Jeries Hosh Business Math 102

Matrices

DEFINITION A matrix (plural matrices), is a rectangular array of real numbers, which is enclosed
in large brackets. Matrices are generally denoted by boldface capital letters such as A, B, or C.

4
A= [ 21 −3 7
0 4 ]
3 4 5 5

[
B= 7 8 9 1
5 4 3 2 ] C=
2
3
1
[]
D = [1 2 3 4 5] E =[ 3 ]

The real numbers which form the array are called the entries or elements of the matrix. The
elements in any horizontal line form a row and those in any vertical line form a column of the
matrix. For example, matrix B (above) has three rows and columns. The elements of the first row
are 3, 4, 5, and 6 and those of the third column are 5, 9, and 3. If a matrix has m rows and n
columns, then it is said to be of size m X n (read m by n). Of the matrices given above, A is a 2 × 3
matrix, B is a 3 x 4 matrix, and C is a 4 x 1 matrix. A matrix of size 1 X n has only one row and a
matrix of size m X 1 has only one column. A matrix having only one row is often called a row
matrix or row vector. Similarly, a matrix having only one column is called a column matrix or a
column vector. In the above examples, D is a row vector and C is a column vector. It is often
convenient to use a double-subscript notation for the elements of a matrix. In this notation, for
example, aij denotes the element of the matrix A that is in the ith row and the jth column. Thus,
a24 denotes the entry in the second row and fourth column of A.

If all the elements of a matrix are zero, we call the matrix a zero matrix and denote it by 0. Thus,
the following is the zero matrix of size 2 X 3.

0= [ 00 0 0
0 0 ]
A matrix with the same numbers of rows as columns is called matrix. The following are examples
of square matrices.

P= [ 23 74]
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if

(i) they are of the same size, and

(ii) their corresponding elements are equal.

For example, let

 A= [ 2y 37] and B= [ b8 3x ]
Clearly, A and B are of the same size and A = B if and only if y = 8, b = 2, x = 7.

 Addition and Subtraction of Matrices

Two matrices A and B of the same size can be added (or subtracted) by adding (or subtracting)
their corresponding elements. In other words, if A = [a,] and B = [b] are two matrices of the
same size. For example, exercise 11 P 368

2 [−12 13] [−21 30 ] [−24 26 ] [−63 90] [−21 116 ]

+3 = + =

exercise 12 P 368

2 1 1−2 6 3 2 −4 4 7

[ ] [ ][ ][ ][ ]
3 −1 3 - 2 2
4 7 −3 0
3 = −3 9 - 4
12 21 −6 0
6 = −7 3
18 21

 Multiplication of Matrices

DEFINITION If A = [aij] is an m X n matrix and B = [bij] is an n X p matrix, then the product AB is an

m X p matrix C = [cij], where the ijth element cij is obtained by multiplying the ith row of A and
the jth column of B.

Columns number in matrix A (j) must be equal to rows number in matrix B (i) and the result
matrix, has the number of rows of the first and the number of columns of the second matrix.
Also, multiplication of matrices is not commutative.

For example, exercise 9 P 378

4
[ 3 0 1
2 4 0
5 =
6
][ ] [
12+0+6
8+20+0 ]
= [ 1828]
A square matrix is called an identity matrix if all the elements on its diagonal are equal to 1 and
all the elements not on the diagonal are equal to zero. The following is identity matrix of sizes
3x3,

1 0 0

[ ]
0 1 0
0 0 1
The identity matrix is usually denoted by I when its size is understood without ambiguity.

When A = [ ac bd ] , AI = IA = A

 Solving Systems of Linear Equations Using Matrices

Assume that the matrices A and B have elements whose values are given numbers. Matrix X
contains the unknown quantities x and y. The column matrix X is commonly called the variable
vector, A is called the coefficient matrix, and B is called the value vector. By introducing
appropriate matrices, A, B, and X, any system of linear equations can be expressed as a matrix
equation.

AX = B

For example, exercise 29 P 379

2x + 3y = 7

x + 4y = 5

Solution

[ 21 34] [ xy ] [ 75]
=

[ 2xx+4+3yy ] [ 75]
=

x + 4y = 5  x = 5- 4y

2(5-4y) + 3y = 7

10 – 8y + 3y = 7

10 – 5y = 7

5y = 3

Y = 3/5  x = 13/5