07.03.

2019

FACTORED LOADS IN
THE CONTEXT OF
ANCHOR DESIGN

PRESENTATION OVERVIEW

This presentation will explain how factored loads are used to design structural
members, and how these loads are then used in anchoring-to-concrete calculations.
The general concept of how loads act on a structure and what types of loads can act
on a structure will be discussed.
What constitutes a “factored load” will be explained.
A brief discussion of how loads are calculated will be given, as well as how load
factors are applied to service loads.
We’ll finish the presentation by explaining how factored loads acting on a member
are utilized for anchor design. Factored load functionality in Hilti’s PROFIS
Engineering software will be presented to illustrate how factored loads can be used to
design anchorages in concrete.

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AGENDA

General overview
What are factored loads?
How are service loads calculated?
How are load factors applied to service loads?
How are factored loads used to design anchorages in concrete?
Hilti PROFIS Engineering Load Engine

Factored Loads 3

STRUCTURES ARE DESIGNED TO RESIST VARIOUS LOADS

ACTING UPON IT
Forces acting on a structure result in vertical
and lateral loads which the structure must
resist
• Loads are forces or other actions resulting from
– Weight of structural components
– Weight of permanent attachments
– Occupancy
– Environmental effects
• Loads can be either be permanent or variable

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PERMANENT LOADS ACT STEADILY ON THE STRUCTURE

THROUGHOUT ITS LIFE WITH LITTLE VARIATION
Permanent loads can be referred to as
“dead” or “gravity” loads
• Weight of structural members
– Slabs
– Beams
– Columns
• Weight of various building materials
– Cladding
– Façade
• Weight of permanent fixtures
– Piping
– HVAC equipment

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VARIABLE LOADS ACT RANDOMLY ON THE STRUCTURE

THROUGHOUT ITS LIFE AND CAN VARY CONSIDERABLY
Variable loads can also be referred to as “live
loads”
• Weight resulting from the type of occupancy
– People
– Furniture
– Automobiles
• Environmental conditions
– Wind can create lateral forces
– Snow accumulation can create additional weight
on the roof of the building
– Ground motion caused by an earthquake can
subject a structure to both vertical and lateral
forces

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AGENDA

General overview
What are factored loads?
How are service loads calculated?
How are load factors applied to service loads?
How are factored loads used to design anchorages in concrete?
Hilti PROFIS Engineering Load Engine

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STRENGTH DESIGN PROVISIONS

The loads that act on a structure during its service life
are referred to as “service loads”
Service loads resulting from dead loads, live loads,
environmental loads, etc. can act individually or in
combinations to produce axial tension loads, flexural
loads, bending moments, shear loads, etc. in
structural components

Factored service load combinations are used to
design structural components
A “load factor” is applied to a service load to produce
a “factored load”. Factored load combinations are
given in the International Building Code (IBC) and in
the American Concrete Institute (ACI) publication
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
(ACI 318)

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STRENGTH DESIGN LOAD TYPES

• Dead (D)
• Fluid (F)
• Temperature (T)
• Live (L)
• Lateral (H)
• Live roof (Lr)
• Snow (S)
• Rain (R)
• Wind (W)
• Earthquake (E)

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ACI STRENGTH DESIGN LOAD COMBINATIONS

Load Combinations (ACI 318-14 Table 5.3.1) Equation Primary Load Being Considered

U = 1.4D 5.3.1a Dead load

U = 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 5.3.1b Live load

U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.5W) 5.3.1c Live roof load, snow load or rain load

U = 1.2D + 1.0W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 5.3.1d Wind load

U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S 5.3.1e Earthquake load

U = 0.9D + 1.0W 5.3.1f Wind load

U = 0.9D + 1.0E 5.3.1g Earthquake load

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IBC STRENGTH DESIGN LOAD COMBINATIONS

Load Combinations (2015 IBC Section 1605.2) Equation Primary Load Being Considered

1.4 (D + F) 16-1 Dead load

1.2 (D + F) + 1.6 (L + H) + 0.5 (Lr or S or R) 16-2 Live load

1.2 (D + F) + 1.6 (Lr or S or R) + 1.6H + (f1L or 0.5W) 16-3 Live roof load, snow load or rain load

1.2 (D + F) + 1.0W + f1L + 1.6H + 0.5 (Lr or S or R) 16-4 Wind load

1.2 (D + F) + 1.0E + f1L + 1.6H + f2S 16-5 Earthquake load

0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H 16-6 Wind load

0.9 (D + F) + 1.0E + 1.6H 16-7 Earthquake load

Factored Loads 11

AGENDA

General overview
What are factored loads?
How are service loads calculated?
How are load factors applied to service loads?
How are factored loads used to design anchorages in concrete?
Hilti PROFIS Engineering Load Engine

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ASEC-7 AND THE IBC EXPLAIN HOW TO CALCULATE THE

SERVICE LOADS ACTING ON A STRUCTURE

International Building Code American Society of Civil

Service loads
(IBC) Engineers (ASCE)

• The International Building • ASCE/SEI 7 Minimum Design • Service loads are calculated
Code (IBC) is a “model Loads for Buildings and Other using provisions given in the
building code” that is adopted Structures is referenced by IBC and ASCE/SEI 7
on a state-by-state basis the IBC

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AGENDA

General overview
What are factored loads?
How are service loads calculated?
How are load factors applied to service loads?
How are factored loads used to design anchorages in concrete?
Hilti PROFIS Engineering Load Engine

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A STRUCTURE TRANSFERS LOADS THROUGH IT’S

MEMBERS TO THE FOUNDATION CREATING A LOAD PATH
1. The service loads noted in the illustration can act
individually, or in combinations, to produce a
resultant axial tension load, bending moment,
shear load, etc. that acts on a particular structural
member
2. A “load factor” is applied to each resultant load
acting on a member to produce a “factored load”
3. The factored loads determined to be acting on
each member are used to design that member
4. Factored load equations are used to calculate the
factored loading on the structural members

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AGENDA

General overview
What are factored loads?
How are service loads calculated?
How are load factors applied to service loads?
How are factored loads used to design anchorages in concrete?
Hilti PROFIS Engineering Load Engine

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TYPICAL ANCHORAGE SYSTEM WITH DEAD, WIND AND

EARTHQUAKE LOADS ACTING UPON IT
The column will be designed for the most
critical load combination
VZ6
• Factored axial load acting on the steel column (Pu)
is caused by dead load (D)
• Moment acting on the steel column (Mu) is caused
by wind load (W)
• Lateral load acting on the steel column (Vu) is
caused by earthquake load (E)
Service loads

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CHOOSE THE LOAD COMBINATIONS THAT ARE CHECKING

DEAD, WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADS

Load Combinations (2015 IBC Section 1605.2) Equation Primary Load Being Considered

1.4 (D + F) 16-1 Dead load

1.2 (D + F) + 1.6 (L + H) + 0.5 (Lr or S or R) 16-2 Live load

1.2 (D + F) + 1.6 (Lr or S or R) + 1.6H + (f1L or 0.5W) 16-3 Live roof load, snow load or rain load

1.2 (D + F) + 1.0W + f1L + 1.6H + 0.5 (Lr or S or R) 16-4 Wind load

1.2 (D + F) + 1.0E + f1L + 1.6H + f2S 16-5 Earthquake load

0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H 16-6 Wind load

0.9 (D + F) + 1.0E + 1.6H 16-7 Earthquake load

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Slide 17

VZ6 new illustration

VanLemmeren, Zachary, 6/14/2018
 07.03.2019

PLUG THE SERVICE LOADS INTO THE LOAD COMBINATIONS

EQUATIONS TO GET THE FACTORED LOADS
Equation IBC Load Combinations Vu,X Vu,Y Pu, Mu,X Mu,Y MZ

16-1 1.4 (D + F) -21,000

16-4 1.2 (D + F) + 1.0W + f1L + 1.6H + 0.5 (Lr or S or R) -18,000 18,000

16-5 1.2 (D + F) + 1.0E + f1L + 1.6H + f2S 14,400 -18,000

16-6 0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H -13,500 18,000

16-7 0.9 (D + F) + 1.0E + 1.6H 14,400 -13,500

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THE FACTORED LOADS ACTING ON THE MEMBER ARE USED

TO DETERMINE THE LOADS ACTING ON THE ANCHORS
1. The service load values for dead load (D),wind
load (W) and earthquake load (E) are input into
the relevant factored load equations to calculate
the factored loads (Pu, Mu,y and Vu,x) acting on the
column
2. The factored column load values calculated for Pu,
Mu,y and Vu,x using each IBC equation will be used
to calculate the (factored) loads acting on the
anchors (Nua and Vua), relevant to each IBC
equation
3. The various (factored) load values calculated for
Nua and Vua will be checked against the calculated
anchor capacities (Nn and Vn )

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COLUMN LOADS CREATE LOADS ON THE ANCHORS

• Factored axial load (Pu) and factored moment (Mu) acting on the column create a resultant factored tension
load (Nua) on the anchors
• Factored lateral load (Vu) acting on the column creates a resultant factored shear load (Vua) on the anchors
• The resulting factored loads acting on the anchors (Nua and Vua) are checked against the anchor capacities
(Nn and Vn ) calculated using ACI 318 anchoring-to-concrete provisions
• For the values shown above, the highest utilization = (Nua/Nn)5/3 + (Vua/Vn)5/3 = 0.54
• The values calculated for Nua and Vua using the factored column loads derived from Equation (16-5) control
for design of the anchorage

Factored Loads 21

AGENDA

General overview
What are factored loads?
How are service loads calculated?
How are load factors applied to service loads?
How are factored loads used to design anchorages in concrete?
Hilti PROFIS Engineering Load Engine

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THE PROFIS ENGINEERING LOAD ENGINE PROVIDES

THREE OPTIONS FOR INPUTTING LOADS

Input service loads Import factored loads Input factored loads

• Input service loads directly into
PROFIS Engineering and let the
software perform the factoring
• Use structural analysis software • Input factored loads directly into
program to get the factored the user interface
loads acting on the anchors and
import them into PROFIS
Engineering using Excel

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USER INPUTS SERVICE LOADS

1. User selects Create Load Combinations

2. Select the IBC factored load equations relevant to the application
3. Input service loads acting on the member being attached
4. Select “calculate all load combinations”
5. PE calculates the factored loads acting on the member for each equation selected
– (OR) select “calculate controlling load combination”
6. PE shows factored loads for the controlling load equation
7. Report shows calculation results for the selected load equation
8. Factored loads acting on the anchors are determined from the selected load equation
9. Anchor design strengths are checked against the factored loads acting on the anchors

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ROOF ANCHORAGE WITH SNOW LOAD AND WIND LOAD

Design Concrete
ACI 318-14, Chapter 17 compressive strength: f’c = 3500 psi
thickness: hconcrete = 8 in
Anchor lightweight concrete: (no)  = 1.0
product: Kwik Bolt-TZ cracked concrete
element: 3/4” x 7” Temp. 680 F
steel type: carbon steel
embedment: hef = 4.75 in Installation
hole condition: dry concrete
Angle: hammer drilled hole
6 in x 6 in supplementary tension reinforcement:
anchors spaced at 15 in o.c. (no) - Condition B
3hef = 14.25 in (anchors do not act as a group) supplementary shear reinforcement:
(no) - Condition B
Load Condition shear edge reinforcement (no)
non-seismic

• Roof dead load creates a shear load (Vy = -500 lb) and moment about the x-axis (Mx = 2000 in-lb)
• Roof live load creates a shear load (Vy = -1000 lb) and moment about the x-axis (Mx = 4000 in-lb)
• Roof snow load creates a shear load (Vy = -1500 lb) and moment about the x-axis (Mx = 6000 in-lb)
• Roof wind load creates a shear load (Vy = +1000 lb) and moment about the x-axis (Mx = -4000 in-lb)
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SELECT RELEVANT FACTORED LOAD EQUATIONS THAT

INCLUDE DEAD LOAD AND LIVE LOAD

Load Combinations (2015 IBC Section 1605.2) Equation Primary Load Being Considered

1.4 (D + F) 16-1 Dead load

1.2 (D + F) + 1.6 (L + H) + 0.5 (Lr or S or R) 16-2 Live load

1.2 (D + F) + 1.6 (Lr or S or R) + 1.6H + (f1L or 0.5W) 16-3 Live roof load, snow load or rain load

1.2 (D + F) + 1.0W + f1L + 1.6H + 0.5 (Lr or S or R) 16-4 Wind load

1.2 (D + F) + 1.0E + f1L + 1.6H + f2S 16-5 Earthquake load

0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H 16-6 Wind load

0.9 (D + F) + 1.0E + 1.6H 16-7 Earthquake load

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INPUT THE SERVICE LOADS INTO THE IBC EQUATION (16-2)

TO OBTAIN THE FACTORED LOADS

Equation 2015 IBC Load Combinations Vu,x Vu,y Pu,x Mu,x Mu,y Mu,T
(lb) (lb) (lb) (in-lb) (in-lb) (in-lb)
16-2 1.2 (D + F) + 1.6 (L + H) + 0.5 (Lr or S or R) N/A -2950 N/A +11,800 N/A N/A
1.2(Vy,dead ; Mx,dead) + 1.6(Vy,live ; Mx,live) + 0.5(Vy,snow ; Mx,snow)

• Equation (16-2) calculations:

o Vu,y = (1.2)(-500 lb) + (1.6)(-1000 lb) + (0.5)(-1500 lb) = -2950 lb
o Mu,x = (1.2)(+2000 in-lb) + (1.6)(+4000 in-lb) + (0.5)(+6000 in-lb) = +11,800 in-lb

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INPUT THE SERVICE LOADS INTO THE IBC EQUATION (16-3)

TO OBTAIN THE FACTORED LOADS (LIVE LOAD)

Equation 2015 IBC Load Combinations Vu,x Vu,y Pu,x Mu,x Mu,y Mu,T
(lb) (lb) (lb) (in-lb) (in-lb) (in-lb)
16-3 1.2 (D + F) + 1.6 (Lr or S or R) + 1.6H + (f 1 L or 0.5W) N/A -3500 N/A +14,000 N/A N/A
(live load) 1.2(Vy,dead ; Mx,dead) + 1.6(Vy,snow ; Mx,snow) + 0.5(Vy,live ; Mx,live)

• Equation (16-3) calculations for live load:

o Vu,y = (1.2)(-500 lb) + (1.6)(-1500 lb) + (0.5)(-1000 lb) = -3500 lb
o Mu,x = (1.2)(+2000 in-lb) + (1.6)(+6000 in-lb) + (0.5)(+4000 in-lb) = +14,000 in-lb

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INPUT THE SERVICE LOADS INTO THE IBC EQUATION (16-3)

TO OBTAIN THE FACTORED LOADS (WIND LOAD)

Equation 2015 IBC Load Combinations Vu,x Vu,y Pu,x Mu,x Mu,y Mu,T
(lb) (lb) (lb) (in-lb) (in-lb) (in-lb)
16-3 1.2 (D + F) + 1.6 (Lr or S or R) + 1.6H + (f 1 L or 0.5W) N/A -2500 N/A +10,000 N/A N/A
(wind load) 1.2(Vy,dead ; Mx,dead) + 1.6(Vy,snow ; Mx,snow) + 0.5(Vy,wind ; Mx,wind)

• Equation (16-3) calculations for wind load:

o Vu,y = (1.2)(-500 lb) + (1.6)(-1500 lb) + (0.5)(+1000 lb) = -2500 lb
o Mu,x = (1.2)(+2000 in-lb) + (1.6)(+6000 in-lb) + (0.5)(-4000 in-lb) = +10,000 in-lb

Factored Loads 29

INPUT THE SERVICE LOADS INTO THE IBC EQUATION (16-4)

TO OBTAIN THE FACTORED LOADS

Equation 2015 IBC Load Combinations Vu,x Vu,y Pu,x Mu,x Mu,y Mu,T
(lb) (lb) (lb) (in-lb) (in-lb) (in-lb)
16-4 1.2 (D + F) + 1.0W + f 1 L +1.6H + 0.5 (Lr or S or R) N/A -850 N/A +3400 N/A N/A
1.2(Vy,dead ; Mx,dead) + 1.0(Vy,wind ; Mx,wind) + 0.5(Vy,live ; Mx,live) +
0.5 (Vy,snow ; Mx,snow)

• Equation (16-4) calculations:

o Vu,y = (1.2)(-500 lb) + (1.0)(+1000 lb) + (0.5)(-1000 lb) + (0.5)(-1500) = -850 lb
o Mu,x = (1.2)(+2000 lb) + (1.0)(-4000 lb) + (0.5)(+4000 lb) + (0.5)(+6000) = +3400 in-lb

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INPUT THE SERVICE LOADS INTO THE IBC EQUATION (16-6)

TO OBTAIN THE FACTORED LOADS

Equation 2015 IBC Load Combinations Vu,x Vu,y Pu,x Mu,x Mu,y Mu,T
(lb) (lb) (lb) (in-lb) (in-lb) (in-lb)
16-6 0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H N/A +550 N/A -2200 N/A N/A
0.9(Vy,dead ; Mx,dead) + 1.0(Vy,wind ; Mx,wind)

• Equation (16-6) calculations:

o Vu,y = (0.9)(-500 lb) + 1000 lb = +550 lb
o Mu,x = (0.9)(+2000 in-lb) + (-4000 in-lb) = -2200 in-lb

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THE FACTORED LOADS ACTING ON THE MEMBER ARE USED

TO DETERMINE THE LOADS ACTING ON THE ANCHORS
• The factored moment about the x-axis (Mu,x) creates a tension load
on the anchor
o Equation (16-2): Mu,x = 11,800 in-lb
o Equation (16-3) for live load: Mu,x = 14,000 in-lb
o Equation (16-3) for wind load: Mu,x = 10,000 in-lb
o Equation (16-4): Mu,x = 3400 in-lb
o Equation (16-6): Mu,x = -2200 in-lb

• These factored moments will be used to calculate the tension load

(Nua) acting on the anchor.
• Nua will be checked against the anchor capacities defined by the
tension design strengths (Nn) calculated with ACI 318 anchoring-
to-concrete provisions

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THE FACTORED LOADS ACTING ON THE MEMBER ARE USED

TO DETERMINE THE LOADS ACTING ON THE ANCHORS
• The factored load (Vu,y) creates a shear load on the anchor
o Equation (16-2): Vu,y = -2950 lb
o Equation (16-3) for live load: Vu,y = -3500 lb
o Equation (16-3) for wind load: Vu,y = -2500 lb
o Equation (16-4): Vu,y = -850 lb
o Equation (16-6): Vu,y = 550 lb

• These factored load values will be used to calculate the shear load
(Vua) acting on the anchors.
• Vua will be checked against the anchor capacities defined by the
shear design strengths (Vn ) calculated with ACI 318 anchoring-to-
concrete provisions

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QUESTIONS?

Richard Morgan
Manager for Software and Literature

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