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Lab 3, Experiment: Centrifugal Fan Flow For Cooling of A DC Motor
Lab 3, Experiment: Centrifugal Fan Flow For Cooling of A DC Motor
Lab 3, Experiment: Centrifugal Fan Flow For Cooling of A DC Motor
Lab 3, Experiment
Larry Morgan
Student, University of Arkansas
Fort Smith, Arkansas, USA
ABSTRACT on food to cool it. The heat is transferred from the food to the
The purpose of this lab was to find the volumetric flow rate air moving over it.
of air moving through the motor by a 3D printed, centrifugal-
type fan. Pulse Width Modulation:
A non-contact temperature sensor was used to measure the
temperature of the motor casing and motor shaft at steady state. Pulse width modulation is a method of electric signal
This process was used with and without the fan. generation. In many cases, PWM is used for digital to analog
Thermocouples were used to determine the inlet and outlet emulation of a DC signal. The signal is generated with pulses
temperatures of the air while using the fan. A resistance of a voltage of constant amplitude which is either absolute on
network was created to determine the heat lost from the motor. or off. The duty cycle describes the duration of the pulse. For
Using an energy balance, the volumetric flow rate of the air was example, a signal with a duty cycle of 35% would result in the
found to be 2.79 liters per second at 2,904 RPM. voltage pulse being sustained for 35% of the signal’s period.
The duration of the period is determined by the frequency of
INTRODUCTION the PWM function.
In this experiment, the control board accepts a PWM signal
Heat Transfer: which it amplifies to control the DC motor. The control board
receives a constant PWM signal of 1.5V at 50% duty cycle
Heat transfer is the exchange of thermal energy between which is amplified to 90V at a duty cycle of 50%.
objects. When dealing with heat transfer there are three types of
heat transfer conduction, convection, and radiation. For the EQUIPMENT
system analyzed in this experiment, heat losses due to radiation Stroboscope
were considered to be negligible. Arbitrary Function generator
Non-contact temperature sensor
Conduction: Thermocouple (Lab Jack)
Ice Water
Conduction is the transfer of internal energy within an Oscilloscope with Ground Isolation Probe
object or between two objects that are in direct or indirect
Power Supply / Motor Control Board
contact with each other. An example of heat conduction would
DC Spindle Motor
be when you place a skillet on a stovetop and turn it on. The
3D printed fan
heat is then transferred from the stovetop to the bottom of the
skillet by conduction.
NOMENCLATURE
Convection: Hz – Hertz (frequency)
PWM – Pulse width modulation
Convection is heat transfer from one place to another by RPM – Rotations per minute
the movement of fluids. An example of convection is blowing W – Watts
R1 – Resistance to heat flow through the motor body
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R2 – Resistance to heat flow from the source to the air
T1 – Temperature of the motor shaft (heat source) Average Volts Average Amps Average Power (W)
Ts – Temperature of the motor shell surface 45 0.3 13.5
T∞ – f Temperature of the ambient air Ambient Air Temp: 22.2 (C)
– Overall heat transfer (Watts)
h – Convective heat transfer coefficient Without Fan With Fan
As – Surface area Surface Temp: 48.9 (C) Surface Temp: 24.5 (C)
– Heat transfer through the motor body (Watts) Shaft Temp: 48.9 (C) Shaft Temp: 28.1 (C)
– Heat transfer directly to the air (Watts)
Ambient Air Temp: 22.2 (C) Inlet Air Temp: 22.2 (C)
RTotal – Overall thermal resistance
Inlet Air Temp: 26.2 (C)
Tf – Film temperature
Nu – Nusselt’s Number Table 1 – Steady State Data
RaD – Rayleigh Number
Pr – Prandtl Number At steady state conditions, the system becomes
Gr – Grashof Number independent of time. Therefore, we must know that all energy
g – Force of gravity being put into the system must also be leaving the system. In
β – Volume expansion coefficient (1/K) this case, it is assumed that all of the energy is being dissipated
Lc – Characteristic length as heat lost to the surroundings.
ν – Kinematic viscosity In this system, it is assumed that heat can only be
T – Temperature (K) dissipated in two ways. The first assumption is that energy can
m – Meter travel through the entire body of the motor and be convected
K – Absolute temperature in Kelvin naturally to the surrounding ambient air. The second
– Mass flow rate assumption is that heat is lost directly from the heat source
Cp – Specific heat (motor shaft) to the air that is exposed to the heat source
ρ – Density through the open ends of the motor casing. A cross-section view
(seen below) of the motor allows a better visualization of the air
– Volumetric flow rate
flow in the system.
L – Liters
s – Seconds
n – Speed (RPM)
PROCEDURE
1. Power the function generator and set it to output a
square wave function, 1.5 volts peak to peak, with
a voltage offset of .75 volts at 50% duty cycle.
The frequency is to be set at 20 Hz.
2. Leaving the power supply unplugged, connect the
spindle motor into the motor control board. Figure 1 – Air Flow
3. Plug in the motor control board to send power to
the motor. This assumption allows all of the energy in the system to
4. Allow the temperature of the motor shaft and be accounted for in an ideal model. To approach this problem, a
casing to reach steady state, measure and record resistive network will be utilized to represent the resistance to
temperatures using a non-contact thermometer. energy transferred between the heat source and the
5. Disconnect the function generator from the power surroundings.
supply to stop the motor.
6. Put the Fan on the spindle shaft, then reconnect
the function generator and repeat steps 4-6.
7. Using an oscilloscope and a ground isolation
probe, measure and record the voltage and current
for 50% duty cycle to determine the motor power.
8. Perform the energy balance analysis for the
system at steady state as described in the
following method.
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Figure 2 – Thermal Resistance Model
The temperature used in Equation 1.5 must be an absolute
In the picture above, R1 represents the resistance of heat temperature.
conduction traveling through the body of the motor as well as
convecting naturally to the ambient air. R2 represents the After calculating Rayleigh’s Number and confirming that it
resistance of convective heat transfer directly from the heat is within the necessary parameters, the correlation for Nusselt’s
source to the surroundings through the open ends of the motor Number may also be calculated. The resulting value will be
shell. The resulting resistive network is configured in parallel. used to determine the convective heat transfer coefficient, h.
The heat transfer can be determined with the following
equations for a resistance model.
By accounting for all of the heat lost in the system, the Without Spindle Fan
amount of heat from each resistance path can be calculated. It is Volts: 45
known that all of the heat that travels through the body of the Amps: 0.3
motor will be lost to the environment by natural convection on
the casing of the motor. Therefore, the heat lost through the
Power: 13.5 (W)
resistance path of R1 can be calculated by the following T∞: 22.2 (C)
method.
Ts: 48.9 (C)
T1 : 48.9 (C)
Tf: 308.55 (K)
For natural convection, h is unknown and is a function of
Nusselt’s Number. All properties of air should be found at the As: 0.0334 (m^2)
Film Temperature, Tf. The Film Temperature is found by taking
the average of Ts and T∞. The Nusselt correlation for a
D: 0.0762 (m)
horizontal cylinder is calculated by the following equation. Air k: 0.02514 (W/m-K)
Air β: 0.003241 (1/K)
Pr: 0.7309
Air ν: 1.52E-05 (m^2/s)
Gr: 1.63E+06
For RaD ≤ 1012 Ra: 1.19E+06 BUENO :)
Nu: 15.34
Air h: 5.06 (W/m^2-K)
Table 2 – Natural Convection without Fan
In this case we can assume that the air is acting as an ideal gas. Applying this data to Equation 1.2, the heat transfer through R 1
Therefore… can be calculated.
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Applying this data to Equation 1.2, the heat transfer through R 1
can be calculated.
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was found to be a speed of 2,904 RPM. The appropriate
equation for volumetric flow affinity is shown below.
REFERENCES
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