Overhead Lines 21

TABLE 2.1
Modeling Guidelines for Overhead Lines
Low-Frequency Fast-Front Very Fast-Front
Topic Transients Slow-Front Transients Transients Transients
Representation Lumped-parameter Distributed-parameter Distributed- Distributed-
of transposed multiphase PI multiphase model parameter parameter single-
lines circuit multiphase phase model
model

Line Important Capacitive and Negligible for Negligible

asymmetry inductive asymmetries single-phase
are important, except simulations,
for statistical studies, otherwise
for which they are important
negligible

Frequency- Important Important Important Important

dependent
parameters

Corona effect Important if phase Negligible Very important Negligible

conductor voltages
can exceed the
corona inception
voltage

Supports Not important Not important Very important Depends on the

cause of transient

Grounding Not important Not important Very important Depends on the

cause of transient

Insulators Not included, unless

flashovers are to be
simulated

Source: CIGRE WG 33.02, Guidelines for Representation of Network Elements when Calculating Transients,
CIGRE Brochure no. 39, 1990; Gole, A. et al., eds., Modeling and Analysis of Power System Transients
Using Digital Programs, IEEE Special Publication TP-133-0, IEEE Catalog No. 99TP133-0, 1999; IEC TR
60071-4, Insulation co-ordination—Part 4: Computational guide to insulation co-ordination and model-
ling of electrical networks, 2004.

The major objective of this section is that readers be able to either fully understand the
input/output data from commercial EMT programs or build their own computational
code. Once the corresponding data are understood, a proper interpretation of the transient
results can be given by the user.

2.2.1 Line Equations

Figure 2.2 shows the frame and the equivalent circuit of a differential section of a single-
phase overhead line.
Assuming that the line conductors are parallel to the ground and uniformly distributed,
the time-domain equations of a single-conductor line can be expressed as follows:

∂v( x , t) ∂i( x , t)
− = Ri( x , t) + L (2.1a)
∂x ∂t