loading).
[Appendix (9) A] Shear Reduction near Supports

6
5
7
9
8
[App. 9] Figure 1
Unloading mechanism for loads near supports
191
Uniformly distributed load acting in

Direct support Indirect support
pair with a point load
» Reduction of shear force on a distance equal » Reduction of shear force on a distance equal with  a1  from the face of the
with  d  - depth from the face of the support support toward the midspan:
toward the midspan: ≡ VEd ,red  VEd  F   a1 
≡ VEd ,red  VEd  F   a1  d  § F is the design load (uniformly distributed);
§ F is the design load (uniformly § al , (subscript „one”) is half the width of the support taken in
distributed); consideration.
§ al , (subscript „one”) is half the width
av
of the support taken in consideration. ≡ For concentrated loads use: VEd ,red  VEd  (1  )
2d
§ av is the level arm of the concentrated force (distance from point of
application to the face of the support)
[App. 9] Figure 2
Shear reduction calculation as per [6.2.2 (6) and 6.2.3 (8)] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006)
192
Type of the end of the bar
Otherwise
Straight end Hooked End U Shape End

α1 = 1,00 α1 = 0,70
for all similar cases whether in tension or for all similar cases in tension for which α1 = 1,00
compression cd > 3 · φ
Minimum concrete cover

for all similar cases in tension for all similar cases in tension
 a 2  a 2 cd  c
 cd  min 
cd  min  c1  c1 Otherwise
 c

c  cd  3  
0, 70   2  1  0,15  d  1, 00 0, 70   2  1  0,15   1, 00 α2 = 1,00
 
App. (9) Table 1

Anchorage Length Coefficients as per [8.4.4] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006)
193

Anchorage Length Coefficients as per [8.4.4] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006)
194
[Appendix 10] Elementary diagrams for Shear Force and Flexure

Loading diagram
Shear force diagram
load  span load  span load load

2 2 2 2
kN kN kN kN
Flexural moment diagram
0 0 0 0
kN  m kN  m kN  m kN  m
load   span  load  span

2
kN  m kN  m
8 4
195
Loading diagram
Shear force diagram
load  overhang load  overhang load load

kN kN kN kN
Flexural moment diagram
load   overhang 
2
kN  m
2
0 0 0 0
kN  m kN  m kN  m kN  m
load   span  1  load   overhang  load   overhang  

2 2 2
load  distance
    kN  m
8 2  2 2  kN  m
 
196
[Appendix 11] Beam reinforcement drawing
 Previous reinforcement drawing is ONLY partly according to Technical Drawings Provisions:
The “Title block” is always indicated in the bottom-right corner (not shown here) and contains information that identifies the designer, the owner, the structure
(OVERALL), the member presented (PART of the structure) and other relevant project details;
 Drawing’s margins are always indicated (not shown here);
 The “Key” is usually not indicated (shown here for CLARITY);
197
 Web support is usually not indicated (shown here in [mm] for both ends);
 Symmetry symbol is used to present 2 types of reinforcement dimensioning:
 Left-hand: each spacing and change in spacing indicated;
 Right-hand: each spacing indicated while changes in spacing are indicated by a generalized note;
 Indicate other pertinent information needed to facilitate construction (cage fabrication, concreting operations, etc.);
 The “Bar list” is duplicated below (for CLARITY). 11
10
10
11
[App. 11] Figure 1

Bar list
198

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Manual for Advanced Design

[Appendix 1] Actions and loads arrangements

2 from 10 to 25 Replaceable structural parts (i.e., gantry girders, bearings)

App. (1) Table 1

(Space intentionally left blank)

[Appendix (1) B] Variable actions

App. (1) Table 2

App. (1) T 2 (cont.)

(Space intentionally left blank)

categories of use A, B, C1.1 and C1.2, accessible roof tops 2

App. (1) Table 3

App. (1) T 3 (cont.)

Category/Subcategories A B and C1.1, C1.2 and C1.3 C2 to C4 and D C5 E F G

App. (1) Table 4

App. (1) Table 5

(Space intentionally left blank)

(ii)  Gj ,inf  1,15 ;

(iii)  Q,1  1,50 where unfavourable (0 where favourable);

(iv)  Q,i  1,0 where unfavourable (0 where favourable);

App. (1) Table 6

(Space intentionally left blank)

App. (1) Table 7

Persistent and Permanent actions Leading Accompanying variable actions

transient design (a)

App. (1) Table 8

Permanent actions Leading Accompanying variable actions

Design situations accidental or seismic

App. (1) Table 9

(Space intentionally left blank)

[Appendix (1) C] Service Limit States

App. (1) Table 10

(Space intentionally left blank)

[Appendix 2] Durability Requirements

[Appendix (2) A] Exposure Classes

X is the general notation for exposure class;

Definition of symbols used in [App. (2) Table 1]

Symbol Definition Symbol Definition Symbol Definition

Class Description Example Sets

App. (2) Table 1

Class Description Example Sets

App. (2) T 1 (cont.)

Class Description Example Sets

App. (2) T 1 (cont.)

Class Description Example Sets

App. (2) T 1 (cont.)

[Appendix (2) B] Cement

FULL NOTATION CEM II/A-M (S-V-L) 32,5 R with

 S  L  V  is the detailed notation of the major constituents (ONLY if multiple

App. (2) Table 2

App. (2) T 2 (cont.)

App. (2) T 2 (cont.)

App. (2) T 2 (cont.)

Cement Concrete Grade

52,5 yes yes yes yes yes yes

App. (2) Table 3

 0 10 mm as per [4.4.2.3] in (SR EN 1992-1-1:2006).

[Appendix (2) C] Concrete Cover