BE8255/ BASIC ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS & MEASUREMENT ENGINEERING

uNIT -3
Utilization of electrical power- SOLAR PANELS & WIND ENERGY

Dr.S.K.MYDHILI
Professor/cse

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 syllabus
• Renewable energy sources
➢ Solar panels
➢ Wind
• Illumination by lamps
➢ Sodium Vapour
➢ Mercury vapour
➢ Fluorescent tube
• Domestic refrigerator and air conditioner
➢ Electric circuit
➢ Construction and working principle.
• Batteries
➢ NiCd,
➢ Pb Acid
➢ Li ion–Charge and Discharge Characteristics
• Protection
➢ Need for earthing
➢ Fuses
➢ Circuit breakers.
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• Energy Tariff calculation for domestic loads
 NON-CONVENTIONAL POWER
GENERATION SYSTEMS
• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
• Tidal Energy
• Geo-Thermal Energy
• Ocean Thermal Energy
• Bio-gas Generation
• Direct energy Conversion System

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SOLAR POWER PLANT-PRINCIPLE
• Sun gives out 3.7X10^20 MW of energy into space
• Earth intercepts only 1.7X10^11 MW
• Solar intensity is reduced by clouds,dusts,haze and fog
• Energy emitted by sun in 3 min is equivalent to the world
energy consumption per year
• In the form of light, short wave radiation
• “When the radiation from sun strikes a solid or liquid , it is
absorbed and transformed into heat energy. This heat energy
is converted into useful work or mechanical energy”
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SOLAR POWER PLANT- methods
• Flate Plate Collector- Low Temperature System
• Parabolic Concentrator Collector- Medium
• Solar Power plant- Tower System
• Solar cells/ Photovoltaic cells

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 flat plate collector
• Water of fluid heated upto temperature of about 80℃
• Solar heater is used in houses,hostels, hotels,etc.,
• Top cover –glass facilitates light to fall / solar radiation
• Radiation energy falls on a flat metal – Al, Steel,Cu
• Absorber plate is coated with black paint
• Plate is placed facing the sun
• Thermal insulation prevent heat losses
• Glass wool is used as insulation

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SOLAR POWER PLANT- flat plate collector

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parabolic concentrator collector
• Water of fluid heated upto temperature of about 150-300℃
• It is of reflecting type which has cylindrical parabolic mirror
• Rays falling on it is reflected to a focal point
• Fluid in absorber is heated to a very high temperature
• Absorber temperature is higher than flate plate collector
• Reflector is steered using a chain drive mechanism during day
time
• Convert water to super heated steam
• Used to drive turbine to generate electricity
• Heat transfer fluids are used in industry instead of water
• Large parabolic concentrators are subject to large wind loads,
which requires excellent support system- Drawback
• Alternative to steer is use of large mirror, which track sun & 8
reflects rays on concentrator
SOLAR POWER PLANT-parabolic
concentrator collector

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TOWER CONCept
• Water of fluid heated at temperature >300℃
• Large fields of reflecting mirrors called helio stats are used
• Heliostats redirects & concentrate sun’s radiation energy on a boiler
• Boiler/Central receiver - mounted on tower (500m)
• Heliostats are individually guided to focus the sun’s energy on the
boiler at all hours of sunlight
• The extreme heated water converted into steam is used for running
turbine
• Turbine coupled with generator and condenser
• Thermal storage system is provided for night time and cloudy periods
• Boiler is designed for higher outputs than requirement for steam
• If no solar incidence, feed water is not sent to boiler, but shunted to
storage system to run the turbine
• Place of choice is desert, but water is scarce, where for condenser
cooling water is avoided and cooled by air 10
SOLAR POWER PLANT-TOWER CONCEPT

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SOLAR CELL or photo voltaic cells
• Direct conversion takes place
• Basic unit of photovoltaic system is solar cell
• Made of single crystal silicon
• Solar cell is a semi-conductor device
• Generates voltage when sun light falls
• Power obtained in day time is stored in solar batteries
• Forms a PN junction semiconductor
• Si is added with arsenic or phosphorous – N type
• Si added with Boron – P type
• Charge distribution near PN junction give rise to electric field and occurs a
potential difference across the junction
• If load is applied externally, PD drives current
• Current will flow as long as sun light keeps generating the electron pairs
• Used in remote, unmanned devices, calculators, irrigation pumps, TV
station, satellite, rain-crossing signal, navigational signals, space craft etc.,12
SOLAR POWER PLANT- SOLAR CELL

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SOLAR energy - merits
• Infinite source of energy
• Inexhaustible- renewable kind
• Environmental friendly
• Independent energy source
• Freely available
• No transportation problem
• No transmission and distribution losses

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SOLAR energy - demerits
• Available in dilute form- low potential
• Requires large collecting area
• Requires large land areas – capital cost is high
• Unavailable at night or cloudy or rainy days

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Wind mill
• Primitive man used their muscle power to work , demand of more
power has driven attention on utilization of wind
PRINCIPLE
• Winds are caused due to absorption of solar energy on the earths
surface and the rotation of earth about its own axisv and around
the sun
• Alternate heating and cooling occurs
• Difference in pressure is obtained and air movement is caused
• Estimated 10 millions MW energy is available
PRINCIPLE of wind mill
• The flowing wind possesses kinetic energy by virtue of its motion.
• Wind mill slows down the mass of moving air and converts it into
mechanical energy or useful work 16
Wind mill - types
• Based on axis of rotation
• Horizontal axis type
• Vertical axis type
Horizontal axis type wind mill
• Has better performance
• Classified as i) Single-bladed, ii) Double bladed iii) Multi-bladed
• Consider a single bladed wind mill
• Propeller type with counter weight arrangement
• Double blade gives better performance than single bladed
• In double bladed, wind mill is mounted on a bed plate attached
on the top of the tower
• Wind mill head accommodates step-up gear box, control devices,
generator
• Blade rotor drives generator through gear box 17
Horizontal axis type wind mill- contd.,
• Two blades have thick cross section of an aero foil, made of
aluminum or sheet metal
• Blades are at right angles to direction of the wind
• Output of the generator is connected to the load
• With rotor , tower is subjected to the wind loads which might
cause serious damage
• Structure design is important
• Best sites – Off shores along sea coast
• Lowest possibility –plain lands
• Present production capacity in TN is around 300 MW

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WIND MILL

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wind mill- merits
• Renewable source of energy
• Free and in exhaustible
• Short duration for construction
• Good standard of life
• Does not need transportation
• Pollution free energy

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wind mill- demerits
• Not consistent and steady and fluctuating
• Designing is complicated
• Material requirement suitability
• Maintenance requirement of constant power
• Wind is hazardous, treacherous and unpredictable
• Small scale production – 5 MW only
• Variation in power production cost
• Free and in exhaustible
• Short duration for construction
• Good standard of life
• Does not need transportation
• Pollution free energy
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