IP IS

REQ jXEQ

+ 0.082 j0.156 +

VP RC jXM VS

- -
2-14. A 13.8-kV single-phase generator supplies power to a load through a transmission line. The load’s
impedance is Z load  5003687
.   , and the transmission line’s impedance is Z line  6060  .

(a) If the generator is directly connected to the load (Figure P2-3a), what is the ratio of the load voltage
to the generated voltage? What are the transmission losses of the system?
(b) What percentage of the power supplied by the source reached the load (what is the efficiency of the
transmission system)?
(c) If a 1:10 step-up transformer is placed at the output of the generator and a 10:1 transformer is placed
at the load end of the transmission line, what is the new ratio of the load voltage to the generated
voltage? What are the transmission losses of the system now? (Note: The transformers may be
assumed to be ideal.)
(d) What percentage of the power supplied by the source reached the load now?
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(e) Compare the efficiencies of the transmission system with and without transformers.
SOLUTION
(a) In the case of the directly-connected load, the line current is
13.80 kV
I line  I load   24.83  39.3 A
6060   50036.87 
The load voltage is
Vload  I load Z load   24.83  39.3 A  50036.87    12.42  2.43 kV

The resistance in the load is

Rload  Z load cos  500cos  60   250 

The power supplied to the load is

Pload  I line 2 Rload   24.83 A   250    154 kW

2

The ratio of the load voltage to the generated voltage is 12.42/13.8 = 0.900. The resistance in the
transmission line is
Rline  Z line cos   60cos  60   30 

so the transmission losses in the system are

Ploss  I line 2 Rline   24.83 A   30    18.5 kW

2

(b) The efficiency of this power system is

Pout Pout 154 kW
 100%  100%  100%  89.3%
Pin Pout  Ploss 154 kW  18.5 kW
(c) In this case, a 1:10 step-up transformer precedes the transmission line and a 10:1 step-down
transformer follows the transmission line. If the transformers are removed by referring the transmission
line to the voltage levels found on either end, then the impedance of the transmission line becomes
2 2
1 1
Z line    Z line     6060    0.6060 
 10   10 
The current in the referred transmission line and in the load becomes
13.80 kV
I line  I load   27.57  36.9 A
0.6060   50036.87 
The load voltage is
Vload  I load Z load   27.57  36.9 A  50036.87    13.785  0.03 kV

The resistance in the load is

Rload  Z load cos  500cos  60   250 

The power supplied to the load is

Pload  I line 2 Rload   27.57 A   250    190 kW

2

The ratio of the load voltage to the generated voltage is 13.785/13.8 = 0.9989. Also, the transmission
losses in the system are reduced. The current in the transmission line is
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 1 1
I line    I load     27.57 A   2.757 A
 10   10 
and the losses in the transmission line are

Ploss  I line 2 Rline   2.757 A   30    228 W

2

(d) The efficiency of this power system is

Pout Pout 190 kW
 100%  100%  100%  99.9%
Pin Pout  Ploss 190 kW  0.228 kW
(e) Transmission losses have decreased by a factor of more than 80 when the transformers were added
to the system.
2-15. An autotransformer is used to connect a 12.6-kV distribution line to a 13.8-kV distribution line. It must
be capable of handling 2000 kVA. There are three phases, connected Y-Y with their neutrals solidly
grounded.
(a) What must the N C / N SE turns ratio be to accomplish this connection?
(b) How much apparent power must the windings of each autotransformer handle?
(c) What is the power advantage of this autotransformer system?
(d) If one of the autotransformers were reconnected as an ordinary transformer, what would its ratings
be?
SOLUTION
(a) The transformer is connected Y-Y, so the primary and secondary phase voltages are the line
voltages divided by 3 . The turns ratio of each autotransformer is given by

VH N C  NSE 13.8 kV/ 3

 
VL NC 12.6 kV/ 3
12.6 N C  12.6 NSE  13.8 N C
12.6 NSE  1.2 N C

Therefore, N C / NSE  12.6 / 1.2  10.5 .

(b) The power advantage of this autotransformer is
SIO N C  NSE N C  10.5 N C
   11.5
SW NC NC
so 1/11.5 of the power in each transformer goes through the windings. Since 1/3 of the total power is
associated with each phase, the windings in each autotransformer must handle
2000 kVA
SW   63.5 kVA
 310.5
(c) As determined in (b), the power advantage of this autotransformer system is 11.5.
(d) The voltages across each phase of the autotransformer are 13.8 / 3 = 7967 V and 12.6 / 3 = 7275
V. The voltage across the common winding ( N C ) is 7275 kV, and the voltage across the series winding
( N SE ) is 7967 kV – 7275 kV = 692 V. Therefore, a single phase of the autotransformer connected as an
ordinary transformer would be rated at 7275/692 V and 63.5 kVA.

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