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Representation of Signals & Systems: 1. Hilbert Transform
Representation of Signals & Systems: 1. Hilbert Transform
1. Hilbert Transform
1 g ( ) 1
t
gˆ (t ) d = g(t) , - convolution (1)
t
gˆ ( )
1 1
t
g (t ) d = ˆ
g (t ) - (2)
t
The functions g(t) and gˆ (t ) are said to constitute a Hilbert-
transform pair.
1
In terms of Fourier transform;
1
-j sign(f)
t
-900
2
Consider g(t)= cos(2fct)
G(f)=1/2. [(f-fc) + (f+fc)]
Therefore Gˆ ( f ) = -j sgn(f).G(f)
= -j/2. [(f-fc) + (f+fc)]sgn(f)
= 1/2j. [(f-fc) - (f+fc)]
=j G ( f )Gˆ ( f )df
3
=j sgn( f )G ( f )G ( f )df
=j sgn( f )G( f )G * ( f )df
sgn( f ) G( f ) df
2
=j
where G(-f) = G*(f) for g(t) real. The integrand is odd.
Thus g (t ) gˆ (t )dt 0 .
Similarly we may show that a power signal g(t) and its Hilbert
transform gˆ (t ) are orthogonal over one period;
1 T
2T T
lim g (t ) gˆ (t )dt 0 .
T
4
2. Pre-Envelope
g+(t)= g(t) + j gˆ (t )
We note that the given signal g(t) is the real part of the pre-
envelope g+(t) and the H.T. of the signal is the imaginary part of
the pre-envelope.
2G ( f ), f 0
G+(f) = G (0), f 0
0, f 0
Therefore g (t ) 2 G ( f ) exp( j 2ft)df
0
|G(f)|
G(0)
f
-W W
5
|G+(f)| 2G(0)
f
W
g-(t)= g(t) - j gˆ (t )
0, f 0
G-(f) = G (0), f 0
2G ( f ), f 0
6
3. Canonical Representation of Band-Pass Signals
|G(f)|
f
-fc fc
~
| G( f ) |
2W 2|G(fc)| 2W
-W W f
7
g(t) = Re[g+(t)]=Re [ g~(t ) exp(j2fct)]
8
We can express g~(t ) in polar form as
9
4 Band-Pass Systems
10
~
So h(t) = Re[ h (t ) exp(j2fct)]
~
Note that hI(t), hQ(t)and h (t ) are all low-pass functions limited
to –B f B.
~ ~
2h(t) = h (t ) exp(j2fct) + h * (t ) exp(-j2fct)
~ ~
h * (t ) is the complex conjugate of h (t ) .
~
So we can find H ( f ) by taking the positive frequency part of
H(f) and shifting it to origin scaled by 2.
~
Then taking the inverse Fourier transform of H ( f ) we can find
~
the complex impulse response h (t ) .
Without loss of generality we assume that X(f) and H(f) are both
centered around fc. Let y(t) be the output signal. It is also a band-
pass signal. Hence,
y (t ) exp(j2fct)]
y(t)= Re [ ~
Also y(t) = h( ) x(t )d
11
In terms of pre-envelopes, we have
Therefore y(t) = Re[ h ( )] Re[ x (t )]d
1
*
Re[ h ( )] Re[ x ( )]d Re h ( ) x ( ) d
2
1
y(t)= Re h ( ) x (t )d
2
1 ~
= Re h ( ) exp( j 2f c ) ~
x (t ) exp( j 2f c (t )) d
2
1 ~
= Re exp( j 2f c t ) h ( ) ~
x (t )d
2
Therefore,
~ ~
2~
y (t ) h ( ) ~x (t )d = h (t ) ~x (t )
12
If ~
y (t ) = yI(t) + j yQ(t)
Then 2yI(t) = hI(t) xI(t) – hQ(t) xQ(t)
xI(t)
hI(t)
+
2yI(t)
-
hQ(t)
hQ(t)
+
2yQ(t)
+
hI(t)
xQ(t)
13