CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EL SALVADOR

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE FACULTY

TOPIC:
“SEWAGE TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT”

COURSE:
FLUID MECHANICS – SECTION “B”

PRESENTED BY:

CAMPOS TOVAR, IVANIA LISSETTE

FUENTES SALAZAR, AMELIA SARAÍ

APRIL 27, 2020

 INDEX

INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................3
OBJECTIVES.......................................................................................................................................4
SUMMARY...........................................................................................................................................5
SEWAGE WATER................................................................................................................................6
Elements that make up the individual black and gray water treatment system..............................................6
Septic tank...........................................................................................................................................6
Absorption well.....................................................................................................................................7
Conventional sanitary sewer systems:.....................................................................................................8
Visiting wells.......................................................................................................................................10
Behavior of urban wastewater...............................................................................................................11
Composition of wastewater..................................................................................................................12
Water pollution in El Salvador...............................................................................................................13
CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................................14
RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................................................................15
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES...........................................................................................................16
ANNEXES..........................................................................................................................................17
 INTRODUCTION

In the treatment and management of sewage, the elimination of all pollutants present in the discharge
waters is poor, so it is necessary to use appropriate equipment for the removal of contaminants,
which are materials derived from domestic activities or industrial processes, which for reasons of
public health, environmental pollution and aesthetic considerations, should be collected and given
adequate treatment before being poured into rivers, raves or other receiving bodies. To carry out the
tasks of collection, transport and treatment of wastewater, the respective sanitary sewerage systems
and treatment plant must be developed.

It refers as sewage, to that type of water that is contaminated with fecal substance urine and another
unknown thing, which is from the organic wastes of both animals and humans, its designation of
sewage makes sense because precisely the coloration they present is black, as a result of the high
presence of toxic agents, pollutants and harmful to public health and also to animals.

The issue of sewage treatment has become a real challenge for society, there are countries with
great technological advancement in this area, for the case of El Salvador and other Latin American
countries there is still a long way to go to reach the level for example of Europe or even Asia.

For this reason, this research details the process and all the necessary information needed to make
proper sewage management.
OBJECTIVES

General: Acquire basic knowledge and useful about the management and treatment of sewage, know
what process it should take for the elimination of all contaminants present in the waters.

Specific:

1. Analyze the issue of sewage management and treatment

2. Analyze and determine the process they carry
3. Determine when different types of sewage treatment can be used
SUMMARY

We call wastewater the water that results after being used in our homes, in factories, in livestock
activities, etc.
The wastewater appears dirty and contaminated: they carry fats, detergents, organic matter, residues
from industry and livestock, herbicides and pesticides ... and sometimes some very toxic substances.
These waste waters, before returning to nature, must be purified. For this they are taken to the
treatment plants or stations, where the most appropriate treatment is carried out to return the water to
nature in the best possible conditions.
There are still many towns and cities in our country that pour their wastewater directly into the rivers,
without purifying them. This behavior has caused that most of the living things that lived in these
rivers have disappeared.
SEWAGE WATER

Sewage is contaminated liquid, it requires canalization systems and due treatment in compliance with
current regulations, it is also called Wastewater, Wastewater or Sewage.

Sewage is known as sewage, because it flows through the public sewage system, being included in
some communities to water from rain and infiltration of land.

The main motivation that will lead these waters to undergo special treatment are the pathogens found
in them, which come from the excretion of human beings and which can cause diseases and
infections if they are not treated correctly.

For these reasons, it is that sewage also called sewage or wastewater, obligatorily demand a careful
treatment system that will frame its main mission, the channeling of the same, treating the residual
content, to allow its eviction within such waters and avoid the big problems they cause: environmental
pollution and the proliferation of viruses.

Elements that make up the individual black and gray water treatment system

The individual treatment of black and gray water through a septic tank system is made up of three
elements that are: septic tank, grease trap and infiltration system. In the case of the infiltration
system, there are three options which are: Absorption well, infiltration ditch or irrigation field and filter
sand ditch.

Septic tank

The septic tank receives the sewage from the sanitary services of the property, separating the solids
from the liquids in two sedimentation chambers

The functions that are carried out inside the septic tank are:

a) Biological treatment: The black water inside the tank is exposed to decomposition due to the effect
of bacteria and natural processes. The bacteria that proliferate are of the anaerobic type, which
develop in the absence of air, that is, of elemental free oxygen. The type of decomposition that is
carried out and that produces the treatment of sewage by anaerobic conditions is called “septic”.
b) Storage of solids and creams: The sludge accumulates in the bottom of the tank, while the cream
floats to the surface of the liquid; the sludge and cream must be digested through the retention time
in the septic tank, reducing its volume.

For the design of the septic tank, the provision of water per person per day must be considered (for
residential connection in suburban and rural areas, 100 liters / inhabitant / day are considered and for
urban areas 150 liters / inhabitant / day).

The capacity of the tank must be such that it allows the retention of residual waters for a period of 24
to 40 hours, so that the sedimentation processes develop.

The minimum capacity of the septic tank must be calculated for a minimum of 6 inhabitants per
property.

Absorption well

The absorption well is an optional infiltration element. It is the final element of the septic tank, which
receives the liquids from the septic tank or grease trap. The absorption well allows the treatment of
liquids through stone materials such as stone, gravel and sand, prior to final disposal to the receiving
body (soil).

To maintain the verticality and good operation of the absorption well, it is recommended to place the
filter material as follows:

a) From the bottom of the well ascendingly place a layer of clean sand.

b) Place a layer of gravel on the layer of sand.

c) Place a fourth stone from the gravel layer up to 50 centimeters below the fall of the effluent.

The thickness of each of the layers to be placed will depend on the depth of the well. The distribution
of the layers should be as equitable as possible in terms of thickness.

It is recommended that the soil where the test is carried out is not saturated with water, if the test is
carried out in the rainy season, it is preferable to wait at least two days without rain to carry it out. The
execution of the infiltration test will be the responsibility of the natural or legal person requesting, with
the advice of the delegate of the respective Health Unit. The test is performed using the technique
described below:
The excavation where the water is deposited must be 0.30 meters X 0.30 meters deep X 0.35 meters
deep.

After the excavation is complete, a 5-centimeter layer of coarse sand or gravel is placed on the
bottom.

Fill the entire height of the excavation with water and allow it to fully consume. Fill again to saturate
the soil to a water height of 15 centimeters from the bottom and the time in which the water drops 2.5
centimeters is determined.

If the time is greater than 30 minutes, it is an inadequate terrain, so the installation of the absorption
well is no longer recommended and the installation of a filter sand system is suggested. If the time is
less than or equal to 10 minutes, it is sandy or highly permeable terrain.

The sanitary sewer systems are made up of pipes of different diameters, designed according to the
flow and defined by the population density and the growth of the sector, in addition to being
integrated with a series of works necessary to capture, conduct and evacuate the wastewater
generated by the population towards a receiving body. Sewer systems are hydraulic structures that
generally operate at gravity (atmospheric pressure) and rarely require pressurization, unless the
topography requires it.

As required by city needs and existing regulations for the evacuation of gray and black water, sewage
systems can be classified as Conventional and Non-Conventional. Despite being categorized in this
way, there are common technical situations; as the hydraulic principles with which they are
formulated and designed.

Conventional sanitary sewer systems: Within the conventional sewerage systems, two categories are
distinguished, which are described below:

A. Separate sewerage: this category is characterized by disposing the residual waters independent of
the rainwater, requiring separate infrastructures for its operations.

-Sanitary sewerage: system designed to collect only domestic and industrial wastewater

- Storm sewerage: evacuation system for surface runoff caused by rainfall

B. Combined sewerage: it is characterized by simultaneously conducting wastewater and stormwater.

Non-conventional sanitary sewer systems: Due to the importance of sanitation in the last decades,
new technologies for the collection and conduction of wastewater have been studied and developed;
therefore, depending on the type of technology applied, unconventional sewerage systems can be
classified as:

A. Simplified sewerage: this type of sewer system is designed with the same criteria as a
conventional sewer, with the possibility of reducing diameters and reducing distances between wells;
Its implementation requires having better maintenance teams.

B. Condominial sewers: they are the sewers that collect wastewater from a group of houses bounded
by small areas, leading the waste to a conventional sewer system.

C. Sewage without solid entrainment: they are known as pressurized sewers, they are characterized
by removing solids from domestic wastewater by means of an interceptor tank. Generally, the water
is then transported to a treatment plant or conventional sewage system through pipes that work
under pressure in some sections.

Components of a sewerage system: The elements that make up a sanitary sewer network are pipes,
household connections, manholes, inspection boxes and other accessories that guarantee the proper
functioning of the network; all components must be designed to ensure adequate conduction,
ventilation, tightness and resistance. In the case of systems that work under pressure, pumping
stations are required to evacuate the wastewater. According to ANDA Technical Standards, sewage
networks must be designed for a useful life of 20 years, but the expectation of durability of the
elements that make up a network can exceed 50 years, everything depends on the use, demand and
maintenance to which it is subjected.

Conduit pipes: Sewer pipes are made up of pipes and fittings, which must guarantee and hermetically
connect, allowing the conduction of wastewater without leaks. The materials of sewer pipes have
been developed in recent decades and today we find a variety of pipes with specific characteristics,
which seek: mechanical resistance, structural resistance of the material, durability, conduction
capacity, soil characteristics and water, economy, ease of handling, placement and installation,
flexibility in its design and ease of maintenance and repair. The commonly used materials are:

- Steel

- Simple concrete and reinforced concrete

- Reinforced concrete with interior lining

- Polyester reinforced with glass fiber

- Polyvinylchloride (PVC)

- Fiber cement

- High-density polyethylene (HDPE)

Visiting wells
These are structures that allow the inspection, ventilation and cleaning of the sewerage network, they
are used for the union of two or more pipes and in all changes in diameter, direction and slope. They
also function as points for gauging, sampling and analysis of water quality. The wells are cylindrical
structures, whose union to the surface is made in a frusto-conical shape and can be prefabricated or
built on the construction site. The wells are classified as:

- Common type visit wells

- Special type visit wells

- Wells with support box

- Wells with double support box

- Wells with staggered drop

The main parts that make up a well are the foundation, a half reed that oversees guiding the flow, a
cylindrical body whose diameter varies according to the diameter of the outlet pipe, access cone,
curb and cover made of cast iron or concrete. There are wells with specific characteristics as required
by the system.

Urban wastewater

Urban wastewater can be made up of three possible elements: domestic, industrial and pluviometric
wastewater.

The domestic wastewater component will always be present, for the daily activities in houses; the
present volume of wastewater industrial will depend on the degree of industrialization of the city and
the amount and characteristics of the discharges that the industries carry out to the collector network.
On the other hand, the presence of stormwater runoff will influence the networks of combined
sewage and in rainy season.

It is important to differentiate the provenance of the three possible components of the urban
wastewater and the main pollutants they provide:

A. Domestic wastewater:

Kitchen waters: solids, organic matter, fats, salts, etc.

Washing water: surfactants, nutrients, etc.

Bathing waters: surfactants, priority pollutants, etc.

Sewage from human metabolism: solids, organic matter, nutrients, salts, pathogenic organisms, etc.

B. Industrial wastewater: resulting from industrial activities that they discharge their discharges into
the sewer network. These waters represent a highly variable composition depending on each type of
industry.

C. Rainwater runoff: rainwater is not pure, as it is seen affected by air pollution and dragging dirt
deposited in road infrastructure, roofs, etc. They are characterized by large intermittent contributions
of flow and by significant contamination in the first 15 to 30 minutes from the start of the rains.

Behavior of urban wastewater

All wastewater has unique characteristics, depending on conditions and own parameters of the place
that generates them; such as population size, type of sewer system used, degree of industrialization
and incidence rainfall, these factors give certain physicochemical characteristics to the discharges.

Understanding the characteristics and knowing the flow rate of wastewater generated in urban
settlements are essential for the correct design of sewage and treatment systems. It is important that
treatment plants wastewater, consider the daily variations in flow and load you experience these
waters.

The volumes of wastewater that are generated in a city is directly proportional to the consumption of
drinking water supplied, at the same time the consumption relates to the degree of economic and
social development, since further development brings with it a greater and diverse use of water in
human activities.

Among the factors that influence the amount of wastewater generated in the urban settlements have:

- The consumption of drinking water supply

- Rain gauge

- Losses, which may be due to leaks in the collectors, or to part of the consumed water does not
reach the sewage network

Generally, approximately 80% of the water supplied by the potable water aqueducts turns into gray
and black water, basically this percentage depends on water consumption in particular activities such
as irrigation in green areas, the existence of leaks, the use of water in production processes, etc.

As a result of the characteristics and variations in residual discharges to the sewage network,
depends on the type of technology used, the customs of the users, the weather, etc., causing the
wastewater flows to fluctuate throughout the year, changing from day to day, from hour to hour; these
daily variations are the reflection of the activities of the population; The same discharge volumes are
not generated overnight as in the morning or midday.

Composition of wastewater
The wastewater is made up of a high percentage of water, approximately 99.9%, while the rest
0.01% is made up of suspended, colloidal and dissolved solids, it is this small fraction that presents
the greatest problems during treatment and disposal.

Wastewater is a mixture of organic and inorganic materials, suspended or dissolved; dealing with
physical, chemical and biological elements. Most organic waste is from food, faeces, plant matter,
mineral salts, and soap and detergent residues.

The main pollutants that appear in wastewater are listed below:

- Thick objects: pieces of wood, textiles, plastics, etc., which are thrown into the sewer.

- Sands: this category covers the sands themselves, gravels and the more or less large particles of
mineral or organic origin.
- Fats and oils: substances that when not mixed with water remain on its surface giving rise to
creams. Its origin can be both domestic as industrial.

- Solids in suspension: small particles, nature and very varied provenance. Approximately 60% of the
solids in suspension are sedimentable and 75% are organic in nature.

- Substances with oxygen requirement: organic compounds and inorganic substances that are easily
oxidized, causing a consumption of oxygen present in the medium into which they are discharged.

- Nutrients (Nitrogen and Phosphorus): their presence in the waters is due mainly to detergents and
fertilizers. Likewise, excreta humans contribute organic nitrogen.

- Pathogens: organisms (bacteria, protozoa, helminths and viruses), present in more or less quantity
in the wastewater and that they can produce and transmit disease.

- Emerging or priority pollutants: the consumption habits of the current society generate a series of
pollutants that did not exist previously. These substances appear mainly added to personal care
products, household cleaning products, pharmaceuticals etc. This series of compounds are known
under the generic name of emerging pollutants orpriority, not eliminating most of them in plants
conventional urban wastewater treatment.

Water pollution in El Salvador

In El Salvador, water resources are increasingly scarce, since water quality has been seriously
affected by contamination of surface and underground water bodies, caused by inefficient
administration and use of the resource. Water is directly related to the health of the population, which
is why it is essential to guarantee the availability and quality of water for economic development.
Water pollution is mainly generated by permanent discharges of residential and industrial waste.
 CONCLUSION

To conclude, good wastewater treatment is important to take care of the environment because one of
the most hazardous polluting waste produced by humans is wastewater. This name brings together
all the waters that, due to the action of man, have been contaminated and are potentially dangerous
in the event that they are poured into the environment without prior treatment. The lack of wastewater
treatment plants in cities and in industries, hotels and mining, agricultural and livestock, causes large
waste from contaminated water that does a lot of damage to the environment. Most of these waters
are discharged into rivers, lakes, seas, open pit soils or underground, through so-called septic wells
and landfills.
In recent decades the world has been showing concern and is trying to solve problems related to the
disposition of liquid effluents from domestic, commercial and industrial use of supply waters.
The priority a community demands is the supply of water, with adequate quality and sufficient
quantity. Already achieved this goal, another no less important one arises which consists in the
proper elimination of the already used waters that become potential vehicles of many diseases and
environmental disorder.
Water sources (rivers, aquifers, lakes, sea), have been unable by themselves to absorb and
neutralize this polluting load, and therefore these bodies of water have lost their natural conditions of
physical appearance and their ability to sustain an adequate aquatic life, which responds to the
ecological balance that is expected to preserve the bodies of water. As a result, they lose those
minimum conditions that are required for their rational and adequate use as sources of water supply,
such as transport routes or energy sources.
RECOMMENDATIONS

 Have a wastewater collection system in the storage areas independent of the general
system. Install water consumption meters.
 Perform mechanical rather than chemical cleanings whenever possible.
 Separate wastewater containing toxic and / or organic pollutants from uncontaminated water.
 Use less polluting and less aggressive cleaning products with the environment.
 Carry out inspections of the hydraulic network and collectors and establish maintenance and
disinfection plans for facilities and equipment.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES

 https://www.aguasresiduales.info/revista/blog/30-acciones-para-reducir-volumen-o-
carga-contaminante-de-las-aguas-residuales-en-bodegas

 http://mimosa.pntic.mec.es/vgarci14/aguas_residuales.htm

 http://eprints.uanl.mx/4660/1/1080063779.PDF

 http://ri.ues.edu.sv/id/eprint/1698/1/DISE
%C3%91O_DEL_SISTEMA_DE_ALCANTARILLADO_SANITARIO,_AGUAS_LLUVIAS_Y_PLANTA
_DE_TRATAMIENTO_DE_AGUAS_RE.pdf
 http://ri.ues.edu.sv/id/eprint/10259/1/Evaluacion%20de%20los%20Sistemas%20de
%20Aguas%20Residuales.pdf
ANNEXES