TITLE: LAB REPORT

EXPT. No.: 3
NAME: ASIF ABDUL REHMAN
TP NO.: 044137
INTAKE: UC2F1711PE
LECTURER:
DATE:

TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
The physical premise of the transformer is shared enlistment between two circuits connected by a
typical magnetic field. Transformer is required to pass electrical vitality starting with one circuit
then onto the next, by means of the medium of the throbbing magnetic field, as productively and
monetarily as could reasonably be expected. This could be accomplished utilizing either iron or
steel which fills in as a decent porous way for the common magnetic flux. A basic connected
circuit is appeared in Fig.1. The guideline of activity of this circuit can be clarified as takes after:

Fig.1
Let an alternating voltage v1 be applied to a primary coil of N1 turns linking a suitable iron core.
A current flow in the coil, establishing a flux φp in the core. This flux induces an emf e1 in the
dᶲp
coil to counterbalance the applied voltage v1. This e.m.f. is e 1=N 1
dt
Assuming sinusoidal time variation of the flux, let φp=Φmsin ωt . Then, e 1=N 1ωΦm cos ωt ,
where ω=2 πF The r.m.s. value of this voltage is given by:
E 1=4.44 F N 1Φm
Now if there is a secondary coil of N2 turns, wound on the same core, then by mutual induction
an emf e2 is developed therein. The r.m.s. value of this voltage is given by:
E 2=4.44 F N 2Φ 0 m
where Φ0 m is the maximum value of the (sinusoidal) flux linking the secondary coil (φs). If it is
assumed that φp = φs then the primary and secondary e.m.f.’s bear the following ratio:
e1 E1 N 2
= =
e2 E2 N 1
In the practical experiment φp ≠ φs because of the leakage in the coil. Some primary coils don’t link
with the secondary coils so due to this we lost some energy.

In a practical transformer a very large portion of the primary and secondary flux paths are
common so leakages flux are very small. Therefore φp ≈ φs = φmutual and therefore
Φm ≈Φ ՚ m. Due to this we can conclude this
V 1≈ E 1
And
 V 2≈ E 2
We need to supply current across the winding which is wrap around iron to make the magnetic
field even in secondary coil winding is open circuit thus we need small amount of magnetizing
current to maintain the magnetic flux. The current of the primary circuit on no-load is of the
order of 5% of full load current. We got losses in the shape of core, hysteresis and eddy current
due to the pulsation of the flux in the core. Equations of losses
Ph=KhB 1.6 maxF , Pe=KeB 2maxF 2 , Pc=Ph+ P
where Ph, Pe and Pc are hysteresis, eddy current and core losses respectively, Kh and Ke are
constants which depend on the magnetic material, and Bmax is the maximum flux density in the
core. If we kept the voltage and frequency constant than these losses will remain constant. The
persistent misfortune of vitality in the core requires a persistent supply from the electrical source
to which the essential is associated. In this manner, there must be a present part ic which
represents these misfortunes. It ought to be noticed that magnetizing current (im) and core loss
part of current(ic) are in stage quadrature. The resultant of these two streams is the no-heap
current io. For the most part the size of this current is little contrasted with that of the evaluated
current of the transformer (might be of the request of 5% of the evaluated). This present
influences a stage to point ζo of the request of (cos −1(0.2)) with the connected voltage.
If a heap of limited impedance is associated over the second loop, a current i2 will move through
it. This has a tendency to modify the mmf and there by the flux in the core. In any case, this is
forestalled by a prompt what's more, programmed modification of the essential current i1, in this
manner keeping the flux φ at the first esteem. This estimation of flux is required to create the emf
of self-induction e1. Any diminishment of the flux would cause a diminishment of e1, leaving a
voltage contrast amongst v1 and e1 which would be adequate to build the essential current and,
in this manner, re-set up the flux. In this manner any present which streams in the secondary
makes its partner stream in the essential with the goal that the flux φ (and along these lines the
mmf -Mm) might dependably be kept up at an esteem with the end goal that the voltage
connected v1 to the essential terminals might be adjusted by the initiated emf e1 (ignoring
voltage drops because of resistance and spillage flux effects). Thus, if current flows in the
N2
secondary (i2), then i1=i° + i 2 so that effective mmf in the core remains at Mm. In phasor
N1
notation:
N2
I 1=I ° + I2
N1
I° is very small as we compare to the rated current value, so we usually ignore it so
N2
I 1≈ I2
N1
It proves that primary convey the energy to the secondary through the flux. Primary stores the
energy in the magnetic field and an extraction of some of this for the secondary load is made up
by the addition of energy from the primary, which consequently takes an increased current.
In the end we conclude that all the losses are very small we can neglect them, so we left with the
equation
I 1 N 2 E2 V 2
= = =
I 2 N 1 E1 V 1
 OBJECTIVES
 Conduct test on single phase transformer to determine transformer’s ratio and turns ratio.
 To conduct the open circuit test on the single phase transformer and determine its
parameters and the iron losses.
 To conduct the short circuit test on the single phase transformer and determine its
parameters and copper losses.
 To predetermine the efficiency from the open and short circuit test.

We connect primary side of the transformer to the AC supply and secondary to the load
we measure the voltage we get across of the secondary side. If the no of turns are more
on primary side so we should get more voltage than we applied on primary side or vice
versa due to the no of turns.

We conduct open circuit test to measure the parameters and copper losses. We connect
primary side to the source and secondary side is left open. Since we didn’t connect
anything in the secondary side so current drawn from primary known as no-load current.
Under no load losses in primary winding and iron losses are equal to the input power.
Hence the current value is very low so we can ignore the losses in winding and we end up
only in iron losses so input power is equal to iron losses.

A very small rated current is applied at primary terminal and secondary terminal is short
circuited. A current will circulate in the secondary winding. Since the applied current is
very small so losses in primary winding is negligible. The input power is dissipated as
heat in the secondary winding

Efficiency is define as output power over input so in case of transformer input is equal to
output power, iron and copper losses
 EQUIPMENTS
 SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
 AMMETER
 VOLTMETER
 WATTMETER
 CONNECTING WIRES

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig.2 open circuit test

Fig.3 short circuit test

PROCEDURE
1. The circuit is connected by the single phase transformer according to the diagram. We
shouldn’t exceed the rating written on the transformer.
2. Switch off the witch S in the beginning. Measure the input and output voltage with
secondary open after switching on the power supply unit and varying the voltage to the
primary.
3. Suitably select voltmeter for no-load test and ammeter should be low range. In case of
transformer no-load current value should be around 10%-15% of the rated value.
4. Suitably select ammeters for the short circuit. Ammeter should be higher range because
secondary is short circuit. Vary the input at primary until the rated current at the short
circuited secondary is reached.

RESULT AND CALCULATION

 V1 V2
220.3 167.8
202.6 154.4
198.2 150.9
187.5 142.9
178.8 136.2
176.3 134.6
170 129.5
Table.1
V1 Io Wo
220.3 0.115 8
202.6 0.095 6
198.2 0.018 6
187.5 0.074 5.5
178.8 0.072 4.8
176.5 0.069 4
170 0.063 3.7
Table.2 (open circuit)
Vsc Isc Wsc
21.36 1.300 26.5
19.88 1.200 23
18.57 1.117 20
17.21 1.031 17
15.10 0.905 13
13.60 0.813 10.5
11.67 0.697 7.5
Table.3 (short circuit)
 Wo
9

6 Wo

3
150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250
V1

Graph.1

Wsc
27.5

25

22.5

20

17.5 Wsc

15

12.5

10
0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Isc

Graph.2
Calculation For Open-Circuit :

For Rc

P1=W ⸰
W ⸰=8W
W⸰
cos ∅=
V1
8
cos ∅= =0.315
(220.3)(0.115)
Iw=I ⸰ cos ∅
Iw=( 0.115 )( 0.315 )=0.036

V
Rc=
Iw
220.3
Rc= =6.19 KΩ
0.036

For Xm

sin ∅=0.94
ℑ=I ° sin ∅
ℑ=( 0.115 )( 0.94 )=0.108

V
Xm=
ℑ
220.3
Xm= =2 . 04 2 KΩ
0.108
Calculation For Short-Circuit

For Roi

Wsc=26.5W Isc=1.30

Wsc
Roi=
Isc 2
26.5
Roi= =15.68
1.32

For Xoi

Vsc
Zoi=
Isc
21.36
Zoi= =16.38
1.3

Xoi=√ Zoi2−Roi 2

Xoi=√ 16.382−15.682 =4.73

 DISCUSSION
In the first step we find the turn’s ratio. The transformer is step down so V2 is always lower than
V1 because of the less no of turns on the secondary terminal and it proved by our calculations.
We used AC supply to perform this test because with AC we induce the magnetic field around
the iron. In the second test we did open circuit test we used the same transformer and didn’t
attach anything in the secondary side. So all the losses in the primary side is equal to the iron and
core losses which is equal to the input power we supply. The value of current is very small so we
can neglect the core losses inside the core now the only iron losses are left which is equal to the
input power. after getting the results we plot the graph we didn’t get the desire shape of graph we
wanted because we used the same transformer in both test so may be because of heat energy we
loss more power inside it otherwise the sequence of results are correct as we decrease the emf we
are getting less power or vice versa the only reason we got this shape is due to the heat loss I
guess. In the third and final short circuit test we short circuit the same circuit from the secondary
terminal so when we supply current it will circulate in secondary terminal and energy dissipated
in the form of heat. We ignore the losses inside the primary terminal because the value of current
is very low. We apply very small amount of current to make sure we didn’t cross the rated value
written on the transformer. The graph of this test is the increasing gradient the power losses
increases as we increase the current. Again the same problem here we used the same transformer
for the test also so the heat might just effect the results here also.
At the end we find the efficiency of the both test from the formula output over input. Out is equal
to the VIcos
 CONCLUSION
Our aim is to find the turn’s ratio and losses of transformer by performing open and short circuit
test. We made our transformer to step down means the secondary terminal has less no of turn
which is proved from our experiment that we got V2 always lower than V1 its proves our ratio.
In the open circuit test we didn’t attach any load in the secondary to make all the input equal to
losses and ignore core losses due to small amount. In this test all the input power equal to iron
losses. In the last one we made secondary terminal short circuit to know the copper losses so
when we supply current it will circulate in the secondary terminal and energy dissipated as heat.
After that we plot the graph which proves our theory.