Clinkering and early age hydration characterization of Belite-Alite Calcium

Sulfoaluminate (BACSA) cements

Londono-Zuluaga, D.1,2, Alvarez-Pinazo, G.1, Tobón, J.I.2, Aranda, M.A.G.1,3, Santacruz, I.1, De la
Torre, A.G.*1
1. Departamento de Química Inórganica, Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga,
Spain
2. Grupo del Cemento y Materiales de Construcción, CEMATCO, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad
de Minas, Medellín, Colombia
3. ALBA Synchroton, Carretera BP 1413, Km. 3.3, 08290 Cerdanyola, Barcelona, Spain

Abstract
Belite Calcium SulfoAluminate (BCSA) cements, also known as sulfobelite cements, have been developed as OPC
substitutes. BCSA cements contain belite as main phase (>50 wt%) and ye´elimite as the second content phase
(~30 wt%). BCSA are less calcite demanding materials than OPC, with the consequent diminution of carbon
dioxide emissions from decarbonation in the kiln. Although BCSA cements have been proposed as a sustainable
alternative to OPC, an important technological problem is associated to them: these materials develop low
mechanical strengths at intermediate hydration ages (3, 7, and 28 days). One of the proposed solutions to this
problem is the activation of BCSA clinkers by preparing clinkers with high percentage of coexisting alite and
ye'elimite. These clinkers are known Belite-Alite Calcium Sulfoaluminate (BACSA) cements. Their manufacture
may produce 15% less CO 2 than OPC. Alite is the main component of OPC and is responsible for early
mechanical strengths. The reaction of alite and ye´elimite with water will develop cements with high mechanical
strengths at early ages, while belite will contribute to later curing times. Moreover, the high alkalinity of BACSA
cement pastes/mortars/concretes will facilitate the use of supplementary cementitious materials with pozzolanic
activity that also contribute to decrease the CO 2 footprint of these ecocements.

In this work, four BACSA clinkers with different compositions (belite ~ 70-55 wt%, alite ~ 10-15 wt% and
ye’elimite ~ 10-15 wt%) were synthesized (at laboratory scale). Lime, gypsum, kaolin and sand were used as raw
materials and clinkering temperatures from 1280 to 1300 ºC were studied. Every BACSA clinker was chemically
and mineralogically characterized through X-ray fluorescence and laboratory X-ray powder diffraction
(LXRPD), the latter in combination with the Rietveld methodology to obtain the full phase assemblage. The
clinker with the targeted composition (belite ~ wt 60 %, alite ~ 13 wt% and ye’elimite ~ 10 wt%) was chosen to
perform the scaling-up (2 kg). To do so, the processing parameters (milling time and clinkering conditions) have
been optimized.

Finally, the hydration of the corresponding BACSA cement pastes (prepared with the scaled-up clinker and
anhydrite) was studied through thermogravimetric analysis (at very early hydration time) and LXRPD in
combination with the Rietveld methodology, at 1 and 7 hydration days to determine degree of hydration.

Originality
Our key challenge is to design “New formulations of optimised belite-alite calcium sulfoaluminate (BACSA)
which must develop mechanical strengths comparable to those of ordinary Portland cement, OPC, with a
reduction in CO 2 emissions of at least 15% when compared to OPC production.”

Because of that, BACSA clinkers with high amounts of alite and ye'elimite are desired. However, a good raw
meal combination is far from being well-established. This work reports a study of the different combinations of
belite-alite calcium sulfoaluminate raw materials with different mineralogical compositions and the scale-up of
the selected one. Both cement phase assemblage and hydration mechanisms of the corresponding cement pastes
are also being correlated.

Keywords: BACSA cement, clinkering, hydration, Rietveld Quantitative Phase Analysis, X-ray powder diffraction

*Corresponding author: Email: mgd@uma.es Tel +34952131877, Fax +34952137534

1. Introduction
The manufacture of Calcium SulfoAluminate (CSA) cements is more environmentally friendly than
OPC (Gartner, 2004; Aranda & De la Torre, 2013), as their production releases up to 35% less CO 2
than the latter. CSA cements present a wide range of phase assemblages, but all of them contain over
50 wt% calcium sulfoaluminate (also known as ye´elimite or Klein’s salt), jointly with belite, ferrite
and other minor components (Chen & Juenger, 2011; Quillin, 2001; Gartner & Li, 2006; Janotka et al,
2007). Their main performances are fast setting, durability and, depending on the amount of added
sulphate they are self-levelling materials or shrinkage controllers (Pera & Ambroise, 2004; Winnefeld
& Barlag, 2010; García-Maté et al, 2015). These materials are commonly used for niche applications
due to their high cost (due to the very high alumina contents).

Currently, Belite Calcium SulfoAluminate (BCSA) cements have been developed as OPC substitutes
(Morin et al., 2011; Cuberos et al., 2010; Gartner & Li, 2006; Álvarez-Pinazo et al, 2014; Álvarez-
Pinazo et al., 2013). BCSA cements contain belite as main phase (>50 wt%) and ye´elimite as
secondary main phase (~30 wt%). BCSA are less calcium carbonate demanding materials than OPC,
with the consequent decrease of carbon dioxide emissions from decarbonation in the kilns. In addition,
OPC clinkering temperature is ~1450 ºC, while for BCSA is ~1300 ºC. Moreover, these materials are
easier to grind, implying an energetic saving and indirect emission depletion. Although BCSA
cements have been proposed as a sustainable alternative to OPC, some important technological
problems are associated to them: i) these materials develop low mechanical strengths at intermediate
hydration ages (3, 7 and 28 days). ii) Weakness of these cements is that the basicity of the pastes is not
very high and therefore, the pozzolanic effect with fly ash or slag is expected not to be very effective.

One of the proposed solutions to this problem is the activation of BCSA with the production of
cements that contain alite jointly with ye´elimite, known as Belite Alite Calcium SulfoAluminate
(BACSA) cements. Their manufacture may produce 15% less CO 2 than OPC. Alite is the main
component of OPC and is responsible for early mechanical strengths. The reaction of alite and
ye´elimite with water will develop cements with high mechanical strengths at early ages, while belite
will contribute to strength developments at later ages (Pérez-Bravo et al, 2013; Liu et al, 2009; Lili et
al, 2009.; Li et al, 2007; Ma et al, 2006; Liu & Li, 2005; Ma et al, 2013). Furthermore, the high pH
values resulting from alite hydration could enhance the pozzolanic reaction facilitating the use of
supplementary cementitious materials. However, there are inherent difficulties in the production of
BACSA, due to the differences between the optimum formation temperatures of main phases. Alite
formation is favoured by the presence of melted phases and at least a temperature of 1350 ºC is
required. On the other hand, decomposition or melting of ye´elimite takes place over 1350 ºC (Puertas
et al, 1995; Fuertes & Fernandez, 1995; Li et al, 2014). Fortunately, the addition of minor quantities of
fluorite (Li et al, 2007; Blanco-Varela et al, 1997) and other minor elements such as Mg (Liu & Li,
2005), Cu (Ma et al, 2006), Mn (Lili et al, 2009), Ti (Liu et al, 2009) or Zn (Pérez-Bravo et al, 2013)
to raw materials will yield to the coexistence of these two phases by using clinkering temperatures of
~1300 °C. Minor elements act as fluxes by reducing the formation temperature of alite. Fluorite, in
addition, works as mineraliser by enlarging the crystallisation volume of this phase (Blanco-Varela et
al, 1997).

The main aim of this study is to prepare a BACSA cement with high contents of belite / ye’elimite /
alite and to understand hydration mechanisms at early ages. In order to do so, laboratory XRPD and
Rietveld methodology (De la Torre et al., 2001) are employed. The results are compared to those
obtained from thermogravimetric (TG) analysis.

2. Experimental

2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Clinkering
Four clinkers were prepared by mixing appropriated amounts natural raw materials of lime, sand,
gypsum and kaolin. Table 1 shows elemental composition of the raw mixtures, excluding CO 2 and
water. Table 1 also includes the clinker nomenclature used in this work and the targeted (nominal)
phase contents. These clinkers are labelled as BACSA_# referred to essay number.

Raw materials were mixed by hand in an agate mortar during 30 minutes. The clinkering was carried
out by pressing the raw mixtures into tablets of ∼3 g of 20 mm diameter. The tablets were placed on
Pt/Rh crucibles and heated at 900 °C for 30 min at a heating rate of 5 °C/min. Then, the temperature
was raised at the same rate to the final temperature (1300 °C) and held for 15 min. Finally, the clinkers
were quenched using forced air convection.

Table 1. Nominal elemental composition of raw mixtures (expressed as oxides) excluding H 2 O and CO 2 and
targeted phase content (both in wt%) of BACSA clinkers.
Clinker BACSA_1 BACSA_2 BACSA_3 BACSA_4
Oxide
CaO 59.3 62.1 60.9 61.2
Al 2 O 3 10.7 13.6 8.6 10.1
SO 3 2.0 3.3 4.9 3.5
Fe 2 O 3 4.9 1.6 1.6 1.6
SiO 2 23.3 24.5 24.0 23.6
Phase
C2S 55 50 50 45
C4 A3Ŝ 15 25 15 18
C3S 15 20 25 30
C 4 AF 15 5 5 5
CŜ --- --- 5 2

2.1.2. Scale-up
BACSA_4 was chosen to be scaled-up to 2 kg, for reasons discussed below, using the raw materials
described above. The raw meal was pre-homogenized for 90 min in a micro-Deval machine (A0655,
Proeti S.A., Spain) at 100 rpm with steel balls (9 balls of 30 mm, 10 balls of 18 mm and 20 of balls of
10 mm). The mixture was pressed into pellets of ~ 30 g of 55 mm of diameter. Six pellets were placed
in a large Pt/Rh crucible. The pellets were heated at 900 °C and held for 30 min (heating rate of 5
°C/min). Then, they were further heated at 1280 or 1300 °C and held for 15 min (at same heating rate).
Finally, the samples were quenched using forced air convection. The clinkered pellets were ground
until all clinker material crossed through a 75 μm sieve.

2.1.3. Cement Preparation

Cements were prepared by mixing BACSA_4 scaled-up clinker with 12 wt% of anhydrite. This
amount of anhydrite corresponds to the stoichiometric content in order to complete the reactions with
ye’elimite and other aluminates to form ettringite. The anhydrite (CŜ) was prepared by heating the
commercial micronized natural gypsum (CŜH 2 ) marketed by BELITH S.P.R.L. (Belgium) at 700 °C
for 1 h. The cement showed Blaine fineness about 520 m2/kg.

2.1.4. Cement Pastes Preparation

Cement pastes were prepared with distilled water using water/cement (w/c) mass ratio of 0.50. Pastes,
prepared according to UNE-EN 196-3, were poured into a hermetically closed polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE) cylinder shape mold during the first 24 h at 20 ± 1 ºC (García-Maté et al, 2015). Then,
samples were taken out and stored within deionized water at 20 ± 1 ºC. Hardened pastes were
characterized after 1 and 7 days of hydration. The stopping hydration of cement paste was carried out
as reported by García-Maté et al, 2015.
2.2. Analytical techniques
2.2.1. Laboratory X-Ray Powder diffraction (LXRPD) data collection and analysis
LXRPD studies were performed on anhydrous materials and stopped hydration pastes. Anhydrous
materials were recorded on an X'Pert MPD PRO diffractometer (PANalytical) using strictly
monochromatic CuKα 1 radiation (λ=1.54059Å) [Ge (111) primary monochromator] and X'Celerator
detector. Data were collected from 5º to 70° (2θ) during ~ 2 hours. The samples were rotated during
data collection at 16 rpm in order to enhance particle statistics. The stopped hydration pastes data were
collected on a PANalytical EMPYREAN automated diffractometer. Powder patterns were recorded
using CuKα 1,2 radiation between 5º and 70º in 2θ with a step size of 0.013º during 2 hours.

All the patterns were analyzed by the Rietveld method using GSAS software package (Larson and
Von Dreele, 1994) by using a pseudo-Voigt peak shape function (Thompson et al, 1987) with the
asymmetry correction included (Finger et al 1994) to obtain Rietveld Quantitative Phase Analysis
(RQPA).

2.2.2. Thermal analysis

Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses (TG-DTA) were performed in a SDT-Q600
analyzer from TA instruments (New Castle, DE) for a ground fraction of every paste after stopping
hydration as described above. The temperature was varied from room temperature (RT) to 1000 ºC at a
heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Measurements were carried out in open platinum crucibles under air flow.
The weighed loss from RT to 600 ºC was assumed to be water (chemically bounded water) and that
from 600 to 1000 ºC was considered as CO 2 (Table 2).

Table 2. Weight losses from the TGA study on BCSA_4 cement pastes.
Theoretical Weight loss Weight loss
Pastes age (days)
weight loss* (%) RT-600 ºC (%) 600-1000 ºC (%)
1 33.3 19.5 0.7
7 33.3 20.6 0.9
* Theoretical weight loss due to the total initial free water.

2.2.3. pH measurement
A fraction of pastes was filtered in a Whatman filter (pore size of 8 μm) after 10 min of hydration. The
pH of the filtration waters was measured by using standard digital pHmeter (Álvarez-Pinazo et al,
2014)

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Synthesis
Figure 1 shows LXRPD patterns for the synthetic BACSA clinkers. Table 3 gives RQPA of all the
studied clinkers. Rietveld results are normalized to 100% of crystalline phases (i.e. the presence of an
amorphous/non-diffracting fraction is not taken into account). The phase compositions for the
synthetic clinkers were somewhat different to their target phase composition design. Inspecting the
data in Table 3, it has to be highlighted that the maximum percentages of alite on the clinkers was
about 16 wt% (except for BACSA_1 where there was absence of alite). On the other hand, the
maximum percentages of ye’elimite assemblage on the clinkers were ~13 wt%. This fact indicates that
the maximum assemblage alite/ye’elimite on clinker, from our raw materials, has a mass ratio between
1.3 and 1.4 in mass percentage. According to these results BACSA_3 and BACSA_4 were the most
promising clinkers to be scaled-up as they presented the higher amounts of both alite and ye’elimite.
BACSA_1 was ruled out due to the absence of alite and BACSA_2 presented non-negligible
percentages of gehlenite (C 2 AS). C 2 AS is described as intermediate phase in the mechanism of
formation of CSA clinkers and does not present hydraulic properties (Odler, 2000; Lawrence, 2003).
 Table 3. RQPA (wt%) for BACSA clinkers obtained from LXRPD.
Clinker BACSA_1 BACSA_2 BACSA_3 BACSA_4 BACSA_4 scaled-up

Phase
ß-C 2 S 65.0(1) 44.9(3) 59.9(2) 51.8(2) 59.4(2)
γ-C 2 S 2.7(1) 12.2(2) 2.9(2) 8.5(2) 1.2(1)
C 4 AF 22.0(2) 8.2(2) 7.6(1) 7.0(1) 6.5(2)
CŜ - - 0.5(2) - 0.5(6)
o-C 4 A 3 Ŝ 3.5(1) 1.9(6) 9.7(2) 9.1(4) 10.4(1)
c-C 4 A 3 Ŝ - 7.9(7) 0.6(2) 3.0(4) -
C3S - 13.0(3) 13.1(2) 16.0(2) 14.3(2)
C 12 A 7 6.6(1) 2.1(8) - 2.3(1) 4.5(1)
Fluorellestedite - - 5.0(3) - 2.6(1)
C3A - - 0.8(7) 2.3(8) -
C 2 AS - 7.0(3) - - -
Free lime - 2.7(5) - - -

Figure 1. LXRPD patterns for BACSA clinkers. C 12 A 7 , C 4 AF, o-C 4 A 3 Ŝ, ß-C 2 S, C 3 S,

C 2 AS, Free lime, Fluorellestedite, C 3 A

Small amounts of the room-temperature polymorph of dicalcium silicate, γ-C 2 S, were also found in all
clinkers. This phase is formed on cooling by the polymorphic transformation, β-C 2 S→γ-C 2 S, but it is
hydraulically inactive and therefore its presence is undesirable in clinkers. The formation of γ-C 2 S is
enhanced by i) prolonged holding times at high temperatures, ii) low cooling rates and iii) the absence
of foreign ions such as sodium or potassium which could stabilize the β-form. Also, small amounts of
mayenite and C 3 A were found in the clinkers. These phases are hydraulically very active in the
absence and presence of sulphates, consequently their presence in the clinkers has to be taken into
consideration to prepare the corresponding cements. Fluorellestedite (F-ellestedite) is present in
BACSA_3 however, this is an inert phase. Taking into account these results, the chosen clinker to be
scaled-up was BACSA_4 and RQPA of the scaled-up clinker is also reported in Table 3.

3.2. Hydration of BACSA cement

BACSA_4 ‘scaled up’ hydration behaviour was studied at very early ages. Table 4 gives direct RQPA
results of pastes hydrated at 1 and 7 days. Figure 2 shows DTG curves of BACSA_4 cement at
selected times of hydration. As a first step, phase identification was performed, concluding that C 4 A 3 Ŝ
and C 3 S have totally and partially disappeared, respectively, after 7 days of hydration. Ye’elimite
reacts with anhydrite to form ettringite and amorphous aluminium hydroxide hydrated; on the other
hand C 3 S may react with water to form C-S-H gel and portlandite. However crystalline portlandite
was not detected by LXRPD. Furthermore, portlandite (crystalline or amorphous) was not detected by
DTA-TG. Thus, portlandite seems not to be formed in these experimental conditions. These results are
in agreement with Winnefeld & Barlag (2009) and Hargis et al. (2013). The portlandite in these types
of pastes seems to favour the formation of AFm-type phases.
Figure 3 shows Rietveld plots of BACSA_4 hydrated at 7 days as an example of the refinements.

Figure 2 DTG curves of BACSA_4 cement paste after 1 and 7 days of hydration

Table 4. RQPA results (wt%) on cement pastes, as a function of hydration time obtained from LXRPD.
Phases to 1d 7d
ß-C 2 S 53.3(2) 52.2(2) 48.6(2)
γ-C 2 S 1.1(1) - -
C 4 AF 5.8(2) - -
CŜ 11.2(2) - -
o-C 4 A 3 Ŝ 9.3(1) 4.1(1) 4.1(2)
C3S 12.8(2) 1.2(2) 1.2(2)
C 12 A 7 4.0(1) 1.1(1) 0.7(1)
Fluorellestedite 2.3(1) 4.1(1) 4.1(2)
C-S-H - 0.6(1) 1.3(2)
CH - - -
AFm-type
- 2.6(1) 4.9(1)
phases
AFt - 35.3(2) 36.6(2)
katoite - 1.7(1) 2.5(1)

The fast emergence of ettringite may stimulate high mechanical strength values at early ages jointly
with the reactivity of C 3 S. The pH value of the pastes was measured to understand the effect in
dissolution of high hydraulic phases (ye’elimite, mayenite, alite and anhydrite), giving a value of
~12.6 (after 10 min hydration). This value is similar to that obtained for a BCSA cement without any
C 3 S in its phase assemblage (Alvarez-Pinazo et al, 2014). It is known that the depletion of dissolved
sulfate ions causes the increase of hydroxide concentration, and consequently a higher pH value
(Winnefeld & Lothenbach, 2010). However, as mentioned before portlandite (CH) was not observed at
any studied age.

Figure 3. Rietvled plot of BACSA_4 paste at 7 days of hydration. C 12 A 7 , ß-C 2 S, C 3 S, AFt,

AFm-types phases, katoite, C-S-H – tobermorite, Fluorellestedite,

4. Conclusions
The main goal of this contribution has been the preparation of a belite-alite-calcium sulfoaluminate
clinker with a designed phase assemblage, with high an alite/ye’elimite mass relation between 1.3 and
1.4. Furthermore, the hydration of this cement with anhydrite and w/c of 0.5, presented a high pH
value than can be attractive for use of fly ash as supplementary material.

Acknowledgements
This work has been supported by Junta de Andalucía (Spain) through the P11-FQM-7517 research
grant and FEDER/University of Málaga (FC14-MAT-23). D. Londono-Zuluaga thanks to Enlaza
Mundos 2013 program fellowship.

References
Álvarez-Pinazo G., Cuesta A., García-Maté M., et al., 2014. In-situ early-age hydration study of sulfobelite
cements by synchrotron powder diffraction. Cement and Concrete Research, 56, 12-19.
Álvarez-Pinazo G., Santacruz I., León-Reina L., et al., 2013. Hydration Reactions and Mechanical Strenght
Developmenrts of Iron Rich Sulfobelite Eco-cements. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 52, 16606-
16614.
Aranda, M.A.G., De la Torre, A.G., 2013. Sulfoaluminate cement in Eco-efficient concrete; Pacheco-Torgal, F.
Ed.; Jalali, S. Ed. Labrincha, J. Ed.; Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge.
Blanco-Varela, M.T., Palomo, A., Puertas, F. And Vázquez, T.,1997. CaF 2 And CaSO 4 In White Cement
Clinker Production. Advanced Cement Research 9: 105-113.
Chen, I.A., Juenger, M.C.G., 2011. Synthesis and hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate-belite cements with
varied phase compositions, Journal of Materials Science 46, 2568-2577.
Cuberos A.J.M., De la Torre A.G., Álvarez-Pinazo G., et al., 2010. Active iron-rich belite sulfoaluminate
cements: Clinkering and Hydration. Environmental Science & Technology, 44, 6855-6862.
De la Torre A.G., Cabeza A., Calvente A., et al., 2001. Full Phase Analysis of Portland Clinker by Penetrating
Synchrotron Powder Diffraction. Analytical Chemistry, 73, 151-156.
Finger, L.W., Cox, D.E., Jephcoat, A.P., 1994. A correction for powder diffraction peak asymmetry due to
diaxial divergence. Journal of Applied Crystallography , 27, 892–900.
Fuertes, A., Fernandez, M., 1995. Kinetics of the calcium-sulfate decomposition, Chemical Engineering
Research and Design 73, 854–862.
García-Maté, M., De la Torre, A.G., León-Reina, L., Losilla, E.R., Aranda, M.A.G., Santacruz, I., 2015. Effect
of calcium sulfate source on the hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate eco-cement. Cement and Concrete
Composites, 55, 53-61.
Gartner E., 2004. Industrially interesting approaches to ‘‘low-CO 2 ’’ cements. Cement and Concrete Research,
34, 1489-1498.
Gartner, E., Li, G.S., 2006. High belite-containing sulfoaluminous clinker, method for the production and the use
thereof for preparing hydraulic binders. World Patent Application WO2006/018569 A2 (2006).
Hargis, C.W., Kirchheim, A.P., Monteiro, P.J.M., Gartner, E.M., 2013. Early age hydration of calcium
sulfoaluminate (synthetic ye'elimite, C4A3S) in the presence of gypsum and varying amounts of calcium
hydroxide. Cement and Concrete Research. 48, 105-115.
Janotka, I., Krajèl, U., Mojumdar, S.C., 2007. Performance of sulphoaluminate-belite cement with high C 4 A 3 Ŝ
content. Ceramic Silikaty 51, 74-81.
Larson A.C., Von Dreele R.B., 2000. General Structure Analysis System (GSAS), Los Alamos National
Laboratory Report LAUR, 86-748.
Lawrence, C.D., 2003. The production of low-energy cements. In Lea’s Chemistry of Cement and Concrete, 4th
ed.; Hewlett, P. C., Ed.;Elsevier: Oxford, U.K., and Burlington, MA.
Li, J., Ma, H. And Zhao, H., 2007. Preparation Of Sulphoaluminate-Alite Composite Mineralogical Phase
Cement Clinker From High Alumina Fly Ash. Key Engineering Materials Vols. 334-335, 421-424.
Li, X., Zhang, Y., Shen, X., Wang, Q., Pan, Z., 2014. Kinetics of calcium sulfoaluminate formation from
tricalcium aluminate, calcium sulfate and calcium oxide. Cement and Concrete Research 55: 79-87.
Lili, R., Xiaocun, L., Tao, Q., Lian, L., Deli, Z. And Yanjun, L., 2009. Influence of MnO2 on the burnability and
mineral formation of alite-sulphoaluminate cement clinker. Silicates Industrials , 74, 183-187.
Liu, X. Li, Y., 2005. Effect of MgO on the composition and properties of alite-sulphoaluminate cement. Cement
and Concrete Research 35, 1685-1687.
Liu, X.C., Li, B.L., Qi, T., Liu, X.L. And Li, Y.J., 2009. Effect of TiO 2 on mineral formation and properties of
alite-sulphoaluminate cement. Materials Research Innovations 13(2), 92-97.
Ma, S., Shen, X., Gong, X. Zhong, B., 2006. Influence of CuO on the formation and coexistence of CaO·SiO 2
and 3CaO·3Al 2 O 3 ·CaSO 4 minerals. Cement and Concrete Research 36, 1784–1787.
Ma, S., Snellings, R., Li, X., Shen, X., Scrivener, K. L., 2013. Alite-ye'elimite cement: Synthesis and
mineralogical analysis. Cement And Concrete Research 45, 15–20.
Morin V., Walenta G., Gartner E., et al., 2011. Hydration of a Belite-Calcium Sulfoaluminate- Ferrite cement:
AetherTM , In: Ángel Palomo, Aniceto Zaragoza and Juan Carlos López Agüí, ed. 13th International Congress
on the Chemistry of Cement, Madrid 3-8 July 2011. Madrid: Los Autores, 188.
Odler I., 2000. Special Inorganic Cements, Taylor and Francis, London.
Pera, J., Ambroise, J., 2004. New applications of calcium sulfoaluminate cement. Cement and Concrete
Research 34(4),671–676.
Pérez-Bravo, R.; Álvarez-Pinazo, G.; Compana, J. M.; Santacruz, I.; Losilla, E.R.; Bruque, S.; De La Torre,
A.G., 2013. Alite sulfoaluminate clinker: Rietveld mineralogical and SEM-EDX analysis. Advances In Cement
Research 26 (1), 10 – 20.
Puertas, F., Varela, M.T.B., Molina, S.G., 1995. Kinetics of the thermal decomposition of C4A3$ in air, Cement
And Concrete Research 25, 572–580.
Quillin, K. 2001. Performance of belite-sulfoaluminate cements, Cement and Concrete Research 31, 1341-1349.
Thompson P., Cox D.E., Hasting J.B., 1987. Rietveld refinement of Debye-Scherrer synchrotron X-ray data
from Al 2 O 3 . Journal of Applied Crystallography, 20, 79-83.
Winnefeld, F., Barlag, S. 2009. Influence of calcium sulfate and calcium hydroxide on the hydration of calcium
sulfoaluminate clinker. ZKG International 12, 42-53.
Winnefeld F., Barlag S., 2010. Calorimetric and thermogravimetric study on the influence of calcium sulfate on
the hydration of ye’elimite. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 101, 949-957.
Winnefeld, F., Lothenbach, B., 2010. Hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate cements - experimental findings and
thermodynamic modelling, Cement and Concrete Research, 40, 1239–1247.