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Resistance of Transparent Plastics To Surface Abrasion: Standard Test Method For
Resistance of Transparent Plastics To Surface Abrasion: Standard Test Method For
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3.1.3 reface—preparation of an abrasive wheel on a condi-
tioning stone prior to use in testing.
3.1.4 wheel—an abrasive wheel consisting of hard particles
(aluminum oxide) embedded in resilient binder.
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5. Apparatus mately circular, sharply defined, uniformly bright, and concen-
5.1 Abrader—The Taber abraser or its equivalent, as de- tric within the exit port, leaving an annulus of 0.023 6 0.002
scribed in Guide G195 and consisting of the following ele- rad (1.3 6 0.1°) subtended at the entrance port.
ments: NOTE 7—Uniformity of the light intensity is usually checked by
5.1.1 A horizontal turntable platform; comprised of a rubber observing the beam through thin bond paper placed at the exit port.
pad, clamp plate, and nut to secure the specimen to the NOTE 8—Forward-scattering glass standards6 can be used to check that
the optical system of the hazemeter is properly adjusted.
turntable.
5.1.2 A motor capable of rotating the turntable platform at a 5.5 Specimen Holder—A suitable holder shall be used to
speed of either 72 6 2 r/min for 110v/60Hz or 60 6 2 r/min for permit positioning the abraded specimen on the hazemeter so
230v/50Hz. that the light beam is centered in the abraded track and the
5.1.3 A pair of pivoted arms, to which the abrasive wheels specimen is flush at the measurement port.
and auxiliary masses (if used) would be attached; loads of 500
6. Test Specimens
or 1000 gf on the wheels are obtained by use of changeable
weights. 6.1 The test specimens shall be clean, transparent disks
approximately 100 mm in diameter or plates approximately
NOTE 5—Without auxiliary masses or counterweights applied, each arm 100 mm square, having both surfaces substantially plane and
will apply a load against the specimen of 250 gf per wheel (exclusive of
the mass of the wheel itself). parallel. They may be cut from sheets or molded in thicknesses
up to 12.7 mm (1⁄2 in.). A 6.3-mm (1⁄4-in.) hole shall be
5.1.4 A vacuum suction system and vacuum pick-up nozzle
centrally drilled in each specimen. Three such specimens shall
to remove debris and abrasive particles from the specimen
be tested per sample, except for interlaboratory or specification
surface during testing. The height of the vacuum pick-up
tests when ten specimens shall be tested.
nozzle shall be adjustable, and the nozzle openings shall be 11
mm (7⁄16 in.) in diameter. 7. Calibration
NOTE 6—The nominal nozzle openings are 8 mm ( ⁄ in.) and can be
5 16 7.1 Verify calibration of the Taber abraser as directed by the
enlarged following the instructions shown in Appendix X2. equipment manufacturer (see Appendix X1).
5.1.5 A counter to record the number of cycles (revolutions)
8. Conditioning
made by the turntable platform.
8.1 Conditioning—Unless otherwise specified, condition the
5.2 Refacing Stone—The ST-11 refacing stone (or equiva-
test specimens at 23 6 2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) and 50 6 5 %
lent) shall be used for refacing the abrasive wheels. It is
relative humidity for not less than 40 h prior to test. In cases of
important that the turntable platform runs true on the abraser
disagreement, the tolerances shall be 61°C (61.8°F) and
and that the refacing stone lies flat on the turntable platform.
62 % relative humidity.
5.3 Abrasive Wheels—The grade of wheel designated CS-
8.2 Test Conditions—Conduct tests in the standard labora-
10F5 shall be used, and shall meet the following requirements
tory atmosphere of 23 6 2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) and 50 6 5 %
at the time of the test:
relative humidity, unless otherwise specified. In cases of
5.3.1 The wheel shall be 12.7 6 0.3 mm wide and have an
disagreements, the tolerances shall be 61°C (61.8°F) and
external diameter of 51.9 6 0.5 mm when new, and in no case
62 % relative humidity.
less than 44.4 mm, and
5.3.2 The wheel shall not be used after the date stamped on NOTE 9—The change in percent of haze significantly worsens when
it. humidity levels are less than 45 %.
5 6
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time Calibrated plastic haze standards are available from BYK-Gardner, Inc., 9104
is Taber Industries, 455 Bryant Street, North Tonawanda, NY 14120. If you are Guilford Road, Columbia, MD 21046.
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aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Interna- The opposing sides of ST-11 refacing stones manufactured prior to July 2010
tional Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting were a duplex stone with one side 180 grit (referenced as the fine side) and the
of the responsible technical committee,1 which you may attend. opposite side 80 grit. Use only the fine side.
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9.1.5 Lower the arms so the wheels contact the surface of 10.2 Place the unabraded specimen in the hazemeter sample
the ST-11 refacing stone. holder with the side to be abraded facing the entrance port of
9.2 Before abrading each specimen, reface the wheels for 25 the integrating sphere. Measure the haze percentage (initial
cycles on the ST-11 refacing stone. After refacing, use a soft haze) of the specimen at a minimum of four equally spaced
bristle, anti-static brush to lightly brush the wheel surfaces to points in the unabraded area. The results shall be averaged for
remove any loose particulate matter before abrading a speci- each specimen.
men. (Warning—Do not touch the running surface of the NOTE 12—As an operational qualification step for the instrumental
wheels after they are refaced. New wheels or wheels trued measurement of transmission haze, it is recommended to measure the haze
percentage value with no sample present and verify that the reading of the
using a diamond tool refacer, must first be broken in with 100
hazemeter is 0. The sample holder must be removed during this measure-
cycles on the ST-11 refacing stone followed by a test on the ment.
material to be evaluated (results to be discarded).)
10.3 Mount the specimen on the abraser turntable platform
NOTE 10—A brush found suitable for this purpose has been described as with the side to be abraded facing up. The specimen shall be
follows: Having a width of two inches with tuft spacing of 0.25 inches, it mounted at a 45° angle from the front of the machine (see Fig.
is a soft-fiber, static-dissipative brush manufactured from an acrylic fiber
3). Secure using the clamp plate and nut.
(0.0015 inch filament diameter) that has been chemically bonded with a
layer of copper sulfide to produce a resistance of 3–5 times 10-4 ohms per 10.4 Select the load to be used and affix it to the abraser.
centimetre. Lower the vacuum pick-up nozzle and adjust the height to
NOTE 11—The fine side of the ST-11 refacing stone has a limited life within 0.8 to 1.6 mm (1⁄32 to 1⁄16 in.) of the specimen surface.
and must be replaced after 7500 cycles (approximately 300 refacings).
Set the counter to zero and program the appropriate number of
9.2.1 A thin fin of wheel material will sometimes form on cycles. Start the abraser and subject the specimen to abrasion
the left hand edge of the wheel as the main body of the wheel for a selected number of cycles. Use an abrasion of 100 cycles
wears down. To remove, gently rub the edge of the wheel using with the 500 load, unless otherwise specified.
a gloved finger. Avoid touching the running surface of the
NOTE 13—If using a dual table abraser and the second table is not in
wheel. use, mount a sample to that table, lower the vacuum pick-up nozzle and
9.2.2 The maximum allowed time between refacing and adjust the height as stated in 10.4.
testing shall not exceed two minutes. NOTE 14—For plotting curves of light scattering versus cycles of
abrasion, 10, 25, 50, and 100 cycles are recommended.
10. Procedure 10.5 After abrasion, handle test pieces by their edges to
10.1 Before testing, remove any protective masking mate- prevent contamination of their surfaces. Clean the test speci-
rial from the specimen. If required, clean the specimen using a men following the manufacturers recommendation. If none is
practice recommended by the manufacturer or in accordance specified, use the following method:
with 10.5. Handle test pieces by their edges to prevent 10.5.1 Using a soft bristle, anti-static brush, lightly brush off
contamination of their surfaces. any debris adhered to the surface of the test specimen.
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10.5.2 Using an Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) soaked lint free 12. Report
cloth, gently wipe both surfaces of the specimen in a linear 12.1 Report the following information:
motion to remove any remaining particulate. First wipe the 12.1.1 Change in percentage of haze as calculated by 10.7,
specimen vertically, then wipe the specimen horizontally; and 12.1.2 Number of specimens tested,
as a final cleaning step wipe the edges (see Fig. 4). For those 12.1.3 Load and the number of cycles used, if other than
materials where IPA influences the surface characteristics, or specified in 10.4,
does not yield a satisfactory result, use a cleaning solution of 12.1.4 Wheel cleaning interval(s), if clogging is an issue,
water with a commercial (for example, dish-washing) deter-
12.1.5 Temperature stabilization details (in accordance with
gent added, or a cleaning solution that is compatible with the
4.5.2), if applicable,
sample. Rinse with deionized water, then dry by pressing
12.1.6 Cleaning solution used, if applicable,
lightly between two linen cloths or blow dry with clean air or
12.1.7 Rotational speed of turntable platform,
nitrogen. Inspect to confirm there are no water spots or other
12.1.8 Plot of the percentage of light scattered versus cycles
residue before taking haze measurement.
abraded, if more than one number of cycles is used, and
10.6 Place the abraded specimen in the hazemeter sample 12.1.9 Description of the integrating sphere photometer
holder with the abraded track against the entrance port of the including: sphere geometry; exit light beam diameter with and
integrating sphere (facing away from the light source). Mea- without the diaphragm inserted; and location of the diaphragm
sure the haze percentage of the transmitted light that is diffused in the light beam. Alternatively, report the make and model of
by the abraded track (final haze) on at least four equally spaced the hazemeter used.
intervals along the track. The results shall be averaged for each
specimen. The specimen holder shall be positioned so that no 13. Precision and Bias
portion of the light beam is within 1 mm of the inside or
outside edge of the track. 13.1 Table 1 is based on a round robin conducted in 2004,
10.6.1 Percent haze, as defined by Test Method D1003, is involving five materials tested by five laboratories. Each lab
calculated as follows: made six (6) determinations for each material and cycle
combination. It should be noted that the test procedure used for
haze 5 @ T d □/□T t # 3 100 (1) the round robin involved higher reface cycles, and no consid-
where: eration was given to the useful life of the ST-11 refacing stone.
Tt = total transmittance 13.1.1 In Table 1 for the materials indicated:
Td = diffuse transmittance Sr = pooled within-laboratories standard deviation of the
NOTE 15—Subjective comparisons may be made by visually comparing mean for three or ten specimens,
abraded specimens with a measured, abraded standard. SR = total among-laboratories standard deviation of the mean
10.7 The initial haze percentage of the unabraded specimen for three or ten specimens,
determined by 10.2 shall be subtracted from the final haze r = 2.83 Sr (see 13.2), and
percentage of the abraded sample as measured by 10.6. The R = 2.83 SR (see 13.3).
difference represents the light scatter resulting from abrading Other materials may give somewhat different results.
the specimen. 13.2 Repeatability—In comparing two averages for the
same material, obtained by the same operator using the same
11. Interpretation of Results equipment on the same day, the average should be judged not
11.1 The lower the percent haze difference, the more resis- equivalent if they differ by more than the r value for that
tant the specimen is to abrasive damage. material and condition.
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TABLE 1 Precision Statement Based on Three Replicate Observations
Values in Units of Percent Haze
Material Number of Cycles Mean
Sx Sr SR r R
Glass 1000 0.69 0.19 0.16 0.25 0.45 0.70
Polycarbonate—Coating 1 500 2.52 0.76 0.95 1.19 2.65 3.32
Polycarbonate—Coating 2 100 8.95 1.23 1.64 1.99 4.58 5.57
Polycarbonate—Coating 3 500 11.65 2.95 4.82 5.48 13.49 15.33
Polycarbonate—Coating 4 1000 2.82 0.83 0.93 1.22 2.61 3.42
13.3 Reproducibility—In comparing two averages for the 13.6 Bias—No statement is made about bias of this test
same material, obtained by different operators using different method, as there is no absolute method available as a referee
equipment, the averages should be judged not equivalent if method.
they differ by more than the R value for that material and
condition. 14. Keywords
13.4 The judgments in accordance with 13.2 and 13.3 will 14.1 abrasion; haze; hazemeter; surface abrasion; Taber
be correct in approximately 95 % of such comparisons. abraser
13.5 For further information on the methodology used in
this section, see Practice E691.
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
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X1.1.6 Load—The accessory mass marked 500 g shall
weigh 250 6 1 g and the accessory mass marked 1000 g shall
weigh 750 6 1g.
X2.1 The vacuum pick-up nozzle referenced in this test hole is perpendicular to the hole axis. (2) Using an 11-mm
method has a larger diameter hole bore than the standard (7⁄16-in.) drill bit, enlarge the hole taking care not to drill
nozzle, 11 mm (7⁄16 in.) versus 8 mm (5⁄16 in.). A replacement completely through the vacuum pick-up nozzle. (3) Repeat for
nozzle is available, or the user can modify the vacuum nozzle the second hole, so that the distance between the axes of the
according to the following instructions. (1) Secure the nozzle two openings is 76.0 6 1.0 mm. (See Fig. X2.1.)
with the opening aligned under the drill bit so that the drilled
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee D20 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D1044 - 08ϵ1) that may impact the use of this standard. (September 1, 2013)
(1) Deleted erroneous statement from Note 4 claiming poor (8) Subsection 10.3 was updated so specimens are mounted at
reproducibility of Test Method D4060. a 45° angle (added Fig. 3). (This change was made because the
(2) Deleted Practice D618 reference from 2.1 and added ASTM abrading wheels may scuff (skid on) the specimen when the
Guide G195; and added ISO 15082 to 2.2. turntable platform first starts to rotate. Rotating the specimens
(3) Eliminated description of fine side of ST-11 refacing stone 45° will exclude this unintended damage from the haze
from 5.2. (Beginning in July 2012, ST-11 stones were manu- measurement.)
factured with both sides considered “fine”.) (9) Updated cleaning instructions in 10.5.2 so specimens are
(4) Inserted Footnote 7. wiped in a linear fashion and edges cleaned (added Fig. 4).
(5) Removed reference to Practice D618 in 8.1 (relative Also permitted using a cleaning solution of water and com-
humidity tolerance changed in 2008 revision of Practice D618 mercial detergent; and included rinsing, drying, and inspecting.
and no longer matches 65%). (10) Renamed plasma coating to Coating 4 in Table 1.
(6) Corrected the limited life of the ST-11 refacing stone in
(11) Replaced Fig. X1.1 with new image.
Note 11 from 10,000 to 7,500 cycles.
(7) Update cleaning procedure prior to abrasion by referencing
10.5 in 10.1.
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