CHOPPER PRINCIPLE

 The chopper switch can be implemented by : BJT,

MOSFET, IGBT, …. etc.
 As known the practical switch has finite voltage drop 0.5
to 2 V, and for the sake of simplicity this voltage drop and
then the power loss is neglected.

 The Average output voltage is given by :

Where D = t1/T ; T = 1/f , f is the chopping

frequency.
D is known as the DUTY CYCLE.

The r.m.s. value of the output voltage is

 and the input power or output power ( o losses is assumed)
is;

 The effective input resistance seen by the source is

 The Duty cycle D can be varied from 0 to 1 by varying

t1 or T (1/f)

 The output voltage can be varied from 0 to Vs by

controlling the value of D from 0 to 1 and then the power
flow can be controlled.
 If the chopping frequency f (or chopping period T) is kept
constant and the on-time (t1) is varied, the control is
known as Constant-frequency operation. The width of the
on-pulse is varied so it is also called Pulse – width –
modulation control.
 If the chopping frequency (or T) is varied and if t1 or t2 is
kept constant, this is called variable frequency operation.
 CUK REGULATOR ( BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER)

 The circuit of Cuk regulator is shown below. It is also

Buck-Boost converter.
 The output voltage polarity is opposite to that of the input
voltage.
 When the input voltage is turned on and transistor Q1 is
switch off, diode Dm is forward biased and capacitor C1 is
charged through L1, Dm and the input voltage Vs.
 Mode 1: begins when the transistor is turned on at t=0. The
current through inductor L1 rises, at the same time the
voltage of capacitor C1 reverse biased Dm and turn it off.
The capacitor C1 discharge its energy to the circuit formed
by C1, C2, the load, and L2.
 Mode 2: begins when the transistor is turned off at t = t1.
The capacitor C1 is charged from the input supply and the
energy stored in the inductor L2 is transferred to the load.
The capacitor C1 is the medium for transferring energy
from the supply to the load.
 Assuming that the current of inductor L1 rises linearly
from IL11 to IL12 in time t1, so

Vs= L1(IL12-IL11)/ t1 = L1 ∆ I1/t1 ……. (1)

Or
t1 = ∆ I1 L1 / Vs …………………. (2)

Due to the charged capacitor C1, the current of inductor L1 falls

linearly from IL12 to IL11 in time t2,
Vs – Vc1 = - L1 ∆ I1/t2 …………. (3)
Or
t2 = - ∆ I1 L1 / ( Vs – Vc1) ………………. (4)
where Vc1 is the average voltage of capacitor C1, and ∆ I1 =
(IL12-IL11). From eq.s (1) and (3)

∆ I1 = Vs t1 / L1 = - ( Vs – Vc1) t2 / L1 ….. (5)

Since t1 = DT and t2 = (1-D)T, then
Vc1 = Vs / ( 1 – D ) …………………. (6)
Assuming the current of filter inductor L2 rises linearly from
IL21 to IL22 in time t1, then

Vc1 + Vo = L2 (IL22 – IL21) / t1 = L2 ∆ I2 / t1 .. (7)

Or
t1 = ∆ I2 L2 / ( Vc1 + Vo) …………….. (8)
And the current in inductor L2 falls linearly from IL22 to IL21 in
time t2,

Vo = - L2 ∆ I2 / t2 ………………….. (9)
Or
t2 = - ∆ I2 L2 / Vo ……………….. (10)
From eq.s (7) and (9)

∆ I2 = (Vc1 + Vo ) t1 / L2 = - Vo t2 / L2
Since t1 = DT and t2 = (1-D)T, then
 Vc1 = - Vo / D ………………… (11)

Equating equations ( 6 ) and ( 11 ) we can find the average

output voltage (Vo) as

Vo = - D Vs / (1 – D )
Assuming a lossless circuit

Vs Is = - Vo Io = Vs Io D ( 1- D) and the average

input current Io is

Is = D Io / ( 1 – D )

 The CUK regulator is based on the capacitor energy

transfer.