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Thomas Edison Commemorative Booklet
Thomas Edison Commemorative Booklet
Thomas Edison Commemorative Booklet
Thomas Alva Edison is an unparalleled in chemistry and assembled a home acquired an early interest in telegra-
figure in the history of the United laboratory where he collected chemi- phy and took lessons informally at
States. Born into a middle-class fam- cals and experimented with them. telegraph offices along his route. As
ily in the American Midwest during he learned to operate a telegraph,
The young Edison displayed a
Edison was an the 1840s and with little formal edu- Edison also expanded his technical
remarkable inclination for entrepre-
able experimenter cation, Edison became a household knowledge in both mechanics and
neurship. At age 13 he was employed
name for his inventions that ushered electrical science, and thus began
by the Grand Trunk Railroad as a
who took a in a new era of modernity with light the first of his many serious experi-
newsboy and concessionaire on the
keen interest and sound in every home. With mental operations.
trains that ran from Port Huron to
more than 1,000 patents and inven- Detroit. He started a newspaper and From 1863 to 1868, Edison moved
in chemistry at
tions that inspired people through- sold it to passengers and at stations around the country as a telegraph
a young age, out the nation, Edison was an able between the two cities. He trans- operator, improving his skills until he
experimenter who took a keen inter- ported produce, buying in Detroit
and chemical reached the elite corps of telegra-
est in chemistry at a young age, and and from farmers along the way, phers who could quickly send and
applications were chemical applications were a central and employed another boy to sell receive newspaper articles. He also
a central theme theme in many of his inventions. fruits and vegetables in Port Huron. found time to keep up his techni-
in many of his EDISON’S EARLY LIFE His daily trip to Detroit provided cal reading at libraries and to tinker
Thomas Edison was born in Milan, him with a layover during which with telegraph technology—trans-
inventions.
Ohio, on February 11, 1847. Edison’s he would visit the city’s libraries to mitters and receivers, electrical sys-
father, Samuel, was a shingle read scientific books and periodi- tems, chemical batteries, and lines
maker and land speculator, while cals. Edison was allowed to keep a necessary to connect operator to
his mother, Nancy, kept house and chemistry set onboard the train so operator across the network. Edison
taught young Edison at home. he could conduct experiments dur- was exposed to leading technical
Edison was the youngest of seven ing the layover, until one day when communities in Cincinnati, Boston,
children, only four of whom lived the train lurched and a bottle of yel- and New York, where telegraph
past their childhoods. Because his low phosphorus immersed in water company officers encouraged the
siblings were more than 15 years fell to the floor and broke. Exposed development of new technologies.
older, Edison was the only child in to air, the phosphorus spontane- While his inventions at first focused
the home and received the benefit ously ignited, and a fire broke out. on electrical and mechanical areas
of both parents’ dutiful attention. A conductor extinguished the fire, of telegraph design, he was also
His family moved from Ohio to Port and the boy and his chemicals were exposed to the chemistry of bat-
Huron, Michigan, in 1854. ejected at the next station. He teries that powered the telegraph
subsequently moved his chemistry offices. This exposure to applied
As a boy, Edison attended school
lab back to his home. chemistry would benefit him later
only briefly. His education came in
large part at home where his mother At this time, the railroad and tele- as his work moved towards chemical
taught and his father kept a library. graph were transforming the way of and material sciences.
Edison was encouraged to read and life across the U.S.—rail transported In 1869 Edison decided to quit work
developed a strong interest in read- goods and people across the vast as a telegraph operator and focus on
ing, in subjects ranging from West- distances, while telegraph lines con- his experimental work. By this time
ern history to general science. Like veyed news and information of the he had developed a reputation as a
many scientifically-minded boys of day. Through his job on the railroad, skilled and creative inventor, having
his era, Edison took a special interest Edison was exposed to both. He contributed innovations to printing
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Edison recreates
an experiment on
carbon filaments
during the 50th
anniversary of
the invention of
the electric light
bulb in 1929 at his
relocated Menlo
Park laboratory
in Dearborn,
Michigan.
telegraphs, facsimile telegraphs, equipped machine shops and electri- the work of recording and reproduc- The setup of
automatic relays, stock tickers, and cal and chemical laboratories, he ing sound. He recognized that if he
the Menlo Park
other devices. In addition, his work employed skilled workers: machin- could record sound vibrations via
exposed him to the business and ists, electricians, chemists, and other the carbon transmitter (an improve- laboratory was
invention sides of telegraph opera- scientific and technical employees. ment to the telephone microphone especially suitable
tions and provided contact with jour- Within two years his staff numbered that Edison had invented in 1877), it
might be possible to play them back. for invention
nalists whose messages and articles about 30 individuals who supported
Edison frequently received as an his sophisticated research. It was the His initial design used a grooved and product
operator. The industry was an ideal nation’s largest private laboratory at cylinder covered with tin foil, which
development, and
environment for the young inventor, the time. received the vibrations and mechani-
entrepreneur, and businessman. cally imprinted them into the Edison’s lab was
The setup of the Menlo Park labora- grooves. To his astonishment, the
MENLO PARK LABORATORY tory was especially suitable for considered a model
device worked on the first attempt.
Until this time, Edison had relied invention and product development, for modern research
On December 7, 1877, Edison
upon various machinists’ shops and and Edison’s lab was considered a
conducted the first demonstration laboratories that
company workshops for research model for modern research labora-
of the machine before journalists soon became
space and to produce his inven- tories that soon became essential
in New York. Their reception was
tions. For a five-year period, Edison to corporate research. Its establish- essential to
enthusiastic, and news of Edison’s
maintained workshops in Newark, ment marked the transition from
“speaking phonograph” was widely corporate research.
New Jersey, but after the sale of the individual research that dominated
distributed—people simply had not
quadruplex telegraph (a system that at this time to the organized, col- conceived of the idea of recording
allowed four messages to be sent laborative research that is prevalent and replaying sound. Edison applied
simultaneously across one cable) today. Here Edison famously pro- for a patent for the device in Decem-
in 1876 he was able to establish his claimed he would turn out “a minor ber, and received patent #200,521
own laboratory at Menlo Park, New invention every ten days and a big on February 19, 1878, introducing the
Jersey. Here, only a short train ride thing every six months or so.” new age of recorded sound.
from the commercial and manufac-
PHONOGRAPH While the machine was a novelty
turing centers of Newark and New
Edison’s work in transmitting com- that made national headlines,
York, Edison sought to create a new
munication through the telegraph other inventions like the electrical
kind of workspace for testing and
and telephone led to his first major light shifted Edison’s focus away
developing his inventions.
invention: the phonograph. After from the phonograph. It would
The Menlo Park laboratory was itself investigating acoustic telegraphy take another two decades until the
a significant innovation and is con- and improvements to the telephone machine would become the popular
sidered the first modern industrial (invented by Alexander Graham Bell household entertainment device it is
research laboratory. Here, in well- in 1876), Edison set as his next task remembered as today.
“I will have the best equipped and largest laboratory extant, and the facilities
incomparably superior to any other for rapid and cheap development of an invention,
and working it up into commercial shape with models, patterns and special machinery.
In fact, there is no similar institution in existence.”
—Thomas A. Edison, in a letter to J. Hood Wright, 1887
PHONOGRAPH RECORDS that could be mass-manufactured element known to have many of the
The introduction of the phonograph and produce high-quality sound. necessary attributes, but physi-
led to a series of improvements Condensite, a phenolic resin that is cal and chemical analysis revealed
to increase the device’s reliability, chemically similar to Bakelite and that heating the metal in air caused
sound quality, and affordability. was invented by Edison’s team in cracks that resulted in failure.
Much of Edison’s later work on the 1910, was identified as a suitable Meanwhile, his team succeeded in
phonograph focused on improve- disc material. Records made from creating a vacuum within a glass
ments to record design—a question condensite could be mass-produced, bulb. This solved the problem of
of material science. were highly durable, and provided heating the filament in air and
The West Orange superior sound.
Edison’s first improvement to the opened the search to non-metal
complex was the phonograph after the original tin- Record manufacturing was one of materials. Edison identified carbon
most modern and foil record was the development of the earliest uses for plastics and thus as the most suitable material, and
wax cylinders into which record- a major field for experimentation on his team worked to produce an
well-equipped
ings could be incised. These were both quality and mass production. evacuated light bulb with a carbon-
industrial research introduced between 1888 and 1889. The Edison Disc Phonograph of 1911 impregnated thread as the filament.
facility in the Other inventors preferred a flat disc paired the condensite record with a The bulb lasted for more than 40
to the cylinder, and the former won diamond stylus that Edison invented hours and was considered a major
world. It included commercial success for its ease of to provide the highest-quality sound breakthrough. The experiment,
several specialty production. Although the acousti- reproduction available at the time. concluded on October 21, 1879, is
cal qualities of Edison’s wax records heralded as the birth of the electric
laboratories as LIGHT BULB FILAMENTS
were superior to the plastic-based light.
His next inventive turn after the
well as chemical records used by competitors, the introduction of the phonograph took Research continued to find a more
latter proved longer lasting—dura- an entirely different direction: an resilient and higher-voltage fila-
storage and a
bility was an advantage in the era electric lighting system. In 1878, after ment to improve the bulb’s lifespan,
library of chemical of musical records that were to be conceiving of a system that could durability, and light output. Edison
information to played using styluses made of iron or support electrical lighting, Edison began a comprehensive test of all the
cactus barbs. began his research in earnest, seek- carbon-based materials he could find.
support Edison’s
Edison accepted the disc design ing to develop a method of lighting A bamboo sample taken from a ladies’
expansive research. and turned to plastics in his search that could replace candles, kerosene, hand fan proved the best, due to the
for the ideal phonograph record. and gas flames in homes, busi- molecular structure of bamboo’s
Plastics are polymers that, when nesses, and public spaces. cellulose fibers. Edison’s light bulb with
optimized in their chemical composi- a bamboo-based carbon filament was
Edison entered the field fully aware
tion and properties, are moldable introduced in 1880.
of the difficulties other inventors
and durable. For applications such had encountered in developing a Bamboo remained Edison’s pre-
as phonograph records they offer practical incandescent light bulb. ferred filament for more than a
substantial advantages over other An incandescent light bulb consists decade, until it was replaced by
materials. During this time, the plas- of a glass container with a filament carbon-impregnated rayon, a newly
tics industry was rapidly emerging: through which an electrical current is invented cellulose fiber, in 1892. This
celluloid, the first plastic made from passed. As electricity moves through filament was used until 1906 when
plant material, was introduced in the filament, the material produces metals such as tungsten replaced
1869; the first wholly synthetic plas- heat and light. Edison searched for carbon. For more than 100 years, the
tic, Bakelite, was produced in 1907. a filament material that could be basic design of light bulbs followed
Edison was aware of the current pulled into a thread and inserted into Edison’s original 1879 invention, until
developments in these new materi- a glass bulb. It required a high melt- incandescent bulbs were phased
als, and his team experimented ing point, ductility, electrical con- out in the U.S. in 2014 after the
extensively with plastics and resins ductance, and reliability. He started emergence of more energy-efficient
in their search for a durable record his experiments with platinum, an designs.
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Now having a working light bulb, two-chambered cell with positive- in purification of nickel metal and
Edison returned to New York to and negative-charged electrodes a new production method for iron
begin installing a system of electri- in an electrolyte solution through powder. After extensive research
cal power and lighting. The project which the electrical charge is trans- and manufacturing tests, the Edison
took teams dedicated to solving mitted. The electrical output of the battery began sales in 1904. Early
problems of electrical generation battery is largely determined by the problems resulted in a temporary
and transmission and factories to materials used in its design. suspension of manufacturing,
produce the light bulbs, insulated but Edison’s team of researchers
At the time, Edison was producing a
wires, fuses, and other necessary scrutinized the faulty batteries that
primary battery called the Lalande
components. When installed in were returned by customers and
cell by the hundreds of thousands
1880, the project was an enormous devised a solution for the problems
annually. Primary batteries pro-
success. The introduction of the observed with the nickel plates in
duce electricity, but they cannot be
electrical lighting system cemented the original design.
recharged. Lalande cells were messy
Edison’s reputation as an inventive and required regular replacement When reintroduced in 1909, the
genius. of electrolytes. Edison sought a improved Edison Storage Battery
WEST ORANGE LABORATORY battery for automobiles that could solved earlier problems of sustained
After the New York electrification be recharged by the energy gener- electrical discharge and reliabil-
project was completed, Edison ated during the vehicle’s operation ity in road tests. As Edison had
looked forward to returning to (a design called a storage battery) envisioned, it was used primarily
New Jersey to invent. By this time and that was simpler for consumers in small electrical vehicles, such
Edison’s activities had outgrown to use. He experimented exten- as delivery vehicles in urban areas,
the Menlo Park laboratories, and he sively with metals and electrolyte although it was not adopted widely
sought a new, expanded location solutions to perfect his version of a for automobile design.
for his research and manufactur- rechargeable battery. RUBBER RESEARCH
ing operations. He selected West Edison’s invention, the nickel-iron Edison was involved with organic
Orange, a community 30 miles alkaline electrical storage battery, chemical production and military
closer to New York than Menlo Park, implemented nickel as the positive preparation during World War I, a
to establish his home and laboratory electrode and iron as the negative. time when the nation’s civilians,
complex. When completed in 1887, The approach required advances businesses, and armed forces
the West Orange complex was the
most modern and well-equipped Edison standing in
industrial research facility in the his West Orange,
world. It included several specialty New Jersey,
laboratories for electricity, physics, laboratory in 1908.
chemistry, and metallurgy, as well
as chemical storage and a library of
chemical information to support Edi-
son’s expansive research. Over the
next several decades as his inven-
tions spawned industries, Edison
established chemical manufacturing
operations and factories nearby.
ELECTRICAL STORAGE BATTERY
When automobiles were introduced
to U.S. consumers in the 1890s, elec-
tricity, steam, and petroleum-based
fuels competed to power this new
market. Edison, who was familiar
with battery technology from his
earliest days as a telegraph operator,
favored battery power but disliked
the standard lead-acid battery that
was then used. In 1900 he set out to
produce a superior version.
A battery is a device that converts
chemical energy into electrical
energy. The basic design is a
Henry Ford, Edison,
and Harvey
Firestone examine
samples in the
Botanical Research
Laboratory in
Fort Myers,
Florida, in 1931.
struggled with shortages of impor- plantations in Southeast Asia. Edison October 18, 1931, the project con-
tant strategic materials. Having set out to identify a source of rubber tinued for five years until it was
been recruited as a naval research that could be produced domesti- transferred to the U.S. Department
advisor during the war, Edison was cally from plants that could be of Agriculture. Edison’s plans to grow
at the forefront of the nation’s grown quickly in the U.S. if imports rubber from goldenrod domestically
leadership in wartime preparations. were cut off during wartime. He never came to fruition (scientists
From this position, he recognized the was aware of past surveys of native developed a synthetic process for
important need for finding a domes- plants to identify their rubber con- rubber production during World
tic source for rubber, a material that tent, but he believed that a larger, War II), but the project nonetheless
was essential to automobile produc- more systematic survey might iden- represents a major advance in mod-
tion and many other uses. As early tify a new source of rubber. ern research on producing materials
as 1923 Edison began to experiment from renewable resources.
He invited botanists from New
in this field. THOMAS EDISON’S LEGACY
Jersey to Florida to send samples
Edison used rubber in his electrical of local plants to his botanical Edison’s inventive mind encom-
storage batteries and was close laboratory for analysis. The process passed all manner of American life,
friends with Henry Ford and Harvey involved grinding the plant mate- from consumer products to strategic
Firestone, both of whose businesses rial and chemically processing it to materials and war preparations.
were closely tied to rubber. His back- determine each sample’s rubber While popularly regarded as an
ground in business and materials content. As the project grew, more inventor, Edison was an able applied
science made him uniquely qualified than 17,000 plant samples from chemist whose numerous inventions
to lead the endeavor. In 1927 he around the world were analyzed for and businesses were enabled by his
joined with Ford and Firestone their rubber content, and one group chemical knowledge.
to establish the Edison Botanic of plants—Solidago, commonly
Through experimentation and
Research Corporation at his winter known as goldenrod—was selected with skilled scientific and technical
home in Fort Myers, Florida. The as the most promising due to both teams working in his modern and
following year Edison completed his its high rubber content and ability to sophisticated laboratories, Thomas
botanic laboratory in Fort Myers. be grown quickly in the U.S. Edison, the chemist, is remembered
At this time, all rubber was produced Edison’s team crossbred species of for inventions that improved the
from natural sources—in particular goldenrod to increase their rubber standard of living and impacted all
the latex of Hevea trees—and the content, and tested industrial manner of life for Americans in the
vast majority was imported from production. After his death on 20th century.
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