Per

cep
tio
n

Per
cep
tio
niso
urs
ens
ory ex
per
ien
ceo
fth
e wo
rlda
rou
ndu
san
din
vol
vesb
oth
r
eco
gni
zin
gen
vir
onmen
tals
timu
lia
nda
cti
onsi
nres
pon
set
oth
eses
timu
li.

 Th
rou
ght
hep
erc
ept
ualp
roc
ess
,weg
aini
nfo
rma
tio
nab
outt
hep
rop
ert
iesa
nd
el
emen
tso
fth
een
vir
onmen
tth
ata
rec
rit
ica
ltoo
urs
urv
iva
l.

 Per
cep
tio
nno
ton
lyc
rea
teso
urex
per
ien
ceo
fth
ewo
rlda
rou
ndu
s;i
tal
lows
u
stoa
ctwi
thi
nou
ren
vir
onmen
t.

 Per
cep
tio
nin
clu
dest
hef
ives
ens
es;t
ouc
h,s
igh
t,s
oun
d,s
mel
l,a
ndt
ast
e.I
t
a
lsoi
ncl
udeswh
ati
skn
owna
spr
opr
ioc
ept
ion
,as
eto
fsen
sesi
nvo
lvi
ngt
he
a
bil
ityt
odet
ectc
han
gesi
nbo
dy p
osi
tio
nsa
nd mo
vemen
ts.I
tal
soi
nvo
lves
t
hec
ogn
iti
vep
roc
ess
esr
equ
ired t
opr
oces
sin
for
mat
ion
,su
cha
srec
ogn
izi
ng
t
hef
aceo
faf
rien
dordet
ect
ingaf
ami
lia
rsc
ent
.

 Per
cep
tio
nref
erst
oth
e wa
ysen
sor
yin
for
mat
ioni
sor
gan
ized,i
nter
pret
ed,
a
ndc
ons
cio
usl
yex
per
ien
ced.

 Per
cep
tio
nin
vol
vesb
othb
ott
om-u
pan
dto
p-do
wnp
roc
ess
ing
.

Bo
tto
mupp
roc
ess
ing To
pdo
wnp
roc
ess
ing

Bo
tto
m-u
ppr
oces
sin
gref
ers Ho
wwei
nter
prett
hos
esen
sat
ion
s
t
oth
efa
ctt
hatp
erc
ept
ion
s i
sin
flu
enc
edb
you
rav
ail
abl
e
a
reb
uil
tfr
oms
ens
oryi
npu
t. k
nowl
edg
e,o
urex
per
ien
ces
,an
d
o
urt
hou
ght
s.Th
isi
sca
lledt
op-
do
wnp
roc
ess
ing
.

Sen
sat
ioni
sa p
hys
ica
lpr
oces
s,wh
erea
sper
cep
tio
nisp
syc
hol
ogi
cal
.Fo
rex
amp
le,
u
ponwa
lki
ngi
ntoa k
itc
hena
nds
mel
lin
gth
esc
ento
fba
kin
gci
nna
monr
oll
s,t
he
s
ens
ati
oni
sth
esc
entr
ecep
tor
sdet
ect
ingt
heo
doro
fci
nna
mon
,bu
tth
eper
cep
tio
n
ma
ybe“
Mmm,t
hiss
mel
lsl
iket
heb
rea
d Gr
andmau
sed t
oba
ke wh
ent
hef
ami
ly
g
ath
eredf
orh
oli
days
.”
To
pic
:
Th
eRela
tio
nsh
ipBet
weenSen
sat
ionAn
dPer
cep
tio
n

Sen
sat
ion

Sen
sat
ioni
s def
ined a
sth
epr
oces
sin wh
ichas
ens
oryr
ecep
tori
sst
imu
lat
ed,
p
rodu
cin
gner
vei
mpu
lsest
hatt
rav
elt
oth
ebr
ain
,wh
ichi
ntu
rni
nter
pret
ssu
ch
i
mpu
lsesa
sav
isu
ali
mag
e,as
oun
d,t
ast
e,o
dor
,to
uch
,orp
ain
.

Th
eph
ysi
cals
timu
lusp
res
enti
nth
een
vir
onmen
temi
tsen
erg
yth
ati
sab
sor
bed b
y
as
ens
oryo
rga
n(k
nowna
str
ans
duc
tio
n),c
aus
ings
ens
ati
on.

Per
cep
tio
n

Per
cep
tio
nref
erst
oth
eoc
cur
ren
ce wh
en t
heb
rai
nper
for
ms o
rga
niz
ati
ono
f
i
nfo
rma
tio
nito
bta
insf
romt
hen
eur
ali
mpu
lses
,an
dth
en b
egi
nst
hep
roc
esso
f
t
ran
sla
tio
nan
din
ter
pret
ati
on.I
tisa v
ita
lpr
oces
sth
ath
elp
susr
ati
ona
liz
eor
ma
kes
ens
eoft
hei
nfo
rma
tio
nrel
atedt
oth
eph
ysi
cals
timu
lus
.

Per
cep
tio
noc
cur
swh
ent
heb
rai
npr
oces
sesi
nfo
rma
tio
ntog
ive mea
nin
gtoi
t,b
y
mea
nso
femo
tio
ns,memo
ries
,et
c.

Rel
ati
ons
hip

Sen
sat
iona
ndp
erc
ept
iona
re el
emen
tst
hatb
ala
ncea
ndc
omp
lemen
ton
ean
oth
er.
Th
eywo
rkt
oget
herf
oru
stob
eab
let
oiden
tif
yan
dcr
eat
emea
nin
gfr
oms
timu
li
-r
ela
tedi
nfo
rma
tio
n.

Wi
tho
uts
ens
ati
on,p
erc
ept
ionwi
lln
otb
epo
ssi
ble,ex
cep
tfo
rpeo
plewh
obel
iev
ein
ex
tra
sen
sor
yper
cep
tio
norESP.An
dwi
tho
utp
erc
ept
ion
,ou
rsen
sat
ion
swo
uldr
ema
in
t
obe"
unk
nown
"tou
ssi
ncet
her
eisn
omen
talp
roc
ess
ingo
fwh
atwes
ens
e.

Di
ffer
enc
es

Sen
sat
iona
ndp
erc
ept
iona
ret
woc
omp
let
ely di
ffer
entel
emen
tsi
nter
mso
fho
w
t
hey p
roc
essi
nfo
rma
tio
n.I
nsen
sat
ion
,th
eph
ysi
cals
timu
lus
,to
get
her wi
thi
ts
p
hys
ica
lpr
oper
ties
,isr
egi
ster
ed b
ysen
sor
yor
gan
s.Th
en,t
heo
rga
nsdec
ode t
his
i
nfo
rma
tio
n,a
ndt
ran
sfo
rmt
hem i
nton
eur
ali
mpu
lseso
rsi
gna
ls.Th
eses
ign
alsa
re
t
ran
smi
tted t
oth
esen
sor
yco
rti
ceso
fth
ebr
ain
.Th
eli
neo
fdi
ffer
enc
ebet
ween
s
ens
ati
ona
ndp
erc
ept
ioni
sper
cep
tio
nfo
llo
wss
ens
ati
on.

I
nth
ebr
ain
,th
ener
vei
mpu
lsesg
oth
rou
ghas
eri
eso
for
gan
iza
tio
n,t
ran
sla
tio
nan
d
i
nter
pret
ati
on.On
cep
erc
ept
ioni
sfi
nis
hed,ap
ers
oni
sab
let
o"ma
kes
ens
e"o
uto
f
t
he s
ens
ati
ons
. Fo
rin
sta
nce, s
eei
ng t
he l
igh
t(s
ens
ati
on)i
s di
ffer
entf
rom
det
ermi
nin
git
sco
lor(
per
cep
tio
n).An
oth
erex
amp
lei
sth
atf
eel
ingt
hec
oldn
esso
f
t
heen
vir
onmen
tisdi
ffer
entf
romp
erc
eiv
ingt
hatwi
nteri
sco
min
g.Al
so,h
ear
inga
s
oun
disdi
ffer
entf
romp
erc
eiv
ingt
hemu
sicb
ein
gpl
ayed.

“
Mos
tps
ych
olo
gis
tsb
eli
evet
hats
ens
ati
oni
sani
mpo
rta
ntp
arto
fbo
tto
m-u
p
p
roc
ess
ing
.Th
ismea
nst
hats
ens
ati
ono
ccu
rs
wh
ent
hes
ens
oryo
rga
nst
ran
smi
tin
for
mat
ion
t
owa
rds t
he b
rai
n. On t
he o
ther h
and,
p
erc
ept
ioni
sap
arto
fto
p-do
wnp
roc
ess
ing
.
I
nth
isc
ase,p
erc
ept
ionh
app
ens wh
en t
he
b
rai
nin
ter
pret
sth
esen
sor
yin
for
mat
iona
nd
s
endsc
orr
esp
ondi
ngs
ign
alst
osen
sor
yor
gan
s
f
orr
esp
ons
etot
hep
hys
ica
lst
imu
li.
”

I
mpo
rta
nceo
fper
cep
tio
n

Per
cep
tio
n i
s a s
ubj
ect
ive, a
cti
ve a
nd
c
rea
tiv
e p
roc
esst
hro
ugh wh
ich we a
ssi
gn
mea
nin
gtos
ens
oryi
nfo
rma
tio
ntou
nder
sta
nd
o
urs
elv
esa
ndo
ther
s.I
tca
nbe def
ined a
sou
rrec
ogn
iti
ona
ndi
nter
pret
ati
ono
f
s
ens
oryi
nfo
rma
tio
n.I
tal
soi
ncl
udesh
owwer
esp
ondt
oth
ein
for
mat
ion
.

Per
cep
tio
nisv
eryi
mpo
rta
nti
nun
der
sta
ndi
ngh
uma
nbeh
avi
orb
eca
useev
eryp
ers
on
p
erc
eiv
est
hewo
rlda
nda
ppr
oac
hesl
ifep
rob
lemsdi
ffer
ent
ly.Wh
atev
erwes
eeo
r
f
eeli
sno
tnec
ess
ari
lyt
hes
amea
sitr
eal
lyi
s.Wh
enweb
uys
omet
hin
g,i
tisn
ot
b
eca
usei
tist
heb
est
,bu
tbec
aus
ewet
akei
ttob
eth
ebes
t.

I
fpeo
pleb
eha
veo
nth
eba
siso
fth
eirp
erc
ept
ion
,wec
anp
redi
ctt
hei
rbeh
avi
ori
n
t
he c
han
ged c
irc
ums
tan
ces b
y u
nder
sta
ndi
ng t
hei
rpr
esen
tper
cep
tio
noft
he
en
vir
onmen
t.On
eper
son ma
ybev
iewi
ngt
hef
act
sino
ne wa
y wh
ich ma
ybe
di
ffer
entf
romt
hef
act
sass
eenb
yan
oth
erv
iewer
.

Wi
tht
heh
elpo
fper
cep
tio
n,t
hen
eeds o
fva
rio
usp
eop
lec
anb
e det
ermi
ned,
b
eca
usep
eop
le’
sper
cep
tio
nisi
nfl
uen
ced b
y t
hei
rneeds
.Per
cep
tio
nca
nbe
i
mpo
rta
ntb
eca
usei
tof
fer
smo
ret
hano
bjec
tiv
eou
tpu
t;i
tin
ges
tsa
nob
ser
vat
ion
a
nd ma
nuf
act
uresa
nal
ter
ed r
eal
ityen
ric
hed wi
thp
rev
iou
sex
per
ien
ces
.Per
cep
tio
n
b
uil
dsc
har
act
er(
notn
eces
sar
ilyg
oodo
rba
dch
ara
cter
)th
atdef
inesdi
ffer
ent
r
olesi
ndi
vidu
alsf
alli
ntot
hec
lown
,th
ehyp
ocr
ite,t
hes
elf
-ri
ght
eou
s,t
hev
ict
im,
et
c.

I
tisv
ita
llyi
mpo
rta
nti
fwe wa
ntt
ogeta
lon
gwi
tho
ther
stot
ryt
osee t
hin
gs
f
romt
hei
rper
spec
tiv
eorwa
lki
nth
eirs
hoesf
ora wh
ile.I
f we wa
lki
nth
eir
s
hoeswewi
llg
ainan
ewp
ers
pec
tiv
eab
outt
hin
gsa
ndi
nth
atu
nder
sta
ndt
heo
ther
a
nda
lsoc
anl
ovea
ndh
elpt
heo
thermo
rea
ppr
opr
iat
ely.Th
us,f
oru
nder
sta
ndi
ng
h
uma
nbeh
avi
or,i
tisv
eryi
mpo
rta
ntt
oun
der
sta
ndt
hei
rper
cep
tio
n,t
hati
s,h
ow
t
heyp
erc
eiv
eth
edi
ffer
ents
itu
ati
ons
.

Peo
ple’
sbeh
avi
ori
sba
sed o
nth
eirp
erc
ept
ion
sofwh
atr
eal
ityi
s,n
oto
nrea
lit
y
i
tsel
f. Th
e wo
rld a
siti
sper
cei
ved i
sth
e wo
rld t
hati
simp
ort
antf
or
u
nder
sta
ndi
ngh
uma
nbeh
avi
or.

To
pic
:

Per
cep
tua
lOr
gan
iza
tio
n

Wi
lli
am Ja
mesAmer
ica
nps
ych
olo
gis
tha
ssa
idi
f we u
nder
sta
ndt
he wo
rlda
sit
a
ppea
rst
ous
,itwi
llb
e ab
igb
oomi
ng-b
uzz
ingc
onf
usi
on.Hen
ce,we don
ots
ee
t
het
hin
gsa
sth
eya
ppea
r,b
utwes
eet
hem a
swewa
nt,i
.e.mo
remea
nin
gfu
lly.

I
nper
cep
tua
lpr
oces
s we s
elec
ta p
art
icu
lars
timu
lus wi
tho
ura
tten
tio
nan
d
i
nter
preti
t.Th
isp
hen
omen
onwa
swel
lex
pla
ined b
y Ges
tal
tps
ych
olo
gis
ts.Th
ey
b
eli
eved t
hatt
heb
rai
ncr
eat
esac
oher
entp
erc
ept
ualex
per
ien
ceb
yper
cei
vin
ga
s
timu
lusa
sa wh
olet
hanp
erc
eiv
ing di
scr
ete en
tit
ies
.Th
isi
smo
re mea
nin
gfu
lly
s
tat
edi
nth
eges
tal
tpr
inc
ipl
eas“
thewh
olei
sbet
tert
hans
umt
ota
lofi
tsp
art
s”.

Fi
gur
e-g
rou
ndRel
ati
ons
hip
:
Fi
gur
ean
dgr
oun
disat
ypeo
fper
cep
tua
lgr
oup
ingwh
ichi
sav
ita
lnec
ess
aryf
or
r
eco
gni
zin
gob
jec
tst
hro
ughv
isi
on.I
nGes
tal
tps
ych
olo
gyi
tisk
nowna
siden
tif
yin
g
af
igu
ref
romt
heb
ack
gro
und.Fo
rex
amp
le wo
rdso
nap
rin
ted p
apera
res
eena
s
f
igu
rea
ndt
hep
aperi
sisb
ack
gro
und.

Th
eges
tal
tps
ych
olo
gis
tss
tudi
ed a
lls
ort
sofp
erc
ept
ualo
rga
niz
ati
on“
the wa
ys
t
hath
uma
nso
rga
niz
ein
for
mat
iona
bou
twh
att
heys
ee,h
ear
,ec
t”.

Th
eco
ncep
toff
igu
re-g
rou
ndp
erc
ept
ion emer
ged o
uto
fth
efi
eldo
f Ges
tal
t
p
syc
hol
ogy.Ac
cor
din
gtot
he Ges
tal
tap
pro
ach
,th
e wh
olei
smo
re(
ordi
ffer
ent
)
t
hant
hes
umo
fit
spa
rts
.Th
eter
m Ges
tal
tit
sel
fco
mesf
romt
he Ger
manwo
rd
mea
nin
g"f
orm"o
r"s
hap
e."

Du
rin
gth
e1920s
,an
umb
ero
fGer
manp
syc
hol
ogi
stsi
ncl
udi
ngMa
xWer
thei
mera
nd
Wo
lfg
angKo
hlerb
ega
nst
udyi
ngdi
ffer
entp
rin
cip
leso
fper
cep
tio
nth
atg
over
nho
w
p
eop
lema
kes
ens
eofa
nof
tendi
sor
der
lywo
rld.Th
eirwo
rkl
ed t
owh
ati
skn
own
a
sth
eGes
tal
tla
wso
fper
cep
tua
lor
gan
iza
tio
n.

Th
e Ges
tal
tth
eor
yofp
erc
ept
ionp
rop
osest
hatp
eop
le ma
kes
ens
eoft
he wo
rld
a
rou
ndt
hem b
yta
lki
ngs
epa
rat
ean
d di
sti
nctel
emen
tsa
ndc
omb
ini
ngt
hem i
ntoa
u
nif
ied wh
ole.Th
eab
ili
tyt
o di
ffer
ent
iat
evi
sua
llyb
etween a
nob
jec
tan
dit
s
b
ack
gro
und.

A p
ers
on'
sab
ili
tyt
osep
ara
tea
nob
jec
tfr
om i
tss
urr
oun
din
gvi
sua
lfi
eldi
s
r
efer
red t
oasf
igu
re-g
rou
ndp
erc
ept
ion
.Th
eob
jec
tth
ata p
ers
onf
ocu
seso
nis
c
all
edt
hef
igu
re;ev
eryt
hin
gel
sei
sref
err
edt
oasb
ack
gro
und,o
rsi
mpl
ygr
oun
d.

Ps
ych
olo
gis
tsh
avec
rea
teddi
ffer
entk
indso
fst
imu
lii
nor
dert
ost
udyh
owp
eop
le
s
epa
rat
efi
gur
efr
omg
rou
nd.I
nso
me c
ases
,th
eses
timu
lii
nvo
lves
imp
lea
mbi
guo
us
f
igu
resl
iket
hef
amo
usf
ace-v
asef
igu
ret
hatc
anb
ein
ter
pret
ed a
stwo f
aces
l
ook
inga
ton
ean
oth
ero
rag
obl
et,dep
endi
ngo
nwh
ata
spec
tap
ers
onf
ocu
seso
n.

Ges
tal
t l
aw o
f
o
rga
niz
ati
on

Ges
tal
tps
ych
olo
gy wa
sfo
unded b
y Ger
mant
hin
ker
s Ma
x Wer
thei
mer
,Wo
lfg
ang
Ko
hler
,an
d Ku
rt Ko
ffk
aan
dfo
cus
ed o
nho
wpeo
plei
nter
pret t
he wo
rld.Ma
x
Wer
thei
mer n
oted t
hatr
api
dseq
uen
ces o
fper
cep
tua
l ev
ent
s,s
ucha
sro
ws o
f
f
las
hin
gli
ght
s,c
rea
tet
hei
llu
sio
nofmo
tio
nev
enwh
ent
her
eisn
one.Th
isi
skn
own
a
sth
eph
iph
eno
men
on.Mo
tio
npi
ctu
resa
reb
asedo
nth
isp
rin
cip
le,wi
thas
eri
eso
f
s
til
lima
gesa
ppea
rin
ginr
api
dsu
cces
sio
ntof
orm as
eaml
essv
isu
alex
per
ien
ce.

Ac
cor
din
gtoGes
tal
tps
ych
olo
gy,t
hewh
olei
sdi
ffer
entf
romt
hes
umo
fit
spa
rts
.
Ba
sed u
pont
hisb
eli
ef,Ges
tal
tps
ych
olo
gis
ts dev
elo
ped a s
et o
fpr
inc
ipl
es t
o
ex
pla
inp
erc
ept
ualo
rga
niz
ati
on,o
rho
wsma
llero
bjec
tsa
reg
rou
ped t
ofo
rml
arg
er
o
nes
.

Th
esep
rin
cip
lesa
reo
ften r
efer
red t
oast
he"
lawso
fper
cep
tua
lor
gan
iza
tio
n.
Ac
cor
din
gtog
est
altp
rin
cip
le,t
heo
bjec
tsc
anb
eper
cei
ved mea
nin
gfu
lly wh
en
t
heya
reg
rou
ped t
oget
her
.Th
erea
res
omep
rin
cip
leswh
icha
ref
oll
owed b
yusi
n
o
rdert
oma
keo
urp
erc
ept
ionmo
remea
nin
gfu
l.Th
eya
rea
sfo
llo
ws:

a
.Pr
oxi
mit
y:mea
nsn
ear
nes
s.Th
eob
jec
tswh
icha
ren
ear
ert
oea
cho
therc
anb
e
p
erc
eiv
ed mea
nin
gfu
llyb
ygr
oup
ingt
hem.Fo
rex
amp
le,t
hewo
rd‘
Man
’,h
eret
hou
gh
t
hel
ett
ersa
redi
scr
ete,wh
eng
rou
pedt
oget
herg
ivess
omemea
nin
g.

b
.Si
mil
ari
ty:St
imu
lin
eedn
otb
enea
rert
oea
cho
therf
orp
erc
ept
ion
.Ift
her
eis
s
imi
lar
ityi
nth
eseo
bjec
ts,t
heya
reg
rou
ped t
oget
hera
ndp
erc
eiv
ed,ev
eni
fth
ey
a
rea
way.

c
.Co
nti
nui
ty:An
yst
imu
luswh
ichex
ten
dsi
nth
esa
me di
rec
tio
nors
hap
e wi
llb
e
p
erc
eiv
eda
sawh
ole

d.Cl
osu
re:Wh
en a s
timu
lusi
spr
esen
ted wi
thg
aps
,th
ehu
mant
enden
cyi
sto
p
erc
eiv
eth
atf
igu
rea
sco
mpl
eteo
neb
yfi
lli
ngt
heg
apsp
syc
hol
ogi
cal
ly.Fo
r
ex
amp
le,t
heg
apsa
ref
ill
ed p
syc
hol
ogi
cal
lya
ndp
erc
eiv
ed a
slet
ter
sM a
nd A,
c
irc
lea
ndar
ect
ang
le.

e.Symmet
ry:Ob
jec
tswh
icha
reh
avi
ngs
ymmet
ric
als
hap
ear
eper
cei
ved a
sgr
oup
s.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,t
heb
rac
ket
sof di
ffer
ents
hap
es s
hown i
nth
e Fi
gur
eper
cei
ved
mea
nin
gfu
lly,b
eca
uset
heya
reg
rou
pedt
oget
hera
ndp
erc
eiv
eda
sbr
ack
ets
.

f
.La
wofPr
agn
anz

Th
ewo
rdp
rag
nan
zisaGer
mant
erm mea
nin
g"g
oodf
igu
re.
"Th
ela
wofPr
agn
anzi
s
s
omet
imesr
efer
redt
oast
hel
awo
fgo
odf
igu
reo
rth
ela
wofs
imp
lic
ity.Th
isl
aw
h
oldst
hato
bjec
tsi
nth
een
vir
onmen
tar
eseeni
nawa
yth
atma
kest
hem a
ppea
ras
s
imp
lea
spo
ssi
ble.

Per
cep
tua
l
Co
nst
anc
y:
Th
isr
efer
stos
tab
len
essi
nper
cep
tio
n.We h
aveat
enden
cyt
oper
cei
vet
he
o
bjec
tsa
srel
ati
vel
yst
abl
ean
dun
cha
ngi
ngi
nsh
apea
nds
ize,i
nsp
iteo
fac
han
ge
i
nth
eima
get
hatwer
ecei
ve.

Fo
rex
amp
le,wh
enwes
eeap
ers
onf
rom 5′di
sta
nce,t
hes
izeo
fth
eima
gei
nou
r
eyesdi
ffer
sfr
omt
hei
mag
eoft
hes
amep
ers
onf
rom1
00′di
sta
nce.Ev
ent
henwe
p
erc
eiv
ehi
mast
hes
amep
ers
on.Wh
enwes
eep
eop
lea
ndh
ous
esf
romt
het
opo
f
h
ill
,th
eima
geswi
llb
ever
ysma
lll
ikeLi
llyp
uts
.Bu
twedon
otg
etc
onf
usedb
y
t
his
.We p
erc
eiv
e t
hem c
orr
ect
ly a
cco
rdi
ngt
oth
eira
ctu
als
ize.Per
cep
tua
l
c
ons
tan
cydep
endsu
pons
ever
alf
act
orsl
ike

 p
astex
per
ien
ce,

 ex
pec
tan
cy

 h
abi
ts

 mo
tiv
ati
ons

 c
ogn
iti
ves
tyl
es

 l
ear
nin
g

 I
mag
ina
tio
n

Typ
eso
fper
cep
tua
lco
nst
anc
y:

Th
erea
redi
ffer
entt
ypeso
fper
cep
tua
lco
nst
anc
ies
.Th
eya
re

 s
hap
ean
dsi
ze

 b
rig
htn
essa
ndc
olo
r

 Si
zec
ons
tan
cy

Dep
thPer
cep
tio
n

Ab
ili
tyo
fap
ers
ont
oper
cei
vet
hedi
sta
ncei
skn
owna
sdep
thp
erc
ept
ion
.Th
isi
s
v
eryi
mpo
rta
nta
bil
ityt
oju
dget
hedi
sta
nceb
etweenu
san
dot
herp
eop
le,o
bjec
ts
a
ndv
ehi
clesmo
vin
gpa
rti
cul
arl
ywh
enwea
reo
nro
ads
.Th
isi
sal
sok
nowna
sth
ird
di
men
sio
n.Th
eot
hert
wodi
men
sio
nsa
rel
efta
ndr
igh
t,a
nda
bov
ean
dbel
ow.
Cu
es:

Dep
thp
erc
ept
ioni
spo
ssi
bledu
etoc
ert
ainc
ues
.Th
esec
uesh
elpu
stou
nder
sta
nd
t
hedi
sta
nceb
etweeno
nep
ers
ona
ndt
heo
therp
ers
ono
rob
jec
t.Th
esea
reo
ftwo
t
ypes
:

Mo
noc
ula
rcu
es:

Th
esea
ret
hec
uest
hatc
ano
per
atewh
eno
nlyo
neeyei
slo
oki
ng.So
meo
fsu
ch
c
uesa
re:

Li
nea
rper
spec
tiv
e:Th
e di
sta
ncess
epa
rat
ingt
hei
mag
eso
ffa
rob
jec
tsa
ppea
rto
b
esma
ller
.Fo
rex
amp
le,i
mag
inet
hatyo
uar
est
andi
ngb
etweenr
ail
wayt
rac
ksa
nd
l
ook
ingo
ffi
ntot
hedi
sta
nce.I
tap
pea
rst
hatt
het
rac
kswo
ulds
eem t
oru
ncl
oser
a
ndc
los
ert
oget
hera
tth
eot
heren
d.

Aer
ialp
ers
pec
tiv
e:Th
enea
rero
bjec
tsa
ppea
rcl
ear
ert
hant
he di
sta
nto
bjec
ts.
Fo
rex
amp
le,ah
illi
nfa
rofdi
sta
ncea
ppea
rsf
art
hera
wayb
eca
uset
hedet
ail
sdo
n
ots
eem c
lea
rly.

I
nter
pos
iti
on:Wh
eno
neo
bjec
tob
str
uct
sou
rvi
ew o
fan
oth
er,t
hef
ron
ton
eap
pea
rs
n
ear
ert
hant
hep
art
lyc
over
edo
ne.

Gr
adi
ents
tru
ctu
re: A g
radi
enti
sa c
ont
inu
ousc
han
gei
nso
met
hin
g- ac
han
ge
wi
tho
uta
bru
ptt
ran
sit
ion
s.Us
ual
lyt
her
egi
onsc
los
ert
oth
eob
ser
verh
aveac
oar
se
t
ext
urea
nd ma
nydet
ail
s.Ast
hedi
sta
ncei
ncr
eas
es,t
het
ext
ureb
eco
mesf
inera
nd
f
iner
.Th
ish
app
ensv
eryg
radu
all
yan
dgi
vesac
uea
bou
tth
edep
tho
rdi
sta
nce.

 Th
esea
rec
luest
hatc
anb
eus
ed f
ordep
thp
erc
ept
iont
hati
nvo
lvesu
sin
g
o
nlyo
neeye.Dep
thp
erc
ept
iona
llo
wsu
stop
erc
eiv
eth
ewo
rlda
rou
ndu
sin
t
hree di
men
sio
nsa
ndt
oga
uget
he di
sta
nceo
fob
jec
tsf
romo
urs
elv
esa
nd
f
romo
thero
bjec
ts.

Rel
ati
veSi
ze

Th
erel
ati
ves
izeo
fano
bjec
tser
vesa
sani
mpo
rta
ntmo
noc
ula
rcu
efo
rdep
th
p
erc
ept
ion
.Itwo
rksl
iket
his
:

I
ftwoo
bjec
tsa
rer
oug
hlyt
hes
ame s
ize,t
heo
bjec
tth
atl
ook
sth
ela
rges
twi
ll
b
eju
dged a
sbei
ngt
hec
los
estt
oth
eob
ser
ver
.Th
isa
ppl
ies t
obo
tht
hree-
di
men
sio
nals
cen
esa
swel
last
wo-di
men
sio
nali
mag
es.

Twoo
bjec
tso
nap
iec
eofp
apera
ret
hes
amedi
sta
ncea
way,yets
izedi
ffer
enc
e
c
anma
ket
hel
arg
ero
bjec
tap
pea
rcl
osera
ndt
hes
mal
lero
bjec
tap
pea
rfa
rth
er
a
way.

Ab
sol
uteSi
zea
ndFa
mil
iarSi
ze

Sma
llero
bjec
ts,ev
eni
fwedo
n'tk
nowex
act
lyh
owb
igt
heya
re,wi
lll
ookf
art
her
a
wayt
hanal
arg
eob
jec
tpl
acedi
nth
esa
mes
pot
.

Ou
rfa
mil
iar
itywi
tha
nob
jec
taf
fec
tso
urp
erc
ept
ion
sofs
izea
nd di
sta
nce.Wh
ile
dr
ivi
ng,yo
urf
ami
lia
rit
y wi
tht
het
ypi
cals
izeo
fac
arh
elp
syo
udet
ermi
neh
ow
c
los
eorf
ara
wayo
therv
ehi
cleso
nth
ero
ada
ref
rom yo
url
oca
tio
n.

El
eva
tio
n

Ano
bjec
tpo
sit
ioni
nrel
ati
ont
oth
eho
riz
onc
ana
lsos
erv
easat
ypeo
fmo
noc
ula
r
c
ue.Ob
jec
tsl
oca
ted c
los
ert
oth
eho
riz
ont
endt
obep
erc
eiv
ed a
sfa
rth
era
way,
wh
ilet
hos
eth
ata
ref
art
herf
romt
heh
ori
zona
reu
sua
llys
eena
sbei
ngc
los
er.

Mo
tio
nPa
ral
lax

Th
eper
cep
tio
nofmo
vin
gob
jec
tsc
ana
lsos
erv
easamo
noc
ula
rcu
efo
rdep
th.As
yo
u'r
e mo
vin
g,o
bjec
tst
hata
rec
los
ers
eem t
ozo
omb
yfa
stert
handoo
bjec
tsi
n
t
hedi
sta
nce.Wh
enyo
u'r
eri
din
ginac
ar,f
orex
amp
le,t
hen
ear
byt
elep
hon
epo
les
r
ushb
ymu
chf
ast
ert
hant
het
reesi
nth
edi
sta
nce.Th
isv
isu
alc
luea
llo
wsyo
uto
p
erc
eiv
eth
efa
stmo
vin
gob
jec
tsi
nth
efo
reg
rou
nda
scl
osert
hant
hes
lowermo
vin
g
o
bjec
tso
ffi
nth
edi
sta
nce.

Sh
adi
nga
ndLi
ght
ing

Th
ewa
yli
ghtf
all
sono
bjec
tsa
ndt
hea
mou
nto
fsh
adi
ngp
res
entc
ana
lsob
ean
i
mpo
rta
nt mo
noc
ula
rcu
e.Ob
jec
tst
hata
re da
rken
ed a
ndo
bsc
ured ma
yap
pea
r
f
urt
hero
ffi
nth
edi
sta
ncet
hant
hos
eth
ata
reb
rig
htl
yli
t.

Ac
commo
dat
ion
I
nor
der t
ofo
cuso
ncl
ose-u
pob
jec
ts,c
ert
ain mu
scl
es i
n yo
ur eye c
ont
rac
t,
a
lter
ingt
hes
hap
eofyo
url
ens
.Wh
enl
ook
inga
tob
jec
tst
hata
ref
ara
way,t
hes
e
s
amemu
scl
esr
ela
x.Th
isa
cco
mmo
dat
ionc
ans
erv
easamo
noc
ula
rcu
e,ev
ent
hou
gh
wea
reo
ftenu
nawa
reo
fit
.

Bi
noc
ula
rcu
es:

So
met
imest
he dep
thc
anb
eper
cei
ved wh
enb
oth eyesa
reu
sed.Th
isi
sca
lled
b
ino
cul
arc
ue.Th
erea
re2 b
ino
cul
arc
ues
:

1
.Ret
ina
l di
spa
rit
y:Th
eima
geo
fth
eob
jec
t wh
ichf
all
sonb
otht
her
eti
nas
di
ffer
s.Di
spa
rit
ywi
llb
emo
rewh
ent
heo
bjec
tisc
los
ert
hanwh
eni
tisf
ara
way.
Dep
endi
ngu
pont
hec
orr
esp
onden
ceb
etween t
he di
sta
ncea
nd t
hea
mou
nto
f
di
spa
rit
y,t
hedep
thc
anb
eper
cei
ved.

2.Co
nver
gen
ceo
r di
ver
gen
ceo
f eyeb
all
s: Wh
en t
heo
bjec
t mo
ves n
ear
er a
nd
n
ear
ert
oou
reyes
,ou
reyeb
all
sco
nver
ge,a
nda
sth
eob
jec
tmo
vesa
wayf
romu
s
t
heeyeb
all
sdi
ver
ge.Th
isp
roc
essa
ctsa
sab
ino
cul
arc
uet
oper
cei
vet
hedep
th.

Per
cep
tio
nofMo
vemen
t:

Wh
en a p
art
icu
laro
bjec
tap
pea
rsi
n di
ffer
entp
lac
es a
t di
ffer
entt
imes we
u
nder
sta
ndt
hatt
heo
bjec
tisi
nmo
vemen
t.Th
isp
roc
essi
sca
lled p
erc
ept
iono
f
mo
vemen
t.Su
cha
nab
ili
tyt
oper
cei
ve mo
vemen
tisg
ain
ed f
romb
irt
hit
sel
fasa
n
atu
ralp
roc
ess
.

Th
isi
s a mo
sti
mpo
rta
nta
bil
ity.I
tiso
nlyb
yth
isa
bil
ityt
heo
rga
nis
mca
n
u
nder
sta
ndt
he wo
rlda
rou
nda
ndc
anp
erc
eiv
eth
e da
nger
s/ t
hrea
tsi
nth
e
mo
vemen
t,s
oth
ati
tca
nea
sil
yes
cap
efr
oms
uchda
nger
s.

Ap
par
entmo
tio
n:So
met
imeswe p
erc
eiv
eth
att
heo
bjec
tsa
re mo
vin
g.I
nfa
ctt
he
o
bjec
tsa
res
tat
ion
ary,i
.e.t
hey wi
lln
otb
e mo
vin
g.Hen
cet
hep
erc
ept
iono
fan
o
bjec
twh
ichi
sno
tmo
vin
g,a
sano
bjec
tmo
vin
gisa
nil
lus
ion
.Fo
rex
amp
le,wh
en
wea
remo
vin
gfa
sti
nab
us,t
het
rees
,pl
ant
san
dot
hern
on-mo
vin
gob
jec
tsa
ppea
r
t
omo
vei
nth
eop
pos
itedi
rec
tio
n.

I
nth
esa
mewa
y,ev
ent
hemo
vemen
tso
ffi
gur
esi
naf
ilma
ppea
rtomo
ve,t
hou
gh
t
heyr
ema
inwi
tho
utmo
vemen
t.Si
ncemo
vin
gpi
ctu
resa
ret
akenc
ont
inu
ous
lya
ndt
he
f
ilmr
eel i
sru
nver
yfa
st,i
tpr
odu
cesa mo
vemen
tfeel
ingc
all
ed s
tro
bos
cop
ic
mo
tio
norp
hip
hen
omen
on.

Fa
cto
rsAf
fec
tin
gPer
cep
tio
n:

Th
erea
rei
ndi
vidu
aldi
ffer
enc
esi
nper
cep
tua
lab
ili
ties
.Twop
eop
lema
yper
cei
ve
t
hes
ames
timu
lusdi
ffer
ent
ly.Th
efa
cto
rsa
ffec
tin
gth
eper
cep
tio
nso
fpeo
plea
re:

a
.Per
cep
tua
llea
rni
ng:

Ba
sed o
npa
stex
per
ien
ceso
ran
ysp
eci
alt
rai
nin
gth
atwe g
et,ev
eryo
neo
fus
l
ear
nst
oemp
has
izes
omes
ens
oryi
npu
tsa
ndt
oig
nor
eot
her
s.Fo
rex
amp
le,ap
ers
on
wh
oha
sgo
ttr
ain
ingi
nso
me o
ccu
pat
ionl
ikea
rti
str
yoro
thers
kil
led j
obsc
an
p
erf
ormb
ett
ert
hano
theru
ntr
ain
ed p
eop
le.Ex
per
ien
cei
sth
ebes
ttea
cherf
or
s
uchp
erc
ept
uals
kil
ls.Fo
r ex
amp
le,b
lin
dpeo
plei
den
tif
yth
epeo
pleb
yth
eir
v
oic
eorb
yso
undso
fth
eirf
oot
step
s.

b
.Men
tals
et:

Set r
efer
stop
rep
aredn
esso
rrea
din
esst
orec
eiv
eso
me s
ens
oryi
npu
t.Su
ch
ex
pec
tan
cyk
eep
sth
ein
div
idu
alp
rep
ared wi
thg
ooda
tten
tio
nan
dco
ncen
tra
tio
n.
Fo
rex
amp
le,wh
enwea
reex
pec
tin
gth
ear
riv
alo
fat
rai
n,wel
ist
ent
oit
sho
rno
r
s
oun
dev
eni
fth
erei
sal
oto
fno
isedi
stu
rba
nce.

c
.Mo
tiv
esa
ndn
eeds
:

Ou
rmo
tiv
esa
ndn
eedswi
lldef
ini
tel
yin
flu
enc
eou
rper
cep
tio
n.Fo
rex
amp
le,a
h
ung
ryp
ers
oni
smo
tiv
ated t
orec
ogn
izeo
nlyt
hef
oodi
temsa
mon
got
hera
rti
cles
.
Hi
sat
ten
tio
nca
nno
tbedi
rec
tedt
owa
rdso
thert
hin
gsu
nti
lhi
smo
tiv
eiss
ati
sfi
ed.

d.Co
gni
tiv
est
yles
:

Peo
ple a
re s
aid t
o di
ffer i
nth
e wa
ys t
hey c
har
act
eri
sti
cal
ly p
roc
esst
he
i
nfo
rma
tio
n.Ev
eryi
ndi
vidu
alwi
llh
aveh
iso
rhero
wnwa
yofu
nder
sta
ndi
ngt
he
s
itu
ati
on.I
tiss
aidt
hatt
hep
eop
lewh
oar
efl
exi
blewi
llh
aveg
ooda
tten
tio
nan
d
t
hey a
rel
essa
ffec
ted b
yin
ter
fer
ingi
nfl
uen
cesa
ndt
obel
essdo
min
ated b
y
i
nter
naln
eedsa
ndmo
tiv
est
hano
rpeo
plea
tth
eco
nst
ric
teden
d.
Ex
tra
sen
sor
yPer
cep
tio
n(ESP)
:

I
sth
erea
ny wa
yofk
nowi
nga
bou
tth
e wo
rldi
nwh
icht
hei
nfo
rma
tio
ndo
esn
ot
c
omet
hro
ught
hes
ens
es?So
mep
eop
leb
eli
evet
hati
spo
ssi
ble.Bu
tth
erea
res
ome
i
nst
anc
esr
epo
rted b
ypeo
plet
hatt
hey h
aveex
per
ien
ced s
omep
erc
ept
ion
swi
tho
ut
t
hea
ido
fth
eirs
ens
eor
gan
s.

Ps
ych
olo
gis
tsh
aven
amed t
hep
erc
ept
iont
hato
ccu
rswi
tho
uts
ens
orys
timu
lat
iona
s
‘
Ext
ras
ens
oryp
erc
ept
ion
’(ESP)
.Th
isi
sot
her
wis
ekn
owna
ssi
xths
ens
einc
ommo
n
ma
n’sv
iew.So
me o
fth
eco
mmo
nph
eno
men
ain ESP a
rec
lai
rvo
yan
ce,t
elep
ath
y,
meet
ingt
hes
oul
s,p
rec
ogn
iti
on,p
syc
ho-k
ines
is,r
ein
car
nat
ion
,et
c.

Dep
thp
erc
ept
ioni
sth
ehu
maneye’
sab
ili
tyt
oseei
nth
reedi
men
sio
nsa
ndj
udg
e
t
hedi
sta
nceo
fano
bjec
t.I
tta
kesb
otheyeswo
rki
ngi
nsyn
ctol
ooka
tano
bjec
t
a
nd dev
elo
pani
nfo
rmed i
deaa
bou
tit
,li
kei
tss
izeo
rho
wfa
rawa
yiti
s.Yo
ur
t
wo eyes l
ooka
tth
eob
jec
tfr
om di
ffer
enta
ngl
es a
nd t
hati
nfo
rma
tio
nis
p
roc
ess
edi
nyo
urb
rai
ntof
orm as
ing
lei
mag
e.

Th
ist
ypeo
fper
cep
tio
nisr
esp
ons
ibl
efo
rfo
rmi
nga
nideao
fth
elen
gth
,wi
dtha
nd
h
eig
hto
fano
bjec
t.On
e wa
y dep
thp
erc
ept
iona
llo
wsu
stodot
hisi
sbyt
aki
ng
p
rev
iou
skn
owl
edg
ean
dus
ingi
ttou
nder
sta
ndt
he wo
rlda
rou
ndu
s.I
tus
ual
ly
o
ccu
rsu
nco
nsc
iou
slya
nd h
app
enst
hou
san
ds o
fti
mes a da
y wi
tho
ut yo
u ev
er
r
eal
izi
ngt
hatyo
uar
eus
ingi
t.

Dep
th Per
cep
tio
nisa
lsok
nowna
sst
ereo
psi
s.Peo
ple wi
thn
orma
lbi
noc
ula
rvi
sio
n
(
vis
ionc
rea
ted b
ytwos
epa
rat
eeyeswo
rki
ngt
oget
hert
ofo
rm as
ing
lei
mag
e)c
an
p
erc
eiv
eth
edep
tha
nddi
sta
nceo
fob
jec
ts.Peo
plewh
oar
ecr
oss
-eyed(
str
abi
smu
s)
o
rha
veal
azy eye(
amb
lyo
pia
)of
tens
tru
ggl
ewi
thdep
thp
erc
ept
ion
.Peo
plewh
o
h
avea
nin
jur
ed eye o
ftenh
avet
rou
ble wi
th dep
thp
erc
ept
ionwh
ilet
he eye i
s
h
eal
ing
.

I
mpo
rta
nceo
fDep
th
Per
cep
tio
n

Dep
thp
erc
ept
ioni
simp
ort
antt
oou
rev
eryda
yli
fei
nsoma
ny wa
ys.I
tal
lowsu
s
t
omo
vet
hro
ughl
ifewi
tho
utb
ump
ingi
ntot
hin
gs.Wi
tho
uti
t,yo
uwo
uldn
’tk
nowh
ow
f
ara
wayawa
llwa
sfr
om yo
uort
hedi
sta
ncef
rom yo
urc
art
oth
eca
rinf
ron
tof
yo
u.

I
tal
sol
etsyo
udet
ermi
neh
owf
asta
nob
jec
tisc
omi
ngt
owa
rdsyo
u.Th
iss
kil
lis
i
mpo
rta
nti
fyo
uar
ecr
oss
ingt
hes
treeta
ndt
her
ear
eca
rsc
omi
ngo
rifyo
uwa
nt
t
opa
ssas
lowc
ara
ndh
avet
ogoi
ntot
heo
nco
min
gtr
aff
icl
anet
odos
o.Dep
th
p
erc
ept
ionk
eep
syo
usa
fei
nth
eset
ypeso
fsi
tua
tio
ns.

To
pic
.4

Per
cep
tua
lil
lus
ion

Th
edef
ini
tio
nofap
erc
ept
uali
llu
sio
nis
,"t
hep
erc
ept
iono
fso
met
hin
gob
jec
tiv
ely
ex
ist
ingi
nsu
chawa
yast
oca
usemi
sin
ter
pret
ati
ono
fit
sac
tua
lna
tur
e."

 Ap
erc
ept
uali
llu
sio
n,h
owev
er,i
sno
tano
pti
calp
hen
omen
on,b
utr
ath
era
c
ogn
iti
veo
ne.Th
eil
lus
iono
ccu
rsi
nth
ewa
yyo
urb
rai
npr
oces
sest
hev
isu
al
da
tayo
utr
ans
mitt
oyo
urb
rai
n.

Sen
sor
yIl
lus
ion
s

Per
cep
tua
lil
lus
ion
sca
nbes
ens
ory.Ac
cor
din
gtor
esea
rch
erR.
L.Gr
ego
ryi
nhi
s
1
968 p
apert
itl
ed “
Per
cep
tua
lIl
lus
iona
nd Br
ain Mo
del
s,
”a p
erc
ept
uali
llu
sio
n
o
ccu
rswh
ena
nyo
fth
esen
seo
rga
ns“
tra
nsmi
tmi
slea
din
gin
for
mat
iont
oth
ebr
ain
.”

Anex
amp
leo
fas
ens
oryf
ormo
fper
cep
tua
lil
lus
ioni
sth
eph
eno
men
ono
f“p
han
tom
l
imb
s,”i
nwh
ichap
ers
onwh
oha
sha
d al
imba
mpu
tat
ed c
lai
mst
oret
ainf
eel
ing
,
i
ncl
udi
ngp
ain
,int
hel
imbt
hati
snol
ong
ert
her
e.

Au
dit
oryI
llu
sio
ns

Per
cep
tua
lil
lus
ion
sca
nal
sob
eau
dit
ory.Ps
ych
olo
gis
tDi
ana Deu
tsc
h di
sco
ver
ed
s
ever
ala
udi
tor
yil
lus
ion
srel
ati
ngt
o mu
sic
.On
eoft
he mo
sts
tri
kin
gist
he
“
pha
nto
m wo
rds
”il
lus
ion
.Th
isc
anb
ehea
rdi
nana
udi
orec
ordi
ngt
hatf
eat
ures
r
epea
ted wo
rdsa
ndp
hra
sest
hato
ver
lapea
cho
ther
,pl
aced i
ndi
ffer
enta
udi
tor
y
s
pac
eswi
thi
ndi
ffer
entr
egi
onso
fth
est
ereos
pac
e.Asyo
uli
sten
,yo
uca
npi
cko
ut
s
pec
ifi
cph
ras
es,n
oneo
fwh
icha
rea
ctu
all
yth
ere.I
nfa
ct,yo
urb
rai
nisa
ttemp
tin
g
t
oma
kes
ens
eofwh
ati
ses
sen
tia
llymea
nin
gles
sno
ise,a
ndf
ill
sinwh
at’
snec
ess
ary
t
oma
kes
ens
eoft
hes
oun
ds.

Tr
oxl
erFa
din
g

I
nth
e19t
hcen
tur
y,Swi
ssp
hys
ici
anI
gna
sTr
oxl
erdi
sco
ver
ed av
isu
alp
erc
ept
ual
i
llu
sio
nth
atr
ema
insa
n ex
amp
leo
fho
w ap
erc
ept
uali
llu
sio
n wo
rks
.Th
eba
sic
ef
fec
tin
vol
vesa s
mal
lpo
intwi
thi
n a di
ffer
entc
olo
red b
order
,an
dbo
tho
na
di
ffer
entc
olo
redb
ack
gro
und.I
fyo
ust
area
tth
ecen
terp
oin
tfo
rami
nut
eort
wo,
t
hent
hec
olo
red o
bjec
tsu
rro
undi
ngi
tap
pea
rst
ofa
de i
ntot
heb
ack
gro
und.Th
is
ef
fec
t,c
all
ed “
Tro
xlerf
adi
ng,
”seemst
oin
dic
atet
hatt
heb
rai
n,wh
enc
onf
ron
ted
wi
tht
hes
ame b
ori
ngs
timu
lif
ora
n ex
ten
ded p
eri
odo
fti
me,wi
ll ma
ximi
ze
ef
fic
ien
cyb
yig
nor
ingi
tan
dus
eth
oseb
rai
ncyc
lesf
ors
omet
hin
gel
se.

.
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
.

Mu
qadda
ssa
rwa
r