THE AUXILIARY FORTS

FROM SAMVM (CĂŞEIU) AND GILĂU

Cristian Găzdac Dan Isac

ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY
AND ART HISTORY CLUJ-NAPOCA

COINS FROM ROMAN SITES AND COLLECTIONS

OF ROMAN COINS FROM ROMANIA

editor
Cristian Găzdac

VOL. IV

THE AUXILIARY FORTS

FROM SAMVM (CĂŞEIU) AND GILĂU

Cristian Găzdac Dan Isac

Cluj-Napoca, 2007
This publication has been available for publication owing to the support by:
CNCSIS Grant no. 413
CNCSIS Grant no. 1489
ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY

© Cristian Găzdac, 2007

ISBN 978-973-1868-03-5

Cluj-Napoca
e-mail: mega@edituramega.ro
www.edituramega.ro
 Foreword

The series of numismatic monographs “Coins from Roman sites and collections of Roman coins
from Romania” continue with the publication of the numismatic evidence from two auxiliary forts
of the former province of Roman Dacia. The authors put together numismatics, archaeology and
ancient history trying to offer some examples and explanations regarding the place of coinage in the
dating of archaeological contexts of the Roman period.
It is known that the numismatics play a role in the stratigraphy and the chronology of
archaeological contexts. In a larger meaning sense the archaeological contexts represent a variety of
inhabitancy with its phases and sub-phases; with repairing and remake works, all of them hard to be
interpreted. The connections between contexts and their artefacts represent a sine qua non condition
to figure out chronological limits, an aspect for which the coinage can offer some help. In Roman
provincial archaeology, especial the military one, the presence of coinage in context is a real fact
which can be define by the number of pieces and the patterns of coin circulation in different periods
and areas.
The two auxiliary forts from Roman Dacia, SAMVM-Căşeiu and Gilău, were chosen for a
special reason. They were both published in monograph studies. The first one came out in a volume
(2003), which is going to be followed by another one with the artefacts found within the fort. The
fort from Gilău was published in a brief version in 1997 and it will be republished in a new
monograph.
For a better understanding of specific patterns of coin finds we analyse here also the coin
finds from the vicus from Căşeiu although the excavations are in an earlier stage of research. It must
be mention here that the archaeological approach in this volume represents a shorter version of the
two monographic studies: Dan Isac, Die Kohorten-und Alenkastelle von Gilău, Zalău, 1997, and Dan
Isac, The Roman auxiliary fort SAMVM-Căşeiu, Cluj-Napoca, 2003.
At the end we do hope that the numismatic approach on the two sites will offer a better
understanding on how the coin should be interpreted in archaeological context. The observations
on the numismatic evidence may reveal interesting aspects of general and specific patterns on coin
circulation.
We express here our hope that this new numismatic book will lead to a better understanding
of archaeological situations and the necessity of a strong cooperation between the numismatist and
archaeologist.

Cluj, November 2007 The authors

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 Contents

Foreword ..................................................................................................................................................... i
Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................................9
The auxiliary fort from SAMVM (Căşeiu)..................................................................................................11
The military vicus from SAMVM (Căşeiu) .................................................................................................28
The auxiliary fort from Gilău.....................................................................................................................29
Some numismatic comments .....................................................................................................................41
Bibliography ..............................................................................................................................................46
Figs. 1–40 Maps and plans from the two auxiliary forts .............................................................................49
Catalogues of coins by findspots ................................................................................................................89
The auxiliary fort from SAMVM (Căşeiu) ...........................................................................91
The military vicus from SAMVM (Căşeiu) ........................................................................129
The auxiliary fort from Gilău............................................................................................149
Table of coin finds from the auxiliary fort from SAMVM (Căşeiu)...........................................................183
Table of coin finds from the vicus from SAMVM (Căşeiu) .......................................................................184
Table of coin finds from the auxiliary fort from Gilău .............................................................................185
Graphs of the single coin finds from SAMVM (Căşeiu)............................................................................186
Graphs of the single coin finds from Gilău...............................................................................................188
Comparative graph of coin finds from the auxiliary forts of SAMVM (Căşeiu) and Gilău ........................189
Plates I–II Coins from the auxiliary fort of SAMVM (Căşeiu) ..................................................................193
Plate III Coins from the vicus of SAMVM (Căşeiu)..................................................................................195
Plates IV–VI Coins from the auxiliary fort of Gilău .................................................................................196

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 Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Prof. Christopher Howgego (Oxford –

United Kingdom), Drs. Andrew Burnett, Jonathan Williams, Richard
Abdy (London – United Kingdom) for their useful advices.
The authors are grateful to Dr. Adriana Isac (Cluj-Napoca –
Romania) for her determination and help to record the numismatic
material together with mentioning the archaeological context during
excavations.
We also thank you to M.A. Ágnes Alföldy-Găzdac for her help in
recording the numismatic material in the records of the National History
Museum of Transylvania from Cluj-Napoca (Romania).
We express our gratitude to Dr. Klaus Vondrovec (Vienna –
Austria) for providing us with old bibliographical reference on the coin
finds from Gilău.
We are indebted to the Royal Numismatic Society and the
CNCSIS for their generous support to achieve the technical support and
the publication of this volume.

9
10
The auxiliary fort
from SAMVM
(Căşeiu)1

The village of Căşeiu is located in the N–W part of the county of

Cluj, in the vicinity of the city of Dej (7 km), on the north part of
the former province of Dacia (Fig. 2, 3). The Roman fort is located
at circa 1.5 km from the nowadays village, approximately at 300 m from the left bank of the Someş
River, at the spot known by the locals as “Cetăţele” (Chesters).

I. THE MILITARY UNITS

1. Coh. II Britannorum ∞.
It is known now that the troop that built the earthen and timber fort from Căşeiu during
the reign of Trajan, was the coh. II Britannorum ∞. After its participation at the Dacian wars
(Strobel 1984, p. 125), the Britannic unit was garrisoned on the northern frontier where built up the
fort from Căşeiu (Samum) which would remained its permanent garrison.
Regarding the unit’s name it must be pointed out that during the time when was in Moesia
Superior this troop was called after its ethnicity Brittonum while in the diplomas from Dacia dated
in the time of Trajan appears as Britannorum. This inconsequence can be also noticed in the later
diplomas such as the one from Gherla issued on the 2nd of July AD 133 (RMD, 35) when the troop
is named again as Brittonum.
The first garrison of this troop was the fort of Căşeiu, which the troop built it immediately
after AD 106, in the same time with the organisation of the Dacian frontier. Its presence in this
place is documented by some stamped tiles of the type coh. II BR ∞. One of the stamps was found
in the fitting out layer of the timber phase from the commander’s house, thus it belongs to an early
phase (Isac 1987, p. 175–180).
At the beginning of the Hadrian’s reign, the infantry unit had been transferred to Romita
(Fig. 2).

2. Coh. I Britannica ∞ c.R. equitata

As a substitution for the second Britannic infantry unit transferred to Romita, the coh. I
Britannica ∞ c.R. equitata (Wagner 1938, p. 104–105; Petolescu 1997, p. 84–85) was brought at
Căşeiu and remained here until the abandonment of the province. At the beginning of the 3rd
century this troop built up the stone fort.
This troop came in Dacia after being garrisoned in Pannonia where is attested by diplomas
issued in the years AD 80 (CIL XVI, 26), 84 (CIL XVI, 30) and 85 (CIL XVI, 31). Only in the last
one is mentioned as milliaria. The troop participated to the Dacian wars and was awarded with the

1. This is a shorter version of Isac 2003.

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right of citizenship (Strobel 1984, p. 123–125. There is no surprise that in two military diplomas for
the army of Moesia Superior, the one from AD 105 – already mentioned above – (CIL XVI, 49) and the
one from AD 103/107 (CIL XVI, 54), the troop name is coh. I Britannica ∞ c(ivium) R(omanorum).
After AD 106 the unit had been moved in Dacia where is attested by three diplomas issued
during the reign of Trajan: RMD 148 (14 October AD 109); CIL XVI, 57 = IDR I, 2 (17th of
February AD 110) and CIL XVI, 163 = IDR I, 3 (2nd of July AD 110). The epithet c(ivium)
R(omanorum) is also mentioned. Between the transfer date in Dacia and the moment the troop arrived
at Căşeiu at the beginning of Hadrian’s reign, when the new province of Dacia Porolissensis (Petolescu
1985, p. 50–51), there is a period when we do not know exactly where this troop was garrisoned.
After AD 118 the troop belonged to the army of Dacia Porolissensis. Its first mention is in
the diplomas from Gherla, dated on the 10th of August AD 123 (RMD 21; IDR I, 7), and Čovdin
(RMD 22; IDR I, 7a). It also appears in the second diploma from Gherla, 2nd of July AD 133 (RMD
35; IDR I, 11). In the diplomas issued during the reign of Antoninus Pius, from Căşeiu, 24th
September AD 151 (Isac 2001, p. 45–60), and Mehadia-Domaşnea, 27th of September AD 154
(RMD 47; IDR I, 17) the troop’s name is the same with that from the time of Hadrian but without
the epithet civium Romanorum. Finally, in the diplomas from the Antonines’ time, the one from
Gilău – 26th of October AD 161/162 (Eck-Isac-Piso 1994, p. 577–591), but mainly in the three
diplomas from Căşeiu – 21st of July AD 164 (RMD 63; IDR I, 20), Palatovo (IDR I, 19) and Gilău
(RMD 64; IDR I, 18) the troop is mentioned as equitata, and the epithet milliaria is missing.
In the time of Caracalla the troops received the honorific title of Antoniniana as it is proved
by the inscription found during the earlier excavations in principia (Isac 1993, p. 190, fig. 2).
As commanders of this infantry unit, two tribunes are known at the moment. The diploma
dated 2nd of July AD 133 (RMD 35) found at Gherla has belonged to an infantryman from this
cohort commanded at that time by Ti. Claudius Fortis, an Italic from Capua (Devijver C 141). The
second commander is the well-known C. Iulius, C(ai) f. Corinthianus, an African from Thevestis
(Numidia) (CIL III, 1193) (Devijver I, 49).

THE FORT

II. THE DEFENSIVE SYSTEM

Based on the features of the first timber and earth phase, probably right at the moment
when the new province of Dacia, in AD 106, the fort of Samum is a typical fortification within the
defensive system of Dacia Porolissensis. It is known that the trajanic fortification is connected to the
cohors II Britannorum ∞ garrisoned at Căşeiu until the beginning of the Hadrian’s reign. The other
unit of Britons, cohors I Britannica ∞ equitata, which replaced the first one that left for Romita was
garrisoned in the fort until the end of this and the province of Dacia, in AD 275. This troop is
responsible for the building of fortification in stone (Fig. 4). As it has been shown before (Isac-Cociş
1995, p. 114; Isac 1997, p. 155–156), the fortification from Căşeiu has two main phases of
construction: Căşeiu I a timber and earthen fort and Căşeiu II – a stone fort.

CĂŞEIU I
1. Fossae and vallum
At the moment, the timber and earthen phase I of the fort from Samum was identified for
the ditches and the rampart only.
At Căşeiu, it has been identified as belonging to the trajanic period only the ditches on three
of the sides; elements of the rampart (no trace of palisade) and viae sagulariae. The absence of

12
palisade is not a consequence of the methodological approach. It is more likely an ordinary situation
when the old vallum was endowed with a stone murus (Fig. 5–7).
In total, there were six excavations outlined over the defensive system on three of the sides
and the research was carried out at the gates where fossae of the phase I were found. Such a ditch was
noted beneath one of the turrets from the gate principalis dextra (Fig. 8) on the east side and the gate
principalis sinistra (Fig. 10) on the west side.
We have here only one ditch and not two fossae, which through a rearrangement could have
led to a similar shape. Like in the case of the fort from Gilău, they had a short life period from AD
106 until AD 117 or AD 118. Such a short period did not request a rearrangement.
The second ditch belongs to the type of fossa fastigata (Hyginus, 49: “Fastigata dicitur quae a
summa latitudine lateribus deuexis in angustiam ad solum coniuncta peruenit”) or a sharp “V”-shape
(Jones 1975, p. 106–113, Fig. 20; Johnson 1987, p. 59–66). This type was preferred on the other
side, as well. The fossa 1 rather belongs to the type of “W”-shape (Jones 1975, p. 108–109).
Regarding the defensive system from Samum it can be observed that the sizes of 11.6 pedes
and 8.5 pedes on the side with porta decumana or 14 pedes on the side with porta principalis dextra
perfectly correspond with those indicated in the military treaty of Vegetius (Vegetius, III, 8). The
exceptions are the fossae on the north and west sides which have around 6.50 m breadth (21 pedes),
thus, passing the maximum size proposed by the ancient author.
It can also be concluded that overall the three ditches form a defensive system of
approximately 12.50 m length which is below the optimal range of 15–25 meters for the pila and
hasta used by the auxiliaries (Johnson 1987, p. 65).
Owing to the excavations from 1928–1929 that have destroyed the stratigraphy the berm
did not survived (if ever existed), on its place was built the northern wall of the angle tower.
In the section under study, the vallum is placed straight on the ancient humus at the level of
wall elevation (meters 56–57) of the angle tower. This vallum shows no difference in the two
phases, probably because they are overlapped. An argument on this line is the via sagularis on the
southern side (Fig. 22). This looks like a small loop of gravel, approximately 6 meters width, which
clearly demonstrates its functionality during both phases of the fort.
Two sections, S II and S XVII, aimed the east side, orientated towards the military vicus.
It must be mentioned that the first one dates from the beginning of the excavations at Căşeiu. The
observations made at that time were incomplete but filled up after the latest research. The
coincidence made that each of these two sections crossed a wall-abutment of the stone enclosure.
Still, the S XVII offers a more complete and accurate picture, which filled up the previous
excavation and confirms the old information on the south enclosure. This was the reason why this
section was illustrated and the comments are made based on it.
The defensive system of a fort follows the rules although one of the side, mainly the south
one, is less exposed and supplementary defended by a watercourse.
Finally, in the area of porta principalis dextra, section S VII (Fig. 8) passes through the
northern turret revealed between meters 2.50–6 the fossa 2 of the type fastigata, 3.50 m breadth,
overlapped by the turret’s apsis. The stone phase ditch can be partially seen. It looks that it completely
replaced the fossa 3 in a similar situation as the one from the section largely discussed above.
The vallum, with no berm, is preserved on a height that was seriously affected during the
construction in the stone phase.
The via sagularis is outlined between meters 4.50–11.50 by a clean loop of ballast with a
maximum thickness of 50 cm on the central part. With the completion of vallum in the phase II
part of the via sagularis moved until the meter 14 and covered by the new element of the mound
(no. 4).

13
 The north side was the most affected one because of the floods during the entire existence of
the fort. Due to this reason the ditches from stone phase were filled up with deposits of mud.
Because of the water level, S III P could not unveil the whole defensive system. Moreover, like in
the case of the eastern enclosure the excavation depth was determined by this phenomenon.
Two fossae have been precisely identified probably they were part of the already known
system of three ditches.
The vallum (no. 4) placed straight on the ancient humus is preserved on entire width of over
7 meters (between meters 69.50–76.75).
The via sagularis appears as a continue loop of ballast of circa 8 meters width (between
meters 61.75–69.50) with a gutter at the end towards pretentura. The first lane has a maximum
thickness of 25 cm and present traces that was not too long in use marked by a layer of a loose soil
(no. 11). On the largest side of this sector was in use the lane from phase II of fort.
On conclusion, the trajanic earth forth is a little bit smaller that the stone one. The last one
overlaps almost exactly the earth fort by using part of the vallum which firstly was taken away under
the palisade level then elevated and enlarged again.

CĂŞEIU II
1. Fossae, agger and murus
The fort rebuilt in stone by the same cohors I Britannica ∞ equitata has a squared shape
somehow trapezoidal on its northern side, measures 165 × 165 m. It was already shown that this
phase is based on over seizing the old fortification, which had its ditches covered in this phase. At
the same is raised and enlarged a new agger.
The agger is 12 m wide and consists of yellowish-brownish clay very well settled.
The via sagularis is well outlined by a loop of pebble ballast, 6 m wide (between meters 5–
11).
Via sagularis, 6 m wide, mainly used the old lane.
The last element of the defensive trinity, fossa-agger-murus, defines the character somehow
unique of this fortification.
The murus represents a massive construction of quarry-squared stones from the turf class.
The stone comes from the nearby quarry. One of these quarries, “Măgura” Căşeiului, was still in use
until the last decades of the last century. The wall was built in an opus incertum technique of good
quality, squared stones set in yellow clay and fine gravel.
A special characteristic of the fort from Samum is represented by the inner wall-abutments.
This element has very few analogies in Dacia and not only.
The situation is getting more interesting in the zone above the original ridge of the mound
where few late living levels can be separated. A first clear level of inhabitancy consists of a grey-
blackish soil with tiles, pigments of burning, small stones and a rich archaeological material found
“in situ”. Above this level is a walking level of a compact white mortar, which deliberately covers the
wall-abutment, as well. In other words, at some point, the walking level on the mound corresponds
to the upper part of the wall-abutment. The third level of inhabitancy consists of a grey loose soil
with tiles, compact pieces of mortar and archaeological material. This level overpasses the wall-
abutment that in this late period, probably towards mid-3rd century AD, was completely buried. A
fourth level of inhabitancy is a very late one but certainly Roman, probably in the second half of the
same century. It is represented by a wall print. This wall had no foundation, which at its bottom has
a compact layer of tiles. This level also contains post-Roman debris. The same phenomenon, dated
after mid-3rd century AD but certain before the final abandonment of the fort, was revealed and

14
studied concerning the extension of praetorium over the mound on the east side and the inhabitancy
on the south mound (see Fig. 5–7, 22).
On conclusion, at least on the northern side, the wall-abutments were built up at the same
time with the enclosure but only to certain height, probably at the same level with the guard path.

III. THE GATES

a. Porta praetoria (Fig. 9)
The excavation system consisted of a masterly section S VIII crossing the whole gate, and 14
cassettes (A 1–6, B 1–6 and C 1–2) which completely unveiled the gate. The old excavations have
disturbed the stratigraphy and increased the poor state of preservation of walls.
The vertical stratigraphy revealed that the two turrets have the walls removed together with
their foundation. On the other hand, their stratigraphy is still preserved. At the same time, at the
gateway appeared the phases of via praetoria and its later arrangements at the two passages of the gate.
The only element from the timber and earth phase is the lower part of the lane placed
straight on the ancient humus (no. 1). This is a part from the external side of the timber gate –
which was not investigated – and the lane was lately arranged following the building of the stone
gate. The via praetoria of the trajanic fort consists of a ballast layer, only 20–30 cm thick, found at
the lower part of the lane which has a maximum thickness of 0.50 m. For the whole opening space
of the stone gateway (meters 5.75–14.25) this layer represents the thicker part of the lane in the first
stone phase of the gate. Thus, the first lane identified in S VIII is the via praetoria, the common
segment of the earth and timber fort and then of the first stone phase.
The road had two gutters found at the west (meters 6–6.50) east (meters 13.50–14) ends. In
horizontal stratigraphy this first lane appeared (–1.65 m depth) in cassettes A 4 and A 5 and in the
masterly section (meter 12 – western wall of the turret). It must be remarked at the lane’s base (which
was thickened in time), deep in the ancient humus, and more cells as tracks from the chariots that
have passed through the gate. The distance between these tracks correspond to the axle length from
chariots. Same tracks can be noticed at the upper part of the road at meters 1.50 and 12.
Another element of the phase Căşeiu I is the second fossa of the earth fort identified in the
cassettes B 1 and B 2 beneath the west turret’s apsis. This ditch is clearly outlined in the yellow
sterile clay but could not be identified on the same northern side in S III P – discussed above –
because of the ditch of the stone fort, which overlapped most of the previous fossa.

Stage 1
It represents the construction and the existence for a while of the stone gate. The gate had
turrets with a semicircular promontory, like all the other gates of the fort, which are built together
with the enclosure. Based on their sizes (10 × 5.50 m west turret and 10.50 × 5 m the east turret)
the turrets of the praetorian gate are the biggest ones amongst the auxiliary forts from Dacia. Built
in the often used technique at Căşeiu, opus incertum, the turrets have an elevation of 1.20–1.25 m
wide (connected to an enclosure of 1.30 m thick, visible in S VIII and cassette A 6 placed on a
foundation of fragmentary stones mixed with yellowish sand. Unlike the porta principalis dextra the
foundation is not that deep.
The inhabitancy of turrets is attested by the presence of the levels belonging to all stages of
gate’s existence. They are well preserved despite the demolition to foundation of both turrets. In
both turrets, the inner space is filled up with a fitting out level of chestnut settled clay with no
archaeological traces. This level filled up the inner spaces at the same time with the building of the
turrets’ walls and the mound. The construction level is marked by a continue layer of mortar

15
(“Bauschutt”) situated on the lower part of the fitting out above which the first level of inhabitancy
is located (no. 5).
At the gateway, the elements of the stage 1 are: the via praetoria with its first phase of use
(see above); a drain for water and the middle leg of the gate which had to support the passages
between the turrets.

Stage 2
It consists of a series of remakes caused by the collapse of the channel and the footpath of
the first phase in the sector of the covered ditch from phase I of earth.
The via praetoria was remade by fitting out a thick layer of pure clay (no. 4), which lays
down over the footpath and the drain/ The last one was abolished and filled up with ballast.
The lane has more phases of use marked by two compact layers of white mortar, which
indicate two distinctive walking levels. The one included into the lane thickness corresponds to this
stage. The old route of the channel at this stage is overlapped by a strong profiled gutter which will
be used until the end of the gate existence.
In this stage the inhabitancy of turrets is attested by a first level identified in both turrets and
seems to correspond to this second stage. This level consists of a grey loose soil with traces of fire
(especially on the west turret between meters 2 and 3) and scarce archaeological material. It
corresponds at the gateway to the new via praetoria. The period of existence for the first level of
inhabitancy in the turrets is represented by a second platform of mortar of 10–12 cm thick. This
platform marks the last level of the ballast from the via praetoria spreads over the east gutter of this
road and probably over the western gutter, as well.
On conclusion, this situation seems to correspond to a scenario which assumes that while
the gate was building up (stage 1) the turrets were not inhabited and they were filled only with the
fitting out layer mentioned above.

Stage 3
The via praetoria, still intensively used is gradually covered by a layer of black loose soil with
pigments of fire which represent the level of the lane in a later phase. Outside the threshold and
turrets apsises were identified remains of stone and ballast mixed with mortar. They make a sort of
solid platform in front of the gate. O this platform there are many tiles and curved tiles from the
turrets roof. In the cassette B 6, on the profile and horizontal stratigraphy at –1.70 m deep appeared
the end of the ditch of the stone fort. In front of the gate this ditch is interrupted and the access
from the gate towards the northern was possible on an earthen bridge.
The inhabitancy of turrets has continued at this stage as it is demonstrated by a layer of
tulles and abundant archaeological material (no. 6) discovered in the eastern turret. The material
consists of pottery, numerous iron artefacts such as two bucket handles, 1 hoe, 1 spade, parts from a
locker and keys. This second level of a late inhabitancy contains post-Roman debris which has an
equivalent layer (the same no. 6) at the gateway. This layer can be dated in the 3rd century AD,
probably in the second half of this century.

b. Porta principalis sinistra (Fig. 10)

Beside the porta decumana, the porta principalis sinistra was fully unveiled by Em. Panaitescu
who wrote about the discovery at the northern turret of the known military diploma issued on the
29th June 120 AD for the army of Dacia Superior (IDR I, Dipl. V = RMD 17).
From phase I of the fort are preserved only the two fossae because like in the case of the other
sides the gate turrets were built between the two ditches. Interesting aspect is that the fossa belongs

16
to the type of fossa punica, which is for the first time when such type is identified on one of the
sides. The fossa 2 was identified on the external side of the same turret, below the apsis, and contains
the same filling (no. 3 on the profile).
Paradoxically, the via principalis was not discovered! This situation also stands for the stone
phase that led us to conclusion that this gate was not use in the stone phase II, too. This aspect, not
necessarily unusual, seems to be supported by the absence of any habitation traces beyond the west
side of the fort. The adjacent vicus is situated north and mainly east from the fort.
Due to the previous excavation in the turret, the last level of inhabitancy is missing. It was
possible to identify just an oval fireplace. The fireplace consists of a surface heavily burnt
surrounded by quarry stones strongly smoked. As the fireplace is situated at the bottom of elevation
it means that belongs to the stone phase.
In the case of the southern turret, much poorly preserved, it was noticed that a part of apsis
slid down from its foundation probably because of an incomplete settling of the second ditch of the
timber phase. Inside the turret was also found just an oval spot of fire coming from a fireplace.
As we mentioned above, the absence of via principalis indicates the non-functional purpose
of this gate. On the other hand, behind the threshold and covering almost the entire space of the
gateway was identified a later and maybe even a post-Roman inhabitancy. Unfortunately there are
no solid arguments on this line. On this place it was erected a building with adobe walls. The prints
of walls were identified on the profiles in the cassettes from the gateway. A substantial and
continued layer of disturbed red adobe marks this inhabitancy later than the threshold existence.
This inhabitancy probably belongs to the same late habitation dated at mid-3rd century AD revealed
in other areas of the fort, including the porta principalis dextra.
As in the case of porta praetoria, in the post-Roman debris layer, towards the ditches of the
stone phase were discovered fragments from sculptural monuments reused for repairing in period
later then the gate construction. These objects are a funerary monument of large sizes depicting a
pinecone and a column fragment. This layer represents a post-Roman inhabitancy from a period
that is difficult to date in the absence of any archaeological material.

c. Porta principalis dextra (Fig. 8)

The gate proved to be destroyed mainly because of the modern activity to remove the walls
for stone. Therefore, most of the walls were identified based on the negative prints with no piece of
stone at all. In addition, near the south turret a large pit into the mound (meters 0–4 on the profile
of S VI) destroyed the whole stratigraphy. In the pit were found numerous horse skeletons with
their horseshoes. According to the elder peoples from the village, this pit dates from the WWII.

Phase 1
The phase I of fortification like the other gate excavated by us is represented just by the fossa
2 identified below the apsis removed to the foundation of the north turret. At the same time, in all
the section is a thin line of macerated rock and small stones placed straight on the ancient humus
that represents the early walking level in the area of the gate.
The via principalis of the early phase it is clearly present at the gateway in the S VI.
The stone gate overlaps almost perfectly the wooden gate.

Phase 2
In this case, we deal only with the stone gate representing the 2nd phase of the fort.

17
 Stage 1
Represents the moment when the turrets, enclosure and via principalis were built. This level
was identified only on the outer side of the northern turret undisturbed by modern excavations.
Like the other gates, we found here the central leg (meters 15–16), 1.15 m wide, that splits
the gateway in two almost even passages. The ballast of via principalis is present in both passages.
In fact, the gates praetoria and principalis sinistra perfectly overlap this road that
demonstrates what was already clearly outlined that these gates were built based on a single
conception – there are no reasons to believe that the gate decumana is an exception. They were based
on the same sizes and plans projected by metatores, gromatici or agrimensores on the drawing board.
The inner and outer stratigraphy of the two turrets offers details about the stages of
construction and inhabitancy. Both the southern and northern turrets revealed a first level similar to
the mound (no. 6) placed right above the ancient humus. A fitting out layer of yellow clay (no. 7)
follows this layer. It is possible that initially the turrets debasement were initially inhabited. The first
level of habitation (no. 13) is later that the building of turrets.
The via principalis of this phase appears as a compact loop of yellow ballast with an average
thickness of 25–35 cm. The road covers the gateway above the road layer from the previous phase
(no. 5).

Stage 2
At the gateway, this stage corresponds to a continue and consistent layer of fine beige sandy
soil which actually dismissed the ballast of the via principalis (no. 11). We do not know exactly in
which period this thing happened but for sure in a later stage.

Stage 3 and the next ones

It can be noticed in both northern (which became a living space) passage of the gateway and
north turret (a succession of later layers of inhabitancy). This habitation of gateway permanent
inhabitancy of the gateway can be added to the phenomenon many times discussed in this study
concerning the 3rd century habitation on areas with another destination before.
Approximate at the middle of the central leg, blocking the northern passage was built a wall
set in mortar of low quality. This wall is placed straight on the fitting out layer that covers via
principalis. The consequence was the abolition of one of the gate passages. Only the south passage
stayed in use.
In the blocked passage, there are at least two levels of inhabitancy, nos. 12 and 10. Both are
blackish loose soils with mortar and tiles (no. 12) and archaeological material mainly consisting
of pottery.
At this stage (or stages), the north turret revealed three clear levels of inhabitancy. The first
two (nos. 15 and 10) follow the last walking level represented like in the case of southern turret by a
good quality floor of white mortar (no. 14), 10 cm thick.

IV. THE PRECINCT AND ANGLE TURRETS (Fig. 11)

a. The NW angle turret
The internal stratigraphy demonstrates an intensive inhabitancy. This inhabitancy was
prepared by a fitting out layer of yellowish clay (no. 4) placed above the line which marks the filling
of the old ditch and the “Bauschutt” (no. 12, between meters 3–3.75 on the profile X 2) belonging
to the building of the stone fort. In this level was found a sestertius of Trajan (catalogue – Căşeiu,
fort, no. 24).

18
 As it was not possible to make connections between the levels of inhabitancy and the
possible repairing stages of walls that is why we will mention only the number of the level.
In the absence of solid archaeological arguments it can be suggested a dating in inhabitancy
in the last period of the fort existence, just before the evacuation of fort AD 275 (the abandonment
of the province of Dacia). Unfortunately, the archaeological material from this level is mainly
pottery, especially hand-made pottery of “Dacian” manufacture (vessels with straight walls and
decorated with the specific girdle).

b. The precinct turret N 1 (“B 1N”) (Fig. 12)

Stage 1
To this stage is corresponding on the inner short side a foundation of circa 1m wide (meters
8–9 on profile) which doubles the same sector in the next stage. The foundation of this side is
0.85 m high. To the same stage also corresponds a sort of “wall-abutment” stuck to west connection
of the enclosure (cassette A 2) and an internal promontory that partially comes out under east side
of the turret and enters beneath the apsis.
We have a clear stratigraphic context that proves that the turret was built right from the
beginning with an apsis. This aspect applies to all the turret of the fort from Căşeiu.

Stage 2
To this stage belongs the turret with its shape slightly enlarged towards inside the fort; its
new short side enlarges with 1 m. The remake was a total success. The conclusion at the situation
described above is the existence of two apsidated turrets overlapped. The last one was enlarged on
the side mentioned above.
The inhabitancy of the turret consists in this stage of a first proper level of living represented
by a layer of a grey loose soil (no. 3) with small stones, pigments of fire and archaeological material.

Stage 3
Due to some construction vices and the negative effects of incomplete settling of the old
ditches, in this stage emergency-repairing works occurred. The aim was to prevent the turret
dislocation and the inclination towards outside of the internal walking level. The result was that the
apsis strongly bent towards the ditch of the stone phase and ready to break that wall area – like in
the case from.
The builders were forced to think about measure of consolidation. The supporting wall is
made of a bunch of rubble stone set in mortar. The stone phase is nearer in front of the turret as the
berm of circa 2 m wide was used to set the supporting wall.

Stage 4
The repairing works that took place made necessary changes of the internal stratigraphy.
This stage represents a new level of inhabitancy (no. 9) which comes over the apsis stopping. It is
made of the typical grey-black soil rich of archaeological material.

Stage 5
It represents the last and the latest inhabitancy. The archaeological material is scarce and
mainly consists of grey raw pottery. Still, one pottery fragment stamped with the name Terentius
and a plated denarius bearing the portrait of Julia Maesa were also found.

19
 DATING OF CĂŞEIU II
The inscription from the principia of the fort from Samum (Căşeiu) (Isac 1993, p. 190–191,
fig. 2) represents just a worship act to the emperor Caracalla of some of the troops from Dacia,
which prepared his visit from AD 214 – or perhaps 213 (Isac 1993, p. 194). These troops were
rewarded with donativa and the honorific title of Antoniniana for their loyalty after the assassination
of Geta.
The forts with apsidated turrets are usually dated in the time of Severans (Lander 1984,
p. 121–135, Fig. 109, 112–115 and 116–119 for Dacia).
The fort Căşeiu II was built from the beginning with turrets attributed to the 3rd century AD.

V. THE PRINCIPIA (Fig. 13)

The Principia is a stone building of 30 × 25.50 m. This building belongs to type Fellmann
II with two opened courtyards separated by 4 stone pillars. It cannot be excluded the possibility of
allocation to the type III, a second courtyard (basilica) covered (Fellmann 1958, p. 156–188). This
hypothesis is hard to be demonstrated in the absence of any elements of the roof, mainly tiles and
curved tiles, which were completely removed by the previous excavations. The headquarters
represents 2.8 % of the 2.72 ha fort’s area. From this point of view this edifice is one of the smallest
ones considering the proportion between the fort area and the headquarters building. It must be
mentioned that this building never changed its sizes and probably its plan, too, throughout entirely
existence.
The total absence of the tiles in the courtyard “A” suggests and opened space. The courtyard
A for sure, is the collective dedication of the Britannic unit to the emperor Caracalla and his mother
with the occasion of their visit in Dacia in AD 214 (Isac 1993, p. 190, fig. 2).
On the two sides, the courtyard A of principia presents three rooms. The west side, rooms 9,
10 and 11 is almost entirely destroyed on large sectors owing to the seekers for stone in Modern
Age. The east wing of the principia is built of strong walls of good quality.
The conclusions after the interpretation of the excavation were that either the walls of
timber phase were perfectly overlapped by the ones of stone phase – it is hard to believe such a
situation – or the timber phase never existed, thus, the principia was built in stone and underwent
some repairing works.
The west side of building, the common side of rooms 4 and 5, is represented by a wall
carefully built in opus incertum and well preserved, 0.70–0.80 m breadth. The wall has a solid
foundation of 0.40 cm thickness made of one row of quarried stone set in mortar continued by one-
two rows of pebble stones. The technique is identical for the entire rear side of headquarters, with
its four rooms and the aedes.
In room “c” the excavation that reached the geological soil at –2.20 m depth unveiled the
enclosure and the room walls much deeper under foundation.
The room “c” functioned as an aedes (“Fahnenheiligtum”). Two “outposts” coming out
from the north wall of the standards chapel were identified. They can be connected with the
aerarium that could have functioned in debasement.
The room no. 3 suffered damages because of the old excavations. The only preserved item,
still no certainty about its “in situ” position, is a flat tile (0.50 × 0.35 m) situated in the middle part
of the room straight on ground.
The room no. 4 with hypocaustum is located on the SW corner, the only enclosure that
revealed a clear and quite well preserved archaeological context. The layers indicate an intensive use
of fire for the heating system. The hardest burnt sector, on eastern end, indicates the presence of

20
furnace in that area. No parts of it have survived. As archaeological material, only few pottery
fragments, few cramp irons, iron needles and especially burnt bones were found.

VI. THE PRAETORIVM (Fig. 14, 15)

Like the praetorium from Gilău, the one from Căşeiu is amongst the few such buildings
found in Dacia where the functionality and the construction phases could have been accurately
established.
The commander’s house is located on the latus dextrum and occupies the whole space
between the “horreum 1” and the eastern enclosure, passing over via sagularis at some point. This
building has three construction phases, two of timber (I and II) and one of stone, which present
some repairing stages (III a-c).

Phase 1
It represents the first building entirely built of wood. Due to the stone phase, the building was
identified only in few points based on the removed prints of the timber walls of 0.40–0.50 m broad.
In the 1st timber phase the praetorium was a building of approximately 26.5 × 31 m. It can
be remarked the presence of very long-shape rooms, probably were corridors leading to via sagularis.
At the moment, no considerations can be made concerning the possible compartments or the
existence of a courtyard. Summarising, it can be affirmed that this building was in use for a short
time as the walking level of this phase consists of a very thin layer. The archaeological material
found in this layer is seldom.
The dating of building can be done with very close accuracy as this construction can be
allocated to the first troop garrisoned here, cohors II Britannorum ∞.

Phase 2
A new building corresponds to this phase. It was completely built up of timber walls that
had on both facing sides wickerwork stuck with adobe.
The building has the same location, in the space between horreum and via sagularis. We
cannot be absolutely sure whether the timber phase of praetorium is contemporarily with that of
horreum but this hypothesis can be assumed due to the location of the two buildings and especially
because of the same construction technique.
In this phase, the praetorium’s plan can be more clearly observed. It can be remarked that
the eastern side goes 2 m closer towards |via sagularis. The building sizes are 28.5 × 31 m (circa 900
squared meters), thus the long side remains unchanged from previous phase while in the case of
barn measures 33.6 m. The courtyard had no pavement while some of the room had floors made of
opus signinum (cocciopesto).
This building can be attributed to the unit that had replaced cohors II Britannorum ∞, and
this was cohors I Britannica ∞ equitata.

Phase 3
It represents a fully reconstruction in stone of the building. It consists of three distinctive
stages of construction: “3a”, “3b” and “3c”.
In phase “3a” the building remained in the same place between via sagularis, on the eastern
side, and horreum, which is now built in stone. In this phase, the building had eight or nine rooms
grouped on the southern side towards retentura. The rooms 8 and 9 together with the corridor no. 7
had the hypocaustum supplied by two praefurnia facing via sagularis, respectively the area of

21
retentura. The courtyard, designed as an open area, was divided in two distinctive and even parts.
The inhabitancy layer is seldom found.
The Praetorium “3a” had some domestic annexes provided with hypocaustum system, opus
signinum floors – of an excellent quality – and glass windows. The coins of Trajan and Hadrian
found in the rooms are no arguments for an accurate dating but they are the first evidence that the
first stone building was built in the 2nd c. AD.
The next phase, “3b”, represents a building with major changes in its plan and functionality.
First of the changes is the addition of a new wing on the western side of the building with 6 rooms
(nos. 11, 12, 13, 14, 16 and 17). In fact, this new part doubles the previous building. The corridor
no. 14 continues the previous corridor no. 7, and gets together with nos. 3 and 2 as the
intermediary walls have been demolished. The numerous remakes of the cocciopesto floors prove an
intense inhabitancy of the praetorium until the last phase of its existence. The new rooms were used
either for living or as officia.
In the phase “3c” it can be observed a new enlarge of the building especially towards south
and east as a new wing over the via sagularis and the renovation of some parts from the old phase
“3a” occurred. On the southern side, the room no. 17 was enlarged and crossed over the garbage pit
in front of the kitchen (no. 15). On the eastern side an apsis and a hypocaustum were added to the
new rooms.
The courtyard “A” is levelled and paved with pebbles rocks. A stone threshold of stone and
mortar marks the entrance in the corridor no. 7. In front of room no. 3 was found a big pedestal
represented by a large shaped stone block with 1 m length on side. Close to pedestal, at almost 3 m,
a large sizes inscription was found, felt in post-Roman period. The text has been written on three of
the sides and amongst other things (the sided text it has been hammered) it mentions a new
praefectus of the cohors I Britannica ∞. Due to the fragmentary preservation of the front side of
inscription, his name is impossible to be known. This inscription placed on the pedestal by one of
the user of the building is the only epigraphic monument found during the excavations.
It can be affirmed that this last phase of praetorium is a late one, which can be dated towards
the middle of the 3rd century AD or later (Isac-Hügel-Andreica 1994, p. 60). Some coin finds
together with the other arguments support such a chronology. On the walking level of room no. 20
and the area of kiln from room no. 19 three coins were found. One of them is from Maximinus
Thrax (AD 235–238) (catalogue – Căşeiu, fort, no. 104) and two from Philip I (AD 244–249)
(catalogue – Căşeiu, fort, no. 107, 108). Therefore, we have a t.p.q. extremely valuable for the
dating of the building around middle 3rd century AD or later.
In the last phase, the praetorium was a complex building, of large sizes, in fact the largest
building of this type from the auxiliary forts from Dacia. The massive enlargements in the phases
“3b” and “3c” are with no doubts the result of a strong demand of more space for accommodation.
Maybe is not a coincidence that beginning with Severus Alexander the consular beneficiarii had
made their appearance at Căşeiu. If the phase “3b” can be dated in the 3rd century, as it looks like, it
cannot totally be excluded the possibility that the addition of the first horreum to be determined by
this presence of beneficiarii.

VII. HORREA
The horreum 1 (Fig. 16)
With this name was named the building situated between the principia and praetorium. It
was first used as a barn and later added to the stone praetorium, phases “III b” and “III c”. A second
barn known as “horreum 2” was situated on the latus praetorii sinistrum. This building suffered many

22
destructions and disturbances of the inhabitancy levels owing to the disorganised and destructive
excavations carried out between the two world wars on the west area of the commander’s house.
The “Horreum 1” is a building that had an unusual functionality history. First was a barn
then a domestic annexe of the praetorium. Owing to these specificity three building phases of the
proper barn can be established (“horreum 1” I, II and III) and at least a principal one, “horreum 1
IV” when the building changed its functionality.
Phases I and II represent a timber building situated between principia and praetorium,
aligned to the rear side of principia and via principalis.

Phase 1
The absence, almost totally, of the archaeological material – a normal aspect for a barn –
makes the dating of this building to be logically linked to the first building phase of the fort and the
praetorium, thus in the reign of Trajan. This phase is contemporary with the second barn – the
“horreum 2” – that also has a distinctive timber phase. The fort of earth and timber had right from
the beginning two barns where to keep the crops.

Phase 2
The barn was rebuilt in this phase on the same spot. The wood combined with adobe
“painting” and wattle was used as building material.
An unexpected rich archaeological material for this type of building is provided by the level
of this phase. This material mainly consists of iron objects such as: cramp-irons, spikes, a drill,
weapons (a hasta-head and arrowheads), pottery and glass; a sestertius of Antoninus Pius and a plate
bottom of terra sigillata manufactured at Lezoux, type Drag. 31, stamped GIPPI MANV and dated
towards mid-2nd AD. The presence of these artefacts demonstrates the intense use of barn. Its
rebuilding in stone probably took place in the second half of the 2nd century AD, either at the same
time with “phase III” of the praetorium or very close to it.

Phase 3
In this phase the “horreum 1” is rebuilt in stone using an opus incertum technique, with
massive quarried walls of 0.75–1.10 m thickness. The foundation goes deeper into the prehistoric
settlement. The building perfectly lines up with principia towards via principalis. Its sizes are
34.50 × 11 m.
In all three phases the horreum has access to via principalis and a via vicinaria or an
intervallum between the barn and principia. First of them, the via principalis like in the previous
phase is the main road to which the horreum lines up but in the stone phase the building withdrew
until the same line with the front side of principia.
The demolition of stone barn in phase 3 is contemporaneous with the construction of
praetorium in phase “3b”. The latest signs of living in the old horreum are contemporaneous with
the elevation of the added parts to the commander’s house in phase “3c”. As it was demonstrated
these changes took place at early as mid-3rd century AD.

Phase 4
The abolition of barn and its transformation into a domestic annexe and living space of the
praetorium in this phase appears very strange. This phenomenon occurred in the time of Severans
and military anarchy. In the mid-3rd century AD in numerous forts from Dacia intensive building
activity took place (Isac 1997, p. 62–64; Gudea 1997, p. 41).

23
 The horreum 2
It is located next to the “building X” on its west side. It has two phases of construction, one
of wood and one of stone. Its sizes are: 37.50 × 10 m.
The phase 1 consists of a timber building and shows two sub-phases of existence.
The phase 2 belongs to the stone horreum built up in an opus incertum technique. In the
debris layer of S XXXII two statues of Ceres were found and also an altar dedicated to the same
divinity.
There is no evidence for a precise dating of the “horreum 2” but it is clear that after the
abolition of “horreum 1” the “horreum 2” was the only barn in use, known at the moment, in the
fort of Samum (Căşeiu).

VIII. THE LATVS SINISTRVM (Fig. 17, 18)

Latus praetorii sinistrum is one of the areas within the fort of Căşeiu which was not affected
by the old excavations.

1. The Building “X” (Fig. 17)

This building has a rectangular shape of 35 × 10 m. It is perfectly aligned to the principia
towards both via principalis and retentura. The building presents walls carefully built in opus
incertum technique. They have 1.10–1.15 m breadth. The foundation is high and made of pebbles
on the eastern side (towards principia) while – an interesting thing – this element of foundation is
missing on the opposite western side (towards barn). In a fitting layer at its bottom was found a
bronze brooch of strongly profile type, variant of triangular plate at head. It can be dated in the 2nd
century AD (Isac-Cociş 1995, p. 121, no. 22, Pl. IV/22). At –0.70 m depth in a fitting out layer a
strong profile bronze brooch, variant without plate at head, was found. It is dated in the first half of
the 2nd century AD (Isac-Cociş 1995, p. 121, no. 19, Pl. IV/19). A dupondius of Trajan (catalogue –
Căşeiu, fort, no. 27) came out approximately from the same context of the 2nd century AD (at –0.95 m,
between the second and third lane). At the same time it must be remarked the high frequency of
wheel-made pottery of “Dacian” manufacture.
The two brooches are an argument regarding the construction of “building X”
approximately in the middle of the 2nd century when the principia was already in use.
The last walking level is in fact of living. It consists of a compact mortar layer and spread
adobe of 10–15 cm thickness. The archaeological material found in this layer is extremely numerous
and interested. Amongst others, it consists of two round lamps made with potter’s wheel; numerous
bronzes such as a handle and box gears, many cramp-irons and iron hinges; some fine glass
fragments; ordinary Roman pottery and hand-made pottery of “Dacian” manufacture. The most
spectacular discovery is the military diploma entirely preserved that came out very close to the eastern
enclosure of the “building X”. It is a diploma issued for the army of Dacia Porolissensis under
command of the governor Macrinius Vindex, dated 24th of September AD 151 (Isac 2001, p. 49–60).
The functionality of this building is still unknown.

IX. THE PRAETENTVRA

The praetentura dextra (Fig. 19)
The barracks from this area of the fort have two distinctive phases of construction. Both
phases are of timber, respectively of timber and adobe. They were not reconstructed in stone. We
make this affirmation based on the absence of any element that can prove the contrary. The
references to the stratigraphy and the phases of inhabitancy will be related with the illustrated
profiles. Their key is mostly common.

24
 Like in the case of praetentura sinistra, the planimetry of the barracks from this area of
praetentura confirms that in both phases the centuriae had the same orientation – per strigas –, the
same plan and sizes. This led to the conclusion that the second cohort of Britons which moved in,
cohors I Britannica ∞ equitata, occupied the barracks of the previous unit and undertook a remake
and a re-division of space based on the same plan. In other words the two phases are perfectly
overlapped. The buildings preserved in both phases the same common route of main walls. The new
re-division of space was made within the same planimetry.

1. The vertical stratigraphy (Fig. 20, 21)

a. Phase 1
The first Roman level is placed straight on the ancient humus and is made of a fitting out
layer and filling of the ditches from removed walls. The first walking level is very thin due to its
removal because of the fitting out of the next phase. This layer contains broken tiles and fine
pigments of coal.

b. Phase 2
The second Roman level id represented by a dark grey soil not very compact very rich of
archaeological material. Numerous tiles from the roof, stone and pigments of mortar are
characteristic for these barracks with wooden and adobe walls.

2. The horizontal stratigraphy

The first two barracks in pretentura dextra have two phases of construction which practically
overlap the main transformation in phase II which is a new division of space but does not modify
their planimetry.
The phase 2 consists of grey clay soil with many fragments of adobe which in S II mainly
appears of compact burnt adobe. The adobe from walls and from the layer of inhabitancy is a sign
that the barracks of the 2nd phase were built of wood combined with a “dub” made of wickerwork
glued with clay. When burnt they became dark red. The inner walls in this phase (no. 2) created a
new division of space with same dimensions.
The rooms have an average dimension of 3.50 × 3 m (a surface of circa 10 pedes) for
accommodation (papilio), respectively 3.50 × 2 m for the row of the rooms which represent the
arma, the places where the weaponry and personal things were kept.
The 13 contubernia identified with probability at barrack no. 2 in pretentura dextra are
nothing special.
A simple calculus indicates that in the 10 barracks from praetentura were accommodate the
infantrymen while the 8 turmae in the 4 centuriae from retentura. This situation seems to fit well for
the fort of Căşeiu, where the researches of retentura (still carrying on) have certainly identified
the stabula.

The praetentura sinistra

This area was investigated based only on the oblique masterly section S IX in 1988. Between
meters 41–101, this section intersects 5 centuriae identified in horizontal stratigraphy on the level of
the building phase I (unlike the praetentura dextra, where it was almost entirely overlapped by phase
II). The barracks have two building phases (meters 42–46 on profile) and are orientated per strigas.
The planning revealed by horizontal stratigraphy of this section indicates traces of the
removed walls of barracks in the trajanic period. Thus, they belong to cohors II Britannorum ∞.

25
 Therefore on both halves of praetentura are situated 5 cohort barracks orientated per strigas.
The areas from the ends towards east and west viae sagulariae allowed the placement of one more
barrack per scamna in praetentura dextra and another building in pretentura sinistra which was not
yet identified.
The via praetoria is known now due to the section S II between meters 7.50–16. It has 6 m
wide a total thickness of 50 cm. The lane has two distinctive phases of use and a well-outlined
gutter on both extremities.

X. THE RETENTVRA
The retentura dextra (Fig. 22)
Both horizontal and vertical stratigraphies (from the eastern profiles of both surfaces) largely
clarified the three main existence phases of the building from retentura dextra and their functionality.

Phase 1
In this first phase, the barracks from retentura sinistra, certainly dated in the period Trajan-
Hadrian, belong to cohors II Brittanorum ∞. Their location per strigas, parallel with via principalis, is
marked by the route of some removed timber walls (average breadth of 0.35–0.40 m) and a
constant thin walking level (directly placed on the ancient humus) poorly visible.

Phase 2
From the stratigraphic point of view, the timber barracks of this phase can be certainly
attributed to cohors I Britannica ∞ equitata. This phase started at the beginning of the reign of
Hadrian. At the moment no comments can be made about the end of phase II. Following the same
logic it is clear that the stables (stabula) of the cavalry detachment were built in this phase. Such
stables were not discovered in praetentura. On the other hand, elements that are typical for stables
have appeared on the excavated area from the right side of retentura (maybe also in retentura
sinistra). As they are dated in the phases II and III of barracks therefore to the period when this
mixed infantry unit was garrisoned at Samum.
There are three barracks orientated per strigas. Here were identified also the stabula (stables).
The via sagularis was identified on Surface 1 D between meters 3.50 and 10 while on
Surface 2 in a sector left as a bystander (meters 21–22). This means that the lane is oblique placed
in our excavation system. The lane consists of one compact layer of ballast, 30 cm thickness which
demonstrates that the lane was permanently in use throughout all phases of existence for the
buildings from retentura.

Phase 3
This phase is represented by a continue and clearly marked level (no. 5 on the profile) of
grey-blackish loose soil. The footpath overlaps a layer of yellow pebble stones of 3 meters breadth
(meters 27–30). This represents and earlier lane and a compact floor in opus signinum. Above the
footpath, which is the latest walking level (only –30 cm under the top soil) was placed a last floor of
cocciopesto. An important element for dating is the discovery from Surface 2. Amongst the fragments
of the macerated floor from the mentioned footpath, at meter 1, was found a bronze coin of Philip I
(catalogue – Căşeiu, fort, no. 106). The remains of three stone platforms from Surface 1 B, C and
Surface 2 belong to the same late phase dated mid-3rd century AD.
In the last phase of their existence, probably these buildings were probably still in use as
stables. The living levels do not provide a very rich archaeological material. The most interesting

26
find is a spatha, entirely preserved, 0.60 m long and 3 cm wide. Found in this late context, in the
remains of the platform from meter 9 of the second surface, this typical cavalry sword, dated for
certain in a mid-3rd century AD context, consolidates – if was still the case – the use of the buildings
from retentura dextra as stabula in the 2nd phase (of timber) and the 3rd one (of stone).

27
 The military
VICVS from
SAMVM (Căşeiu)

On the East and North sides of the fort from Samum (Căşeiu) is
located the civil settlement adjacent to the fort, the vicus (Fig. 3).
The excavations began in 1989 through a test excavation
then they started in a systematic way from 1995 to present days.
Apart from a rich archaeological material the excavations within the vicus have also revealed
important information on its internal lay out and its phases of existence.
At the moment we identified two main Roman roads that are the axes of the vicus where the
buildings were displayed. It was possible to track down the main road that passed the settlement
coming from the eastern gate of the fort (porta principalis dextra), as well as the one coming from
the porta praetoria running till the bank of the river Someş.
The settlement presents two main phases of inhabitancy. They are connected to the two
military units garrisoned in the fort one after the other. The two phases appeared quite distinctively
separated on all the excavated areas. One may easily observe that in the first level, the settlement
belonging to the cohors II Britannorum miliaria, turned up artefacts that can be dated in the period
Trajan-Hadrian.
So far, the results of the archaeological research in the military vicus of Samum pointed out
some of the complexes and architectural structures specific to this type of settlement. It must be
mentioned here those wooden buildings of the type “Strip houses”, facing each other on the two
sides of the main roads. They were used as workshops, store houses and dwellings. Another type of
dwelling discovered here was the semi-hut of elliptic form with external stoner and fireplace and
rich archaeological evidence. An interesting aspect is represented by the discovery of 10 wells, a
unique situation for Roman Dacia, so far. The majority of them have the bottom made of a wooden
barrel. Initially these barrels were used for wine. In the case of the well G 10 (1997) the barrels came
from Hispania. A dendrochronologic analyse made by Andreea Vaday, Budapest, has demonstrated
that the barrel belonging to the well from phase I was made in the time of Trajan.
Other elements that filled up the overall picture upon the military vicus from Samum
(Căşeiu) is: garbage pits, kilns for bred and others for pottery, a child grave made of bricks, semi-
huts, gravel footpaths and stone platforms.
A various archaeological material came out from this settlement: Roman pottery, lamps,
glass, weapons and iron gears, a statuette made of bronze depicting Jupiter Fulminans, artefacts of
bone (hairpins, pins, dices), bronze adornments, coins (catalogue – Căşeiu vicus). Like in other parts
of Roman Dacia the Dacian hand-made pottery suggests the presence of the natives in the area of
Samum.
The identification of the cemetery and the temple of Nemesis, mention by an inscription
(CIL III, 825) would lead us to a better picture of this vicus, one of the very few of its type that
undertake systematic research at the moment in Romania. But this is a task for future excavations.

28
 The auxiliary
fort from
GILĂU 1
The fort and its vicus lie in the centre of the modern locality of
Gilău. The fort is 16 km west of the former Roman town Napoca,
today Cluj-Napoca (Fig. 2). The fort was built on a terrace that
points eastward and is 430 m height. Strategically the selected location allowed the visual control of
Napoca and to the west the valleys of the Căpuş and Crişul Repede rivers, as well as on the road
towards Bologa (Resculum).
Regarding the principles of military encamping, this fort can be attributed to the first
category – the most valuable one – for the establishment of military camps in the area, the
fortifications built up on a slope: “into qua positione porta decumana eminentissimo loco constituitur”.
The other recommendation of the measurement technician, according to whom “porta praetoria
semper hostem spectare debet” (Hyginus, 56) is apparently not kept (Macrea 1969, p. 227). Although
it looks eastward, thus to Napoca, the fort is not accessible on its north and south sides because of
natural steep slopes while to the west its spur goes up to the hill Pădurea Cetăţii (525 m). Practically
a possible attack could be accomplished by encirclement from the east, thus in the direction of porta
praetoria.
The fort of Gilău has a well determined position in the context of the defence of the
province Dacia Porolissensis (fig. 2).
Owing to the location in next proximity of the city of Napoca (Fig. 2) it has been assumed
that the major task of the troops from the fort of Gilău was the defence of the city (Macrea 1969,
p. 123). It is just as probable that other tasks, particularly referred to the cavalry unit, were also to
the west border and to the gold area of the Western Carpathian, by monitoring of the valleys of
Someşul Rece and Someşul Cald rivers.

I. THE MILITARY UNITS

a. The cohors I Pannoniorum veterana pia fidelis equitata – Gilău I (AD 106–117/118)
In Gilău two different forts functioned at the same place taken by two different troops.
Under Trajan functioned a wood-castellum – Gilău I – with relatively small extents.
Based on its sizes and the features of the barracks this first castellum of Gilău belonged to a
cohort. In a level, which belongs to the wooden praetorium I, a fragment of a stamped brick could
be red as [C]oh(ors) I P[(annoniorum)…]. With enough probability, it can be identified with cohors I
Pannoniorum veterana pia fidelis equitata. This troop was garrisoned in Moesia Superior till the
conquest of Dacia (CIL XVI, 54; Wagner 1938, p. 176). This unit is testified in the diploma from
Porolissum from 2nd of July AD 110 (IDR I, Diploma 3), but in AD 160 appeared again in Moesia

1. This is a shorter version of Isac 1997.

29
Superior on (CIL XVI, 111). Two more fragments of stamped bricks found in the praetorium seem
to indicate also the presence of other troops, probably also a detachment of legio XIII Gemina.

b. The ala Siliana c(ivium) R(omanorum) – Gilău II and III (AD 117/118–275)
1. The history of unit before its arrival in Dacia (AD 60–117/118)
The history of ala Siliana is rather well known (Isac 1979, p. 39–67; Isac 1983, p. 187–
205), owing to the literary sources and the numerous epigraphic and archaeological evidences.
It was formed under Nero in Africa Proconsularis (Alföldy 1968, p. 32) and participated in
the civil war in Italy after his death (Tacitus, Historiae, I, 70; II, 17). From AD 70 to AD 83 the
troop was part of the army of Germania Inferior (CIL XVI, 23). After AD 83 up to death of Trajan
belonged to the army of Pannonia where is attested by the military diplomas of AD 84 and AD 85
(CIL XVI, 30, 31). In a diploma of the from AD 98 (CIL XVI, 42) it appears already with the
epithet C(ivium) R(omanorum) due to the participation in a military event under Domitianus. The
garrison at that time is still unknown.
It is probable that the unit participated in the Dacian wars of Trajan, or at least in second
one. Due to it bravery was named torquata.
The last mention in the army of Pannonia Inferior is in the diploma from Tokod from 2nd of
July AD 110 (CIL XVI, 164). The omission of this unit in the diploma from Carnuntum issued in
AD 114 (CIL XVI, 61) does not mean necessarily that the troop departed for the Parthic war. The
ala Siliana was transferred to Dacia at the beginning of the reign Hadrian.
None of the numerous inscriptions on stone, military diplomas or brick temples of Gilău
contains the indication milliaria thus the troop was a quingenaria one. The arrival of the ala in
Dacia can be linked with the Danube war of Hadrian in AD 117–118, when numerous military
units from Pannonia were shifted to Dacia and both provinces were under the command of
Q. Marcius Turbo (Russu 1973, p. 31–34; Piso 1993, p. 31–34). The unit participated in the events
(Isac 1992, p. 151) and in the aftermath period was transferred to Dacia. The garrison of the unit
became the restored fort of Gilău right after the establishment of the province Dacia Porolissensis in
the year AD 118 (Petolescu 1985, p. 50–52).
Under Caracalla the troop received the honorific title Antoniniana as it is mentioned in the
inscription found in the stone principia III. The inscription was dedicated in AD 214 with the
occasion of the imperial visit of Caracalla and his mother Julia Domna (Isac 1993, p. 189–195).
The unit belonged to the army of this province till the abandonment of the province by the
Roman administration in the second half of the 3rd century AD.

THE FORT

GILĂU I (AD 106–117/118) (Fig. 23)

First of the two sequential forts is a castellum with the extents of 130 × 116 m that very
probably belonged to the cohors I Pannoniorum veterana pia fidelis equitata. The dating of this fort is
guaranteed by the succession of the two troops in the fort, as well as by the numerous archaeological
evidences. Its orientation was with the porta praetoria placed eastward, it is valid also for the bigger
fort, which belonged to the cavalry unit. It must be mentioned here that the road system in the fort
like also the display of principia and praetorium were located in the same place during all building
phases of the two forts.

30
 II. THE DEFENCE SYSTEM (Fig. 37–40)
The south side and in particular the western one offered the important data on the defence
system of this first phase. The traces of porta principalis sinistra on the north side were identified in
one of the towers of the porta principalis sinistra of the stone phase (Fig. 36).
This castellum has its east (destroyed by the medieval fortress) and north sides similar with
those of the cavalry fort. The stone fort has enlarged its west and south sides (Fig. 24).

The fossae
The west side, which was the most exposed one, possessed a system of three ditches in the
form a sharper “V”, of the type fossa fastigata (Jones 1975, p. 106–108, fig. 20; Johnson 1987, p. 59–
61). The section S XIX, of 117 m long, which crossed the retentura sinistra, is the only one, which
offers a clear and complete relationship between the fortification systems of all three phases of the
forts from Gilău. A first fossa, which was found between the meters 94–99, is 5 m (17 pedes) broad
and 2 m (nearly 7 pedes) deep. Their width corresponds exactly to the one mentioned by Vegetius
(Vegetius, III, 8) for the case of the largest threat. The next two ditches, those at the meters of 102–
104 and 106–109 (Fig. 39) are of the same type and measure 2.50 × 1.25 m, respectively 3.50 × 1 m.
The other section, through the retentura dextra, S XXXVI (Fig. 40), offers the same picture: a first
very large and pointy ditch, which was filled up with dirt and given up before the other two and
which is 4.25 m (about 14.5 pedes) broad and 1.75 m deep. The next two ditches, clearly formed a
“W”-form, measure 4 × 1.75 m and 4.50 × 1.75 m. The system of two neighbouring ditches of the
type fossa fastigata in W-form are testified and accepted (Jones 1975, p. 106, fig. 20), although other
authors assume that it concerns rather two successively dug ditches (Johnson 1987, p. 62). The two
mentioned ditches have a total broad of 8.50 m in S XXXVI and 7 m in S XIX. The same double
system of ditches is confirmed also on the south side, where two sections in latus dextrum (S XXXV
and S XL) revealed a fossa of a clear W-form, with the largest width of 9.50 m (32 pedes), which
consisted of two equal large ditches with the extents 4 × 1.75 m. The archaeological argument for
the contemporary existence of the two ditches of the system forms the compact and not
differentiated filling, which proves that they were dug at the same time for a certain purpose and
that they were filled at the same time.

The vallum with palisade

The vallum with palisade is one of the type “Holz-Erde-Mauer”, which consists of a well set
vallum made of loam between two lines of beams, which are held together by vertical posts. The
foundation pits for implanting the vertical posts are exactly rectangular and with compact and pure
light brown clay filled. Their extents amount to 1/1.25 × 0.75/0.80 m. These foundations were dug
deeply into the yellow grown soil, until 1.50 m (!) from the ancient level (Fig. 40, S XXXVI, meters
of 26–29.50), which secures a special steadfastness of the palisade. At the ends of these rectangular
pits are rectangular posts with the side length of 25 cm (Fig. 30, the area porta decumana). The
width of the vallum, from post to post computed, is exactly 3 m (10 pedes) (Johnson 1987, p. 77). In
the composition of this layer, also horizontal bars stepped on (Johnson 1987, p. 75–76, fig. 36),
which are not preserved, because the entire vallum was cleared away with the change of the fort in
the phase II.
Exactly of the basis of the vallum, between the two battlements (Fig. 40, S XXXVI, meters
27– -29; –1.25 m) a strongly profiled brooch was found (Isac-Cociş 1995, p. 122, Taf. V/24) dated
at the beginning of the 2nd century AD. The distance of 3.25–3.50 m between the first ditch and

31
the vallum-palisade represents the berm (S XXXVI and XIX). Between the meters 21–25 of the
S XXXVI appears a thin gravel layer, which was identified as the via sagularis.

III. THE GATES

The porta decumana and the SW corner (Fig. 30)
The gate, as it was identified, consists of two series of three rectangular foundations each (1 ×
0.75 m on the average), which exhibit outward rectangular post pits with the side length of 25 cm.
The six posts supported a wood building with the extents of 3.75 × 3.25 m, which represent the
actual building. In the opening of the gate, the via decumana was identified in all eight quadrants,
represented by a compact layer of gravel delimited by two ditches. A seventh post discovered in the
center of the road seems to have supported the combat platform. In the quadrants H and A were
found in the horizontal stratigraphy the ends of the first ditch, which interrupted itself before the
gate. Likewise in the quadrants E and D an adobe barrack was discovered, which belongs to the first
living phase in the enlarged earthen fort.
Owing to the analogies from Germania and Britannia for this type of fort gate, the one
under discussion can be dated at the beginning of the 2nd century AD. At the moment it is the only
case known for Dacia.
The porta principalis sinistra of this phase was overlaid by the one belonging to the stone
phase (Fig. 36).
Regarding the tower in the southwest corner a surface excavation was accomplished, which
consisted of several neighbouring quadrants. Four rectangular pits of foundation were revealed,
similarly as those from the porta decumana and the vallum with palisade. At the ends there are
rectangular posts with the same side length of 25 cm. The four traces, which are integrated exactly
into the bend of the fort, indicate here the existence of a platform tower, which was supported by
four columns. The extents of this construction are about 3.50 × 3 m.
The porta principalis dextra was not identified as was located more inside the larger fort. The
only element, which belongs to this phase, is the east end of the united ditches on the south side,
identified in the form of a trough-shaped ditch between meters 3–12 of the section S XVII (Fig. 38).

IV. THE PRINCIPIA (Fig. 25)

The principia has four different phases (Fig. 25), which overlay each other in the same place,
with the opening to the via principalis. The first two buildings were made of wood and the other
two of stone. The first wood building is attributed to the phase Gilău I while the others correspond
to the second fort (the principia II), and the stone phase III (the principia III and IV).
The principia I is a building with timber walls with the extents 27.75 × 23.25 m. The 5
rear rooms formed the officia and the aedes. Walls with “T” -shape ends of walls testify the
openings of the central building to the yard. We do not have elements for the division of yard, but
the traces of three posts in S XXVI seem to raise the existence of a rectangular portico inside the
central area, an element, that are specific for the headquarters buildings in the neronian and late
flavian period.
The corners of the via principalis show rectangular inspissations. As a building technique it is
to be mentioned that the timber walls were rendered with white mortar, which occurs in the filling
of these pits. The section S XIII, which was positioned in the proximity of the principia, in latus
sinistrum (Isac-Diaconescu-Opreanu 1983, p. 87, fig. 4), identified via principalis with a width of
6.50 m and two culverts. Likewise there was 5 m broad road of gravel identified behind the
principia, which separated the principia and praetorium from the retentura.

32
 V. THE PRAETORIVM (Fig. 26)
The situation of the building of the commander in the forts of Gilău is archaeologically
similar with the one of the headquarters building. In latus dextrum four different buildings
functioned on the same place but built up in different techniques and with different plans as well.
Four main phase of a praetorium were identified (Isac-Hügel-Andreica 1994, p. 50–55).
The phase I consists of a wood building, which is separate from principia by a gravel lane of
about 11 m broad. The timber walls are represented by demolition pits of the posts with the width
of only 30 cm, which are deep about 60 cm and penetrate into the soil. The plan of building in this
phase could be only partially reconstructed: a rectangle of 26 × 27 m. An inner court shows three
sides and a northern wing with of 4.60 m broad. These are the only elements, which we could
restore. The thin living layer with few archaeological traces offered however the possibility of the
discovery of the fragmentary stamped bricks, which testifies the early presence of the cohors I
Pannoniorum at Gilău. Since it was shorter around more than 12 m than the building in the stone
phase IV, the building of the prefect had behind it, in retentura dextra, a barrack, which was aligned
by scamma.

VI. THE PRAETENTVRA (Fig. 27, 28)

The inhabitancy of phase I is overlaid by the stone barracks of the large fort. At least two
phases of timber and two of stone barracks could be identified. The east side was strongly affected
by modern works (Isac-Diaconescu-Opreanu 1980, fig. 12 – S I; Fig. 11 – S XIII).
The praetentura sinistra is limited by the via praetoria, by the east side of the via sagularis S
XV) and of the via principalis (S XIII). There is an evidence of 4 barracks of cohort, one is double,
which were aligned per strigas. The appearance of the centuriae and the dwellings (contubernia) in
connection with the stamp of the cohors I Pannoniorum are arguments to regard them as infantry
barracks with 10 contubernia (Johnson 1987, p. 188, 192, fig. 129). The actual width of the simple
barrack amounts to 9 m (30 pedes), and for the double barrack is 18.50 m. The average size of
contubernia is 3.50 × 3 m. The estimated length of one centuria is approximately 40 m (circa 135
pedes). Following the analogies and other scholars’ calculations (Isac 1997, p. 31–32) it can be
concluded that in Gilău I was garrisoned a cohors equitata and the barrack in retentura dextra behind
the praetorium suggests that theoretical two auxiliary troops could have cohabitated, as at Pen
Llystyn (Hassal 1983, p. 119).
In the double barrack, in the quadrant of room “b”, appeared the lower part of a round kiln
with the diameter of 1 m for domestic purposes. Here there was a kitchen that is proven by the large
quantity of domestic garbage, bones, coal and numerous vessels broken in halves. There were also
found 25 round stone balls that were used for grinding in mortaria.
From this first level of inhabitancy come coins of Titus for Domitian (Caesar) and Trajan
(Catalogue – Gilău, nos. 9, 24) and also a remarkable fragment from a lorica squamata.
Over this level a fitting out layer is placed, which alternates with a destruction and a strong
fire layer, which can be attributed to a second phase of the barracks made of wood and loam. The
overlay of the trace of the two categories of walls makes impossible a clear identification of the plan
of the wood buildings in the second phase, possibly of the fort for the cavalry unit.

GILĂU II (AD 117/118 – toward end of the 2nd century AD)

At the moment it is considered that the building in stone of the fort from Gilău II took
place sometime after the mid 2nd century AD.

33
 The fort was particularly extended to the west and less to the south (Fig. 24) and thus
extents reached 221 × 137.50 m and a surface of 3.38 ha.

II. THE DEFENCE SYSTEM

The fossae and vallum
The fort was clearly delimited in both building phases on all sides.
On the north side, there are two ditches, one or two on the west and south sides. The
affiliation to the earthen phase is not to be doubted, both because of stratigraphic conditions and
because of the composition the filling, with compact appearance, pure and without rubble. On the
west side it seems to have given however only one ditch, which was again dug several marks. The
S IV (Isac-Diaconescu-Opreanu 1980, p. 35, fig. 2) revealed a fossa fastigata between meters of
23.20–26.50 and 2.80 m deep. The ditch is filled with the same earth it is partially also to the area
retentura sinistra (Fig. 29, 39). Beneath the first ditch of the stone fort can be seen repairs of an
earlier “W”-shape ditch which was destroyed by the later constructions.
On the north side, which is common to all three main building phases (Gilău I, II and III),
the natural slope offered a natural protection and the ditches are less deep. The section S XXXIII
identified two fossae, which belong to both first and second fortification.
On the south side between meters of 22.50–28 appears the lower part of two ditches of the
discussed earthen phase in the “W”-shape. At the bottom of the first ditch was discovered the
parade helmet of the type Garbsch VI (Garbsch 1978, p. 24, Taf. 24/4 – Visegrád). It is an early
variant from the first quarter of the 2nd century AD but unfortunately, it can offer just a terminus
post quem for dating of the context.
The vallum in phase II is hard to be identified as it was use at the same extent in the later
stone phase. In section S XIX (meter 33.50–36.50; Fig. 36) the first phase of via sagularis and the
old internal slope of the originally vallum is visible. This slope was enlarged with 0.50–0.75 m
during the stone phase and the new via sagularis was pushed 1 m towards inside. On the north side
the vallum was 11 m high and corresponded thus to the second via sagularis 3 m broad (first belongs
to the trajanic castellum, while the third one to the stone fort). In addition, a berm of about 2 m
broad was found, which formed the distance between the stonewall, which destroyed the Palisade,
and the internal slope of the first ditch, that belonged to both phases I and II.

III. THE GATES

The porta principalis dextra
It is the only gate examined for the large wood fort. The excavation here accomplished after
a particularly selected system (Isac-Diaconescu-Opreanu 1981, p. 85–97) led to the identification of
the gate in both phases, the wood and the stone ones, which overlay each other. Therefore it was
difficult identify the elements of the wood gate (Fig. 32). Eight implanting pits for pillars were
identified with the diameter –0.60–0.75 m each. The old gate was turn off by pulling the stakes out
(Fig. 38). The road, which appeared in the quadrants M, K and L, belongs to via principalis of the
small fort.
The plan of the gate must be completed with further two demolition pits, which were inside
the east tower, under the compact floor from white mortar, which represents the living level in the
tower. In other words the gate had 10 posts, whose position is indicated by the demolition pits. It is
a gate with two towers and double portal for two passages. The towers measure about 3.50 × 3.50 m,
the opening of the gate about 7 m and the whole gate 13 m.

34
 IV. THE PRINCIPIA
After demolition of building from previous phase another one was built up in the same place
(Fig. 25). This one was extended westwards and a bit wider. Its sizes were 32.20 × 24.50 m. The
compartments are also enlarged. The courtyard remained unpartitioned. Some coins were
discovered in principia. A coin of Trajan (catalogue – Gilău, no. 21) comes from one of the
demolition pits of the walls of the phase I (S XXIV by the rear areas, at 1.55 m depth). A coin of
Hadrian (catalogue – Gilău, no. 51) was found on the inhabitancy level of the western areas (at
1.05 m depth).

V. THE PRAETORIVM
The first phase of the building could be identified, as we already saw, only in some sections.
The praetorium II was established after the demolition of the previous building and levelling of place
with a 20 cm thick loam layer, which fills also the demolition ditches of the walls of the phase I.
The new walls were daubed with white mortar. The construction technique is similar to that for the
principia II, still another proof for the simultaneousness of the two buildings. The moment of this
construction is around AD 117/118 when ala Siliana established the bigger earthen fort.
From what is preserved, the praetorium was rectangular. The building has the same inner
court (Fig. 26) and on the north side is a set of 5 rooms with the sizes of 5 × 3 m.
In this phase of the earthen fort the praetorium is rebuilt in its phase III. The plan was
similar but a different technique: walls made of trellis daubed with adobe. The living level in this
phase is very thick, which proves the fact that this building was in use until late into the stone phase
of the fort and is thus contemporary with the principia III in stone, which already existed at the end
of the 2nd century AD and the beginning of the next one.
Regarding the commander’s house in phase III one can notice that the area between this
building and the principia II of wood was taken by a footpath in opus signinum, and later the space
became narrower and the footpath was made of gravel. The rooms on the north side also became
narrower. The numerous remakes of the floors speak for the long duration of the building till the
stone phase of the fort when a new commander’s building was built up in stone (phase III).

VI. THE PRAETENTVRA (Fig. 27, 28)

The wood barracks of the small fort belonging to the cohort were rebuilt of adobe. The
overlay of two wooden phases and later of two stone ones made impossible the identification of the
buildings in this phase. Only some parts of the walking level are preserved. The plan of barracks was
available only for the stone phase. As dating elements – as terminus post quem – we can notice here,
in section S I, in the first layer of inhabitancy belonging to the adobe barracks of a larger fort a coin
of Hadrian (catalogue – Gilău, no. 47) came out while, other coins from Trajan (catalogue – Gilău,
no. 22) and Hadrian (catalogue – Gilău, no. 41) appeared in the last living level before the
rebuilding in stone. A fragment of a terra sigillata from Lezoux dated in period of Marc Aurelius
(Isac 1982, Taf. II/6) turned up in the fitting out layer before the rebuilding of barracks in stone,
which could have happened at the end of the 2nd century AD.

VII. THE RETENTVRA (Fig. 29)

The sections S XIX and S XX and their adjacent quadrants revealed three buildings with
walls made of wood and adobe, which were divided in 10–12 rooms of the type “contubernium”.
The buildings have two existence phases. The via sagularis is partially visible and was in use in the
stone phase. South of it S XX cut the beginning via decumana and on the north side via sagularis. A

35
compact layer of clay, which was put over the level of prehistoric layer when the fort was enlarged,
forms the first living level. The three buildings were delimited by the via sagularis from west and
north, from the via decumana and the via quintana.
The stratigraphy of S XX and the analogies with other similar forts from the Empire indicate
that these three buildings served as stables for horses.
The section S XIX has also identified a second phase for these stables when they were rebuilt
in stone. The numerous small finds of bronze, some with traces of cast suggest a metallurgic activity
in the area. There was also retrieved a rich pottery material, including terra sigillata, glass, animal
bone fragments and a horseshoe. From the first layer of inhabitancy come late antonine period terra
sigillata from Lezoux and 1 coin of Hadrian (catalogue – Gilău, no. 46). In the second level of
inhabitancy the terra sigillata are products of the Central Gaul workshops and the coins are from
Trajan (catalogue – Gilău, nos. 18, 31) and Gordian III (catalogue – Gilău, no. 97). Regarding the
brooches, those found in the first level of inhabitancy belong to the types dated in the first half of
the 2nd century AD while in the last level are those of the types from the 3rd century AD (Isac-Cociş
1995, p. 110–112).

GILĂU III (end 2nd century – AD 270/275)

II. THE DEFENCE SYSTEM (Fig. 37–40)

The fort measures in this phase 221 × 137.50 m.
a. The fossae
The ditches of the stone phase are easy to identify, owing to its filling, which contains
debris, bricks, mortars and a rich archaeological material, as result of the slow purge of the wall and
the gradual replenishment of the ditches in the post-Roman time. The west side had three ditches,
like also the south side, but the north side, which was naturally fastened, has just one fossa.
The west side offers an impressing system of 3 ditches of the type fossa fastigata.

b. The agger
The agger phase III of the fort is in large lines the old one. On the west side in section S XIX
between the meters of 21.50–34.50 the agger riches 12 m broad. Towards via sagularis the agger was
rearranged. In this level of rearranging a coin of Philip I (catalogue – Gilău, no. 102) was found.
The via sagularis is 3 m broad and made of a considerable layer of crushed stone and gravel.
The precincts have an average of 1.30 m broad and consist of polished stone blocks of sandstone in
the technique of opus incertum. Their foundation consists of a wall of rubble without mortars.

III. THE GATES, THE INTERMEDIARY AND CORNER TOWERS

a. The porta decumana (Fig. 31)
The gate towers are slightly trapezoidal, with an average of 1.20 m thick walls. Some late
repair works can be noticed. The opening of the gate with the width of 3.70 m have two prop walls
and the via decumana, which appears on the whole length of the gate (S XI) is 30 to 40 cm thick. In
its last phase of use shows a strong fire layer, which probably comes from the collapse and fire of the
gate wings. In the debris were found the splendid bronze bowl depicting boxers and the horse
chamfron mask depicting god Mars.

36
 b. The porta principalis dextra (Fig. 33, 34, 35)
In the phase I of stone two towers were built with the extents 7.60 × 5 m (the western) and
6.10 × 4.75 m (the eastern). The opening of the gate measures 8.60 m broad and is split by a central
pillar into two courses. The east tower was established directly on the agger. The west tower
(S XVII) experienced several repair works before its reconstruction in the stone phase II.
The phase II “a” and “b” represent stages of remakes of the towers, the central pillar and the
two courses of the gate (Isac-Diaconescu-Opreanu 1981, fig. 4). In the last phase the material
evidence date the context at the mid 3rd century AD: terra sigillata, stamped pottery, small pieces of
iron and bronze. From the last living level in the west tower (Fig. 38) comes a denarius of Severus
Alexander (catalogue – Gilău, no. 90). Two hairpins of bronze, the one with hexagonal head, and the
other one with a dove-end are dated in the second half of the 3rd century AD. From the same context
come the altars to Silvanus and to IOM Conservator, the last one dedicated by M. Iunius Iunianus.

c. The porta principalis sinistra (Fig. 36)

It proved to be heavily destroyed by medieval and modern interferences. The west tower
measures 7.50 × 5.25 m, while the east tower is 7.75 × 6 m. The opening of the gate measured only
3.50 m since the gate was not used because of the steep natural slope. In the west tower was found
the military diploma issued in the years AD 161–162.

d. The corner towers

They were identified on the NW corner (Isac-Diaconescu-Opreanu 1980, p. 37–38, fig. 5)
and on the SW corner. The first one has walls of 1.20–1.50 m thick, which were built up in the
same technology as the precinct on a solid foundation of rubbles without mortars. It is to be noticed
that the walls of the trapezoidal tower were cultivated to the curved part of the precinct. The
archaeological material is poor and particularly appears in a supposed living layer at 1 m depth. We
mention here provincial hand-made pottery and a patera handle. Sculptural and epigraphic
monuments have been used for the repairing works at the tower.
Southwards was identified an adjacent room of 5 × 4.10 m and with only 0.60–0.80 m
broad walls. In its center a channel was found for the waste water, which was dug directly into the
loam and presents high and bent walls and it was in use till 3rd century AD. This channel provides
us with rich archaeological material, particularly ceramic, hand- and wheel made pottery, but also a
fragment of terra sigillata from Lezoux from the period of AD 165–180 (Isac 1982, p. 71, Taf.
III/10). At the same time fragments of terra sigillata of the type Curle 15 and Dragendorf 18/31,
dated in the second half of the 2nd century AD (Isac 1982, Taf. VI/22, 25) were found in this tower.
An unusual element for a discovery is a mutilated human skeleton, without his members, which was
buried in a suspect rush between two mortar floors from the late rearranging of the sewer from the
building stuck of the tower. The functionality of this building could be that of a latrina.
The SW corner tower proved to be more badly preserved, with the same trapezoidal form
with the long sides of 5.50 m each and the short ones of 3.75 m, with a wall thickness of 1.25–
1.30 m. The section S XXXI identified the via sagularis in the bend as having 3.50 m broad. The
archaeological material in the second living level is particularly poor.
There are two intermediary turrets on the north and south sides of the retentura (Fig. 29).
The turret S 1, which is better preserved, provides us with the military diploma issued on the 21st of
July AD 164 (RMD, 64; Taf. II, fig. 3 A-D). It has a nearly square form, with the extents 5.40 ×

37
5.30 m and 1 m thick walls. The archaeological material is poor the most important artefact is a
bronze handle from a vessel of dolphin form.
On the north side the turret N 2 is more badly preserved. Its sizes are 5.50 × 5.50 m and
there are some building defects.

IV. THE PRINCIPIA (Fig. 25)

The principia III is in fact the rebuilding in stone, practically after the same plan, of the
preceding timber building. Its sizes in this phase were 29.75 × 25.20 m. In fact, an apsis has been
added to the aedes, the place for standards. The apsis was built at the same time, but separately, by
that aedes. The proof is the depth difference of the foundation walls in the straight sections in
comparison with those forms in the bend. From the living layer of this phase come a candlestick
made of clay, some lamps and some coins: Tiberius for Divus Augustus (catalogue – Gilău, no. 4),
Trajan (catalogue – Gilău, no. 23, 26), Philip I (catalogue – Gilău, no. 101), unidentified coins
(catalogue – Gilău, no. 109) together with numerous chicken bones. In the last phase in the
basement, beneath the standards’ room an aerarium was in use (Isac-Diaconescu-Opreanu 1983, p. 95).
No partition of the courtyard could be notice in this phase III. In section S XXI near the
south wall of the aedes a stone platform 1.65 × 1.35 m was discovered. Around this platform were
found fragments from an imperial inscription which had been already broken in the antiquity. The
imperial inscription was erected in honour of Julia Domna with the occasion of her visit at the fort
in AD 214. Therefore this monument is a valuable and perhaps the only terminus ante quem for
the dating of the last phase of principia, which is surely later than the reign of Caracalla (Isac 1993,
p. 194–195; Isac-Diaconescu-Opreanu 1983, p. 99). This epigraphic evidence is the only chronological
reference, which can contribute to the dating of a commander’s building in Dacia.
The principia IV a-b (Fig.25) is a new building, which was established due to complete
demolition of the preceding one. This event has happened around mid 3rd century AD. The new
building is larger and possesses all elements specific for a headquarters’ building (Fellmann 1983): a
first yard delimited by the basilica; a tribunal and 5 rooms on the rear side. While the principia III
was built up under the antonines the principia IV proves an intensive building activity in Dacia
during the crisis of the Empire.
After the main building phase IV there was a later period of intensive repairs and rearranging
for inhabitancy. The enlargement of the building to the south and the north, like also the western
extension gave it new extents: 38.10 × 28.50 m. The yard is separated from basilica through a line of
6 pillars. The building opened towards via principalis through a line of 6 square bases. A gravel layer
covered the whole yard. The stratigraphy, which was examined by several sections (S XIII, XXVI,
XXV, VII, IXbis – Fig. 25), contains two living layers. The second yard represents the basilica
(sections S XVIII, XXIV, XXI) where in the NW corner the room “H” was interpreted due to
analogies as a tribunalium
The central room, “C” (the aedes) was used as the aerarium where on the ground floor the
standards were kept. The apsis in this phase was included into a rectangular projection. In the
corner room, “D”, a hypocaustum system was discovered with more remakes phases (Isac-Diaconescu-
Opreanu 1980, fig. 7). In the southern room “G”, on the cocciopesto walking layer a “T”-shaped
brooch was found, dated in the 3rd century AD up to its third quarter (Cociş 2004, p. 148–154).
Another brooch found in the praefurnium is dated in the 3rd century AD (Isac-Cociş 1995, p. 126,
no. 58). Other arguments for the dating of this phase in the 3rd century AD are some coin finds of
Julia Domna (catalogue – Gilău, no. 82) and Severus Alexander (catalogue – Gilău, no. 94). The

38
building in its last phase is limited by gravel streets and on retentura by a compact platform from
rubble, which was identified in section S XXXVI (meters 1.50–9).
Concluding, the principia IV (Fig. 25) was built a solo from stone in careful technology. The
numerous repairs took place after mid 3rd century AD.

V. THE PRAETORIVM
This building, the commander’s house (Fig. 26) was established in stone in the technique of
opus incertum. The praetorium in stone is an impressive building of 38.50 × 31 m, which perfectly
align together with the principia after via principalis. In the first building phase there are 7 rooms
(nos. 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 10) on the west side and on southern only one (11), which possesses a
hypocaustum and a praefurnium made of clay bricks, which is laid out with sesquipedales bricks. This
praefurnium was abolished later used as kitchen.
Other three rooms were provided with hypocaustum (nos. 2, 4 and 5).
The rooms 3 and 6 correspond to the new building phase, which is conventionally named as
IVa. No. 3 is provided a hypocaustum system (Isac-Diaconescu-Opreanu 1980, fig. 10). The other
room (no. 6) was heated by the praefurnium 2 of stone, which will be abolished later.
The inner court was paved with rubble and loam. The entrance into the west wing was done
via the room no. 2.
The archaeological material in the commander’s building is poor. In the yard the inscription
of the commander Aurelius Marcellus was found in a secondary situation and is dated in the 3rd
century AD (Isac 1991, p. 345–351.). Other material found here were fragments of Dacian wheel-
made pottery, small objects of iron and bronze and glass. The coins found in the praetorium are:
Trajan (catalogue – Gilău, no. 25), Hadrian (catalogue – Gilău, no. 36), Elagabalus (catalogue –
Gilău, no. 85) and an unidentified coin (catalogue – Gilău, no. 107).

VI. THE PRAETENTVRA (Fig. 28)

The vertical stratigraphy offered by sections S I, through the praetentura sinistra, and S XIV
and XV through the praetentura dextra proved that the barracks of the cavalry unit were rebuilt in
stone. The via praetoria functioned in all three phases with the same route. The researched stone
building, “A” has 4 rooms (a, b, c, d), 5.80 × 3.80 m each and with a thickness of the walls of 1 m.
They were built in the opus incertum technique. At first sight the building seems to be a hybrid,
measuring 41 m from via praetoria to the northern via sagularis.
In the late living phase over the floors of opus signinum and the gravel of the passage a layer
of loose earth thick up to a half meter was deposited, which proves a longer use of the building.
Now two 0.40 m broad parallel post-Roman channels pass “the passage” and the platform in the
rooms “d” and “e”.
From this phase of the praetentura comes a particularly rich and interesting archaeological
material. In “the passage”, on gravel, a bronze coin of Philip I (catalogue – Gilău, no. 100) was
found together with a coin of Hadrian (catalogue – Gilău, no. 43). From the last use phases of the
passage were recovered late antonine terra sigillata (Isac 1982, nos. 8, 28, 33). On the floor in room
“a” a coin of Septimius Severus (catalogue – Gilău, no. 78) was found. On the via praetoria, in its
last layer of use coins of Faustina I (catalogue – Gilău, no. 64), Elagabalus (catalogue – Gilău, no. 86)
and Severus Alexander (catalogue – Gilău, no. 92) turned up together with late terra sigillata
from Lezoux. From the same level was recovered the bronze statuette “Venus of Gilău” (Isac 1991,
p. 345–351); the fragment of the military diploma from the year AD 127 (Isac 1977, p. 39–67),

39
and a fragment of a funerary stele with the funerary banquet (Isac-Diaconescu 1980, p. 122, fig.
6). A small fragment of a military diploma was found in gravel of the passage while in room “c”
appeared in secondary situation the fragment of the honorific inscription from the years AD 135–
138 together with an aureus of Titus (catalogue – Gilău, no 8). Other materials recovered from this
last phase were Dacian cups, a glass, numerous pieces from the military equipment and medical
gears. A post-Roman inhabitancy in the 3rd or 4th centuries AD can be assumed based on the two
channels mentioned above.

40
Some numismatic
comments

This volume brings together information about the coins found

during the excavations at the sites under discussion at the auxiliary
forts of Samum (Căşeiu) from 1980 to 2006 (see catalogue – Căşeiu,
fort and vicus) and Gilău from 1976 to 2001 (see catalogue – Gilău). At the same time, we present
here also the coins found during the excavations in the vicus belonging to the fort of Samum
(Căşeiu) (see catalogue – Căşeiu, vicus). The real number of coins found at these two sites was for
certain much larger, but owing to various reasons they have not survived to present times. It is
enough to mention here the hoard found here in 1800 containing 1170 silver coins from Marcus
Aurelius to Philip I (Kubitschek 1909, p. 123a–125b; Găzdac 2002, p. 486).
We must underline here that we have included in the catalogue also the coins coming from
the adjacent military vicus of the auxiliary fort from Samum (Căşeiu) only on the purpose to have a
relative view when compare the coin finds from the fort with the one from the military vicus, as well
as with the other fort under study, Gilău, in order to see if it is possible to establish some general
and specific patterns on coin finds. The excavations in the military vicus of Căşeiu are at the
beginning and they will be developed in the years to come.
At the first sight the number of the coin finds – over 298 – may not seem relevant for
archaeologists, historians or numismatists. Still the monetary pieces can reveal some interesting
aspects. In fact, the main aim of this corpus, as it has been mentioned in the previous volumes of
the numismatic series, is to provide as much information as possible for each coin found at Roman
sites available for publication (Găzdac-Cociş 2004, p. 14).

Hoard
At the moment unlike the sites such as Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa (Găzdac-Cociş 2004)
and Porolissum (Găzdac-Gudea 2006) at the sites from Căşeiu and Gilău no hoards or pocket money
(deposits) have been found. As it was already mentioned above a hoard of 1170 silver coins was
found in 1800, today lost.

The single finds

Like in the case of the previous sites analyzed in these series of numismatic studies, Ulpia
Traiana Sarmizegetusa (Găzdac-Cociş 2004) and Porolissum (Găzdac-Gudea 2006), the overall graphs
of the single coin finds from Căşeiu and Gilău indicate high numbers for the coins issued for Trajan
and Hadrian (see the graphs of the single finds from Căşeiu and Gilău, p. 186–188). Considering
the historical background of Dacia such an aspect is a normal one for a province conquered in the
time of Trajan that brought here a large amount of military units and the things were settled down.
Therefore, the high values for the reigns Trajan – Hadrian, both numbers of coin finds and the
coefficient of finds/year of reign, can be seen as a result of a strong injection with coinage in a newly
established province.

41
 Then up to the reign of Philip I (AD 244–249) the frequency of single coin finds from the
two sites is quite low comparing with other sites of Roman Dacia such as Ulpia Traiana
Sarmizegetusa and Porolissum. At this point we have to emphasize that the majority of coin finds for
those pieces bearing the portraits of severan dynasty are plated (see the aggregate tables of the single
coin finds, p. 183–185).
The reign of Philip I (AD 244–249) indicate for both Roman auxiliary forts under study the
last moment of a “high” monetary index (comparing with the total number of coin finds at these
sites). This aspect is a normal one for many of the sites from Roman Dacia. It was the result of
starting the minting of the monetary series “PROVINCIA DACIA” in the year AD 246. The
majority of coins found at these sites issued in the time of Philip I belong to this coin type (see the
aggregate tables of the single coin finds, p. 183–185). The absence, at the moment, of any of this
monetary type amongst the coins found in vicus may be explained by the state of research. The
excavations in the vicus are still at the beginning.
Although in the case of many other sites from Roman Dacia (Găzdac 2002, the graphs;
Găzdac-Cociş 2004, p. 125, Găzdac-Gudea 2006, p. 165) there is still a very low number of coin
finds for the emperors after Philip I, at the two sites discussed here no coins have been found at the
moment for the period after the reign of Philip I. Even if the explanation at the scale of the entire
province is based on a scarce coin supply after AD 249, at the sites of Căşeiu and Gilău the total
absence of the coins minted after AD 249 could be also a result of a temporary stage of research.

Denominations (see catalogues, tables, p. 91–182; 183–185)

GOLD
One aureus of Vespasianus was found in the auxiliary fort from Samum (Căşeiu) (see
catalogue auxiliary fort Samum (Căşeiu), no. 4).
The other aureus issued by Titus was found in the auxiliary fort from Gilău (see catalogue –
the auxiliary fort from Gilău, no. 8). This coin was found together with a fragment of the honorific
inscription dated in AD 135–138 in a secondary position in a phase of the fort dated in the 3rd
century AD. Therefore the presence of an aureus here could be a result of money loss long after the
coin has been minted.

SILVER
There are some characteristics regarding the silver coin finds at the two studied sites –
Samum (Căşeiu) and Gilău.
If one looks at the spectrum of the coin finds from the two studied sites will notice that the
quantity of silver pieces reflects two main aspects: the frequency of silver denomination in the
Roman coin production – Vespasian, Elagabalus, Severus Alexander – and the value of silver
coinage in the period of a stable monetary system, when the people seems to have taken care not to
lose silver coin.
The denarius is quite constantly found from the imperial denarii bearing the portrait of
Vespasian up to those issued for Severus Alexander (see the aggregate tables of single finds, p. 183–185).
For the reign of Elagabalus and Severus Alexander the fact that the denarius is the most
frequently found denomination that is a general pattern of the imperial monetary policy (Duncan-
Jones 1994, p. 142; Depeyrot-Moisil 2004, p. 77).
Then, for the reigns of Septimius Severus, Caracalla, Elagabalus and Severus Alexander a
strong phenomenon concerning the silver denomination is that of the plated denarius. The plated

42
denarii bearing the portraits of the imperial family of AD 193–211 represent over 80 % of all
denominations issued for this period. The percentage decreases for the period of AD 211–235.
The phenomenon of plating silver denomination continued also in the case of the
antoniniani bearing the portraits of Gordian III and Philip I. In some cases the plated antoniniani
are the only ones retrieved (see the aggregate tables of single finds, p. 183–185).

BRONZE
Up to the reign of M. Aurelius the most retrieved bronze denomination is the as. As the
denomination with the lowest value amongst the main denominations, and very probably produced
in a larger quantity than the others, the as was not a coin that one would be very careful no to lose.
For the period from the reign of Marcus Aurelius to Philip I this denomination is absent
amongst the coin finds from the two sites. In fact even for the reign of Philip I only 1 as was found
in the auxiliary fort from Gilău. This situation can be regarded as a normal one which agrees with
the imperial monetary policy. Owing, firstly, to the strong increase of a debased denarius output in
the time of Septimius Severus and, secondly, to the same trend for antoninnianus, the as lost its role
in transactions and therefore may have been scarcely minted.
Other bronze denominations found at these two sites are the sestertius and dupondius. These
denominations are more present for the issuers of the period of a stable monetary policy of the
Empire (Trajan – M. Aurelius). During the period of Septimius Severus – Gordian III only one 1
sestertius was found in the auxiliary fort from Gilău. A new but short revival, especially for sestertius,
can be observed in the time of Philip I. The reason was the minting of the coinage “PROVINCIA
DACIA”, mentioned above.
Other bronze denominations found are 1 semis and 1 quadrans in the auxiliary fort and its
vicus at Samum (Căşeiu) (see the aggregate tables of single finds, p. 183–185).

GREEK CIVIC COIN

At the moment, only one Greek imperial coin was found at these two sites, a bronze AE22,
issued at Doliche, Commagene, Syria in the period of AD 161–169. Even this coin was found in a
grave where played the role of “Charon obolon”. If we compare with the situation at Ulpia Traiana
– 58 coins (Găzdac-Cociş 2004, p. 118) and the one from Porolissum – 17 coins (Găzdac-Gudea
2006, p. 164–166) one may think on a very low level of circulation for the civic coinage, if at all.
The low number of coin finds does not allow us a final conclusion but it seems that the Greek civic
coinage was not well accepted in circulation at the two forts under study.

ODD COINS
The analysis of the numismatic material from these two sites revealed a number of plated
silver coins (35) but also the presence of bronze cast coins (2) – the so-called limesfalsa (see the
aggregate tables of single coin finds, p. 183–185). Both categories are not anymore something
specific to one or another region, as their presence was attested almost all over the Empire. The
recent researches have demonstrated that it was an epidemic phenomenon that, most probably, had
a mutual agreement of authorities in the time of shortage of coin (King 1996, p. 259). Dacia, as
part of the Roman Empire made no exception. (Găzdac-Alföldy 2001, p. 140–145; Găzdac 2007,
p. 595–605).

OBSERVATIONS ON THE COIN FINDS. A COMPARATIVE VIEW

The book presents each coin with its place of keeping. For the coins found during the
excavations the archaeological context is provided – where known. The reason for such a style of

43
publication was to establish, when possible, the period of circulation for a coin. In other words,
what coins circulated in which phases of one or another edifice from the town. This aspect is of a
major interest for numismatists, as well as archaeologists and historians.
In the case of both sites, Samum (Căşeiu) and Gilău the most important aspect revealed by
coin finds for the dating of archaeological contexts is the fact that older coins can be found in the
same context with coins from later emperors.
Such is the case of the first level of inhabitancy at Gilău where coin of Titus was found in
same context with one of Trajan (catalogue – Gilău, nos. 9, 24). In the retentura of the same fort in
the second level of inhabitancy turned up a coin of Trajan (catalogue – Gilău, nos. 18, 31) and one
of Gordian III (catalogue – Gilău, no. 97).
In the praetorium of the phase Gilău III (end of the 2nd century AD – AD 270/275) the
coins found in the same context are from: Trajan, Hadrian and Elagabalus (catalogue – Gilău, nos.
25, 36, 85).
In the praetentura of the same phase Gilău III one coin of Hadrian was found together with
one of Philip I (catalogue – Gilău, nos. 43, 100); on the via praetoria, in the layer of its last phase of
use were found coins of Faustina I, Elagabalus and Severus Alexander (catalogue – Gilău, nos. 64,
86, 92).
At the fort from Samum (Căşeiu) in the last phase of praetorium were found coins of
Maximinus Thrax and Philip I (2) (catalogue – Căşeiu, nos. 104, 107, 108)
Perhaps an excellent aspect about how coins can mislead the archaeologist in dating a
context is the situation of the phases III and IV of the principia Gilău III. In the inhabitancy layer of
principia III the coins are: Tiberius (for Divus Augustus), Trajan (2) and Philip I (1) (catalogue –
Gilău, nos. 4, 23, 26, 101) while in the layer of Inhabitancy in phase principia IV the coins are from
Septimius Severus (for Julia Domna) and Severus Alexander (catalogue – Gilău, nos. 82, 94)! A
brooch of “T”-shape dated in the 3rd century AD – up to the third quarter of the century (Cociş
2004, p. 148–154) – may bring light in this situation, a peculiar one at the first sight.
Another situation indicates that for dating a context is a better idea to look for more precise
datable criteria, such as terra sigillata. In the praetentura of the phase Gilău II (AD 117/118 – end of
the 2nd century AD) a coin of Hadrian (catalogue – Gilău, no. 47) came out from the context
belonging to the loam barracks, other coins of Trajan and Hadrian (catalogue – Gilău, nos. 22, 41)
appeared in the next level of inhabitancy before the rebuilding of barracks in stone. In the same
context with the last two coins was found a fragment of terra sigillata made at Lezoux, dated in the
period of Marcus Aurelius!
From the vicus of Samum (Căşeiu) comes another significant example when the coin must
be associated with other artefacts in order to date the context, and, why not, to date the moment
when a coin was lost. The sestertius of Trajan (catalogue – Căşeiu, vicus, no. 8) was found in section
S 15 (1998) in a large pit (G 22) at the bottom in a strong layer of fire, coal and tiles belonging to
the first phase of inhabitancy. Apart from this coin was found in the same context a tile fragment
stamped COH II BR (milliaria) (type Isac 2003, Pl. II/2–3). In this case is this tile fragment, and
not the coin, which give us a clue about the early dating of the pit G 22 and its contemporary level
of inhabitancy.
Therefore it is quite clear that the single coin finds in archaeological context cannot be taken
as a certain criterion for dating but as a large terminus post quem.
An example on this line is provided by a coin found within the vicus of Samum (Căşeiu). A
denarius of Severus Alexander (catalogue – Căşeiu, vicus, no. 56) comes from the upper filling of a
well (G 12) discovered in section S 4 (1996), more precisely from the lid of filling made of stones.

44
This aspect indicates that in the 3rd century AD, from the reign of Severus Alexander onwards the
well was out of use.
Another aspect that must be pointed out here is the difference between the percentage of
plated silver coins from the two auxiliary forts. At Gilău 76 % of the silver coin finds are genuine
while in the fort from Samum (Căşeiu) the genuine coins just slightly overpass the plated ones
(55.2 %) (see the aggregate tables of single coins, p. 183–185).
On the other hand it looks that the coins of less values are more often lost in the vicus of
Samum (Căşeiu). Here there are 5 plated silver coins to 3 genuine denarii while the as is the most
representative coin found at this spot (52.2 % of all denominations found within the vicus) (see the
aggregate table of single coins, p. 183–185).
Still we must point out again that the coin finds from the vicus of the auxiliary fort from
Samum (Căşeiu) are provided by the excavations that mark only the first stage of the research of the
settlement. Therefore these aspects must be regarded as preliminary results only.

45
Abbreviations and bibliography

ActaArchHung Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungariae, Budapest, Hungary.

ActaMN Acta Musei Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
AISC Anuarul Institutului de Studii Clasice, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
BAR British Archaeological Reports, Oxford, United Kingdom.
BMC Greek Catalogue of the Greek coins in the British Museum, London, United Kingdom.
Dacia N.S. Dacia. Recherches et découvertes archéologiques en Roumanie. Nouvelle
Série, Bucharest, Romania.
Epigraphica Epigraphica. Travaux dédiés au VIe Congrès d’épigraphie grecque et latine,
Constanţa, Romania.
EphNap Ephemeris Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
JahrAlt Jahrbuch für Altertumskunde, Wien, Austria.
IDR Inscripţiile Daciei romane, Bucureşti, Romania.
Potaissa Potaissa. Studii şi comunicări, Turda, Romania.
RIC The Roman Imperial Coinage, London, United Kingdom.
RMD Roman Military Diplomas, London, United Kingdom.
RPC The Roman Provincial Coinage, http://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk.
RRC M. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge, 1974.
SFMA = Studien zu Fundmünzen der Antike, Berlin, Germany
SJ Saalburg Jahrbuch. Bericht des Saalburgmuseums, Bad Homburg, Germany.
ZPE Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bonn, Germany.
Alföldy 1968 G. Alföldy, Die Hilfstruppen der römischen Provinz Germania Inferior
(Epigraphische Studien 6), Düsseldorf, 1968.
Cociş 2004 S. Cociş, Fibulele din Dacia romană, Cluj-Napoca, 2004.
Daicoviciu 1932 C. Daicoviciu, Notiţe arheologice şi epigrafice, AISC 2, 1928–1932, 58–63.
Devijver 1976 H. Devijver, Prosopographia militiarum equestrium quae fuerunt ab Augusto
ad Gallienum, Leuven, 1976–.
Duncan-Jones 1994 R. Duncan-Jones, Money and government in the Roman Empire, Cambridge,
1994.
Depeyrot-Moisil 2004 G. Depeyrot, D. Moisil, Le trésor de Frânceşti (Roumanie), les débuts de la
crise du denier (98–235) (Collection Moneta 38), Wetteren, 2004.

46
Eck-Isac-Piso 1994 W. Eck, D. Isac, I. Piso, Ein Militärdiplom aus der Provinz Dacia
Porolissensis, ZPE 100, 1994, 577–591.
Fellmann 1958 R. Fellmann, Die Principia der Legionslager Vindonissa und die
Zentralgebaude der römischen Lager und Kastelle, Brugg, 1958.
Fellmann 1983 R. Fellmann, Principia-Stabsgebäude (Limesmuseum Aalen 31), Aalen, 1983.
Garbsch 1978 J. Garbsch, Römische Paraderüstungen, München, 1978.
Găzdac 2002 C. Găzdac, Monetary circulation in Dacia and the provinces from the Middle
and Lower Danube from Trajan to Constantine I (AD 106–337), Cluj-
Napoca, 2002.
Găzdac 2007 C. Găzdac, Descoperirile de monedă de argint contrafăcută în castre din
Dacia romană. Fraudă sau politică monetară romană?, Dacia Felix. Studia
Michaelis Bărbulescu oblata, Cluj-Napoca, 2007, 595–605.
Găzdac-Alföldy 2001 C. Găzdac, Á. Alföldy-Găzdac, The Roman law against counterfeiting
between theory and practice: the case of Roman Dacia, ActaMN 38/1,
2001, 137–154.
Găzdac-Cociş 2004 C. Găzdac, S. Cociş, Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa (Coins from Roman sites
and collections of Roman coins from Romania), Cluj-Napoca, 2004.
Găzdac-Gudea 2006 C. Găzdac, N. Gudea, Porolissum (Coins from Roman sites and collections
of Roman coins from Romania), Cluj-Napoca, 2006.
Hassall 1983 M. Hassall, The Internal Planning of Roman Auxiliary Forts, Rome and her
Northern Provinces (eds. B. Hartley, J. Wacher), Gloucester, 1983.
Howgego Ch.J. Howgego, Greek Imperial Countermarks. Studies in the provincial
coinage of the Roman Empire, London, 1985.
King 1996 C. King, Roman copies, Coin finds and coin use in the Roman World
(= SFMA), 10, Berlin, 1996, p. 237–263
Kubitschek 1909 W. Kubitschek, Funde römischer Denare in Wien und in Siebenbürgen,
JahrAlt III/1–2, p. 121a–125b.
Isac 1977 D. Isac, A New Military Diploma from Gilău, Epigraphica 7, Constanţa,
1977, 39–67.
Isac 1979 D. Isac, Ala Siliana c.R. torquata et armillata în Dacia, ActaMN XVI,
1979, 39–67.
Isac 1982 D. Isac, Terra sigillata de la Gilău, Potaissa III, 1982, 65–80.
Isac 1983 D. Isac, Die ala Siliana c.R. torquata et armillata in Dakien, ActaArchHung
35 (1–2), 1983, 187–205.
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1987, 175–180.
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Isac 1992 D. Isac, Praefecti alae Silianae, EphNap II, 1992, 151–158.
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189–195.
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Isac 2003 D. Isac, The Roman auxiliary fort SAMVM – Căşeiu, Cluj-Napoca, 2003.

47
Isac-Cociş 1995 D. Isac, S. Cociş, Fibule din castrele romane de la Gilău şi Căşeiu. O
analiză în context stratigrafie, EphNap V, 1995, 103–136.
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roman de la Gilău. Campaniile 1976–1979, Potaissa II, 1980, 29–54.
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la Gilău, ActaMN XVIII, 1981, 85–98.
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ActaMN XX, 1983, 85–101.
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1994, 40–64.
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in den germanischen Provinzen des Römerreiches, Mainz am Rhein, 1987.
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Britain (BAR International Series 21), Oxford, 1975.
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Century AD to the Fourth (BAR I.S. 206), 1984.
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1997.
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N.S. XXIX, 1–2, 1985, 45–55.
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34/1, 1997, 66–141.
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Provinzen Noricum, Pannonien, Moesien und Dakien von Augustus bis
Gallienus, Berlin, 1938.

48
CATALOGUE

89
90
 SAMVM (CĂŞEIU)1
The auxiliary fort

CLAVDIVS I
1.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 27.41 mm; W: 8.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 41–54
Obv: Legend erased.
Head bare, left.
Rv: S – C in field
Silhouette of female standing
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1980, S I, m 28–29, –1.35 m; under gravel, at the level of fire between m 29–30.
Inv. No: NIR 10175

NERO
2.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 27.01 mm; W: 7.1 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 62–68
Obv: [nero cae]SAR AVG [germ imp]
Head laureate, right.
Rv: [s – c]
Victory flying left, holding shield.
Reference: RIC I2, 312
Find-spot: 1986, S IV, m 37, –1.15 m; in the yellow clay of the lay out layer, right under the wall
foundation (before or during the stone phase).
Inv. No: NIR 10176

Julio-Claudian dynasty
3.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 26.8 mm; W: 7.1 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 1st half of 1st century AD
Obv: Legend erased.
Head bare, left.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1981, quadrant A, 24 × 1.50, –1 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10177

1. The coins are kept in the Coin Room of the National History Museum of Transylvania from Cluj-Napoca and 20 of
them are temporally hosted in the exhibition of the City Museum of Dej.

91
 VESPASIANVS
(Pl. I, 4)
4.
Denomination: aureus
Axis: 7; D: 19.5 mm; W: 7 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 69–71
Obv: IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG
Head laureate, right.
Rv: COS ITER – TR POT
Pax seated left, holding branch and caduceus.
Reference: RIC II, 10
Find-spot: 1986, S II, m 56.65, –1.15 m, in front of the “brick wall”
Inv. No. N 16860

VESPASIANVS
(Pl. I, 5)
5.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 16.24 mm; W: 2.6 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 69–71
Obv: [imp ca]ESAR VESPASIANVS [aug]
Head laureate, right.
Rv: COS ITE[r tr p]OT.
Reference: RIC II, 10
Find-spot: 2002, retentura dextra, surface 2, m 19.40, –1 m; on the side towards river Someş.
Inv. No: NIR 10061

VESPASIANVS
(Pl. I, 6)
6.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 17.15 mm; W: 2.4 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 72–73
Obv: [imp ca]ES VESP AVG P M [cos iiii]
Head laureate, right.
Rv: [victoria] AVGVS[ti].
Victory advancing right with palm, placing wreath on a standard set in the ground.
Reference: RIC II, 52
Find-spot: 1987, S V p, m 11, –1.55 m; in the layer with Dacian pottery.
Inv. No: NIR 10060

92
 VESPASIANVS
(Pl. I, 7)
7.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 18.26 mm; W: 2.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 77–78
Obv: Legend erased.
Head laureate, right.
Rv: COS[s viii].
Mars standing left, holding spear and trophy.
Reference: RIC II, 103
Find-spot: 1993, praetentura sinistra, C 3, –1 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10180
Remark: on reverse, there is a countermark in circular frame an eagle right, head left, wings open, cf
Howgego, 324.

VESPASIANVS
8.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 28.34 mm; W: 8.4 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 77–78
Obv: Legend erased.
Damaged.
Rv: [provi]DEN; [s] – C
Large altar.
Reference: RIC II, 763
Find-spot: 1989, porta principalis sinistra, –0.35 m; inside the south turret.
Inv. No: NIR 10178

VESPASIANVS
9.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 25.62 mm; W: 9.6 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 69–79
Obv: …VESP AVG…
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1995, S 37, m 26; a: –1 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10179

93
 TITVS
(Pl. I, 10)
10.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 17.06 mm; W: 3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 80
Obv: IMP TITVS CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M ·

Head bare, right.
Rv: TR P 9 IMPXV – COS VIII P P
Wreath on two curule chairs.
Reference: RIC II, 25 (a)
Find-spot: 1994, principia front, via principalis.
Inv. No: NIR 10062

TITVS for Domitianus (Caesar)

(Pl. I, 11)
11.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 6; D: 33.13 mm; W: 23.9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 80–81
Obv: CAES [divi] AVG VESP F DOMIT
Head bare, right.
Rv: Erased; S – C.
Minerva advancing right, brandishing javelin and holding shield.
Reference: RIC II, 157 (a)
Find-spot: 1992, S 31, m 1.90, –1.35 m; laying out layer for the stone building, right next to the
platform (underneath).
Inv. No: NIR 10063

DOMITIANVS
12.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 25.99 mm; W: 9.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 86
Obv: Legend erased.
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Virtus standing right, holding spear and parazonium.
Reference: cf. RIC II, 340
Find-spot: 1980, quadrant A, 37 × 1.45, –1 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10237

94
 DOMITIANVS
(Pl. I, 13)
13.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 18.94 mm; W: 2.3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 89
Obv: IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM P M TR P VIIII
Head laureate, right.
Rv: IMP XXI COS XIIII CENS P P P
Minerva standing right on prow with javelin and shield, owl at foot right.
Reference: RIC II, 144
Find-spot: 1992, S 34, H2C2, –0.90 m; 4.50 m from the wall’s corner.
Inv. No: NIR 10065

DOMITIANVS
(Pl. I, 14)
14.
Denomination: denarius, plated, imitation, hybrid
Axis: 6; D: 18.22 × 17.21 mm; W: 2.1 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 88 or later
Obv: IMP CA[es do]MIT AVG [ge]RM T M TR P VI
Head laureate, right.
Rv: IMP XIIII COS XIIII CENS P P P
Minerva standing right on prow with javelin and shield, owl at foot right.
Reference: cf. RIC II, p. 165 (for the TR P VI on obverse)
cf. RIC II, 108a (for the reverse)
Find-spot: 1991, praetorium east, surface 2, –0.30 m; northern part of the surface.
Inv. No: NIR 10064

DOMITIANVS
15.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 28.01 × 26.3 mm; W: 6.7 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 81–96
Obv: Legend erased.
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1989, S 10, m 5, –1.40 m; in the fitting out layer for phase II.
Inv. No: NIR 10238

DOMITIANVS
16.
Denomination: as
Axis: 5; D: 26.74 mm; W: 8.2 gr.

95
Mint: Rome
Dating: 81–96
Obv: Legend erased.
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Silhouette standing left, holding cornucopia.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1992, praetorium, C 9, –0.70 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10183

DOMITIANVS
17.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: –; W: –
Mint: Rome
Dating: 81–96
Obv: Legend erased.
Silhouette head, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Vague silhouette standing.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1995, S 37, m 34, –0.55 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10182

TRAIANVS
(Pl. I, 18)
18.
Denomination: drachm
Axis: 6; D: 18.94 × 16.53 mm; W: 2.3 gr.
Mint: Lycia
Dating: 99–100
Obv: [AVT] KAIC NEP TPAIANOC CEB
Head laureate, right.
Rv: ∆ΗΜ − ΥΠΑΤ Β
Owl standing right, one leg on each of two lyres.
Reference: BMC Lycia, 10
Find-spot: 1981, S 2, m 70, –1 m.
Inv. No: 10066

TRAIANVS
19.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 27.07 × 26.10 mm; W: 10.9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 98–100
Obv: [imp caes] TRAIAN AVG GERM P M
Head laureate, right.

96
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1995, S XXXVII, m 12.30, –1.20 m; same level with the print of the wooden wall.
Inv. No: NIR 10195

TRAIANVS
20.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 18.26 × 16.93 mm; W: 1.9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Datin: 101–102
Obv: IMP CAES TRAIAN AVG GERM
Head laureate, right.
Rv: P M TR P COS IIII P P
Hercules standing front on altar, holding club and lion-skin.
Reference: RIC II, 49
Find-spot: 2001, retentura dextra, surface 2, m 1, –1.40 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10159

TRAIANVS
21.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 6; D: 31.65 mm; W: 26.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 103–111
Obv: [imp caes] TRAIANVS AVG GER DAC P M TR [p cos v p p]
Bust laureate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: [s p q r optimo pri]CIPI; S – C
Exergue: ALIM ITAL
Abundantia standing left, holding ears of corn and cornucopiae. At her feet, a child holding roll.
Reference: RIC II, 459
Find-spot: 1988, S 9, m 49, –1.10 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10190

TRAIANVS
(Pl. I, 22)
22.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 6; D: 33.13 mm; W: 24.8 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 103–111
Obv: IMP CAES TRAIANVS AVG GER DAC P M TR P COS V P P
Bust laureate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI; S – C
Exergue: ARAB ADQVIS
Arabia standing facing with branch and bundle of sticks; camel at feet.
Reference: RIC II, 466

97
Find-spot: 1992, S 32, m 9, –1.25 m; from Someş towards Căşeiu.
Inv. No: NIR 10067

TRAIANVS
23.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 6; D: 33.41 mm; W: 24.1 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 103–111
Obv: [imp caes traianus aug ger dac p m tr p cos v p p]
Bust laureate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: [s p q r optimo principi]; [s] – C
Exergue: [arab adq(uis)]
Arabia standing facing with branch and bundle of sticks; camel at feet.
Reference: RIC II, 465–6
Find-spot: 1988, S 9, m 75, –1.15 m; in the layer for the lay out of phase I; in the yellow clay.
Inv. No: NIR 10188

TRAIANVS
24.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: 6; D: 27.97 mm; W: 11.8 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 103–111
Obv: IMP CAES TRAIANVS AVG GER DAC P M TR P COS V P P
Bust radiate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI; S – C
Exergue: ARAB ADQVIS
Abundantia standing left, holding ears of corn and cornucopiae. At her feet, a child holding roll.
Reference: RIC II, 467
Find-spot: 1995, S 37, m 23.70, –1 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10194

TRAIANVS
25.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 26.39 mm; W: 9.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 103–111
Obv: [imp case nervae traia]NO AVG GER D[ac p m tr p cos v p p]
Head laureate, right.
Rv: [s p q r optim]O PR[incipi]; S – C
Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia.
Reference: RIC II, 503
Find-spot: 2001, retentura dextra, surface 2, m 7, –0.60 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10162

98
 TRAIANVS
26.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 27.81 × 25.63 mm; W: 9.1 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 103–111
Obv: [imp caes nerva traiano avg ger dac p m tr p cos v p p]
Head laureate, right.
Rv: [s p q r optimo principi]; S – C
Spes standing left with flower and raising hem of skirt.
Reference: RIC II, 519
Find-spot: 1988, S 9, m 85.75, –1.35 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10187

TRAIANVS
27.
Denomination: dupondius, fragmentary
Axis: –; D: 28.18 mm; W: –
Mint: Rome
Dating: 103–111
Obv: [imp caes nervae traiano aug ge]R DAC P M TR P [cos] V P P
Bust radiate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: Corroded
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1991, S 26, m 25, –0.95 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10204

TRAIANVS
28.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 6; D: 31.90 × 31.36 mm; W: 26.5 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 112–114
Obv: IMP CASE NERVAE TRAIANO AVG – GER DAC P M TR PCOS VI P P
Bust laureate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: [s p q r optim]O PRINCIPI
Exergue: S C
Trajan on horse back left.
Reference: RIC II, 598
Find-spot: 2001, retentura dextra, surface 1, m 12, –1.20 m; a levelling layer for an earlier layer.
Inv. No: NIR 10163

TRAIANVS
29.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: 6; D: 25.33 mm; W: 9.7 gr.
Mint: Rome

99
Dating: 112–114
Obv: [imp case nervae trai]ANO AVG – GER DAC P M [tr pcos vi p p]
Bust draped, radiate, right.
Rv: [dacia august; s c]
Exergue: PROVINCIA
Silhouette of Dacia seated left on rock.
Reference: RIC II, 623 a
Find-spot: 1988, S 9, m 62, –1.50 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10189

TRAIANVS
30.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: 6; D: 27.98 × 26.55 mm; W: 10.7 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 114–117
Obv: IMP CASE NERVAE TRAIANO AVG – GER DAC P M TR P[cos vi] P P
Bust laureate, draped, right.
Rv: FEL[icitas a]VGVST; S – C
Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
Reference: RIC II, 626
Find-spot: 2001, retentura dextra, surface 2, m 0.50, –1.40 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10160

TRAIANVS
31.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: 6; D: 25.77 mm; W: 11.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 114–117
Obv: IMP CAES NERVAE TRAIANO AVG – GER DAC P M [tr p cos vi p p]
Bust radiate, draped, right.
Rv: FORTVNAE REDVCI
Exergue: S C
Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and globe.
Reference: RIC II, 629
Find-spot: 1994, principia front, –0.80 m; NE corner, on the footpath near the pillar.
Inv. No: NIR 10197

TRAIANVS
32.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: 6; D: 27.06 mm; W: 9.8 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 114–117
Obv: IMP CAES NERVAE TRAIANO AVG – GER DAC P M [tr p cos vi p p]
Bust radiate, draped, right.

100
Rv: FOR[tu]NAE R[educi]
Exergue: S C
Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and globe.
Reference: RIC II, 629
Find-spot: 2002, retentura dextra, surface 2, m 10, –1.20 m; near the western profile.
Inv. No: NIR 10193

TRAIANVS
33.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: 6; D: 28.07 mm; W: 12.6 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 114–117
Obv: [imp caes] TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC P M TR P COS VI P P
Bust radiate, draped, right.
Rv: SENATVS POPVLVSQVE ROMANVS
Exergue: FORT RED/ S C
Trajan seated right on platform, placed on left, accompanied by two officers, addressing five
soldiers.
Reference: RIC II, 653
Find-spot: 1981, quadrant B, 55.5 × 2.95, –0.35 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10184

TRAIANVS
34.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 6; D: 33.21 mm; W: 22.7 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 114–117
Obv: [imp caes traiano] OPTIMO AVG GER DAC [p m tr p cos vi p p]
Bust laureate, draped, right.
Rv: P M TR P – COS III;
Exergue: IMPERATOR VIII/ S C
Trajan seated right on platform, placed on left, accompanied by two officers, addressing five
soldiers.
Reference: RIC II, 655
Find-spot: 1981, S 2, m 43–44, first level.
Inv. No: NIR 10185

TRAIANVS
35.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: 12; D: 27.02 mm; W: 10.1 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 114–117
Obv: IMP CAES TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC [p m tr p cos vi p p]
Bust radiate, draped, right.

101
Rv: [se]NATVS [populusque romanus s-c]
Trajan's column, on square basis flanked by eagles, statue of Trajan at top.
Reference: RIC II, 679
Find-spot: 1992, S 31, m 21, –0.95.
Inv. No: NIR 10201

TRAIANVS
36.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 6; D: 32.34 × 31.09 mm; W: 18.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 114–117
Obv: Legend erased.
Bust laureate, draped, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Trajan seated left on platform presenting Parthamaspates to kneeling Parthian.
Reference: cf. RIC II, 667
Find-spot: 1990, S 17, m 5, –1.10 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10241

TRAIANVS
37.
Denomination: semis
Axis: 6; D: 17.75 × 16.05 mm; W: 2.3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 114–117
Obv: Legend erased.
Bust laureate, draped, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Exergue: S C
Gaming table on which rests an urn with a palm branch and a wreath.
Reference: RIC II, 685
Find-spot: 1991, S 26, –1.10 m; close to the via principalis.
Inv. No: NIR 10203

TRAIANVS
38.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 6; D: 32.39 mm; W: 20.4 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 103–117
Obv: IMP CAES…
Bust draped, laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Vague silhouette seated left.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 2001, retentura dextra, surface 2, m 2, –1.40 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10158

102
 TRAIANVS
39.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: 6; D: 26.08 mm; W: 10.9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 103–117
Obv: Legend erased.
Silhouette head radiate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Vague silhouette seated left.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1991, S 26, m 23, –0.70 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10202

TRAIANVS
40.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 25.66 × 24.03 mm; W: 7.4 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 103–117
Obv: Legend erased.
Head radiate, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1987, S 9, m 95, –1.50 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10186

TRAIANVS
41.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 27.01 × 24.77 mm; W: 8.9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 103–117
Obv: Legend erased.
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1991, S 26, m 4.45, –1.75 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10239

TRAIANVS
42.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 27.67 × 26.16 mm; W: 9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 103–117
Obv: Legend erased.
Head laureate, right.

103
Rv: Legend erased.
Silhouette seated left.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1991, S 26, m 12, –1.20 m; the level for the lay out of the phased 1 (inner room of the
stone building).
Inv. No: NIR 10240

TRAIANVS
43.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 26.65 mm; W: 9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 103–117
Obv: Legend erased.
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Silhouette standing left.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1991, S 26, m 13–14, central room; in the yellow clay; level I.
Inv. No: NIR 10199

TRAIANVS
44.
Denomination: dupondius – fragmentary
Axis: –; D: –; W: –
Mint: Rome
Dating: 98–117
Obv: Legend erased.
Head radiate, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1987, S 5 p, m 18.70, –1.30 m, in the layer of the 1st wooden phase.
Inv. No: NIR 10192

TRAIANVS
45.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: –; D: 27.98 mm; W: 8.5 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 98–117
Obv: Legend erased.
Head radiate, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1988, S 3, A 3, –0.35 m; inside the curtain turret.
Inv. No: NIR 10191

104
 TRAIANVS
46.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 25.59 × 24.57 mm; W: 9.8 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 98–117
Obv: Legend erased.
Vague silhouette of head, right.
Rv: Vague silhouette standing.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1993, praetentura sinistra, C 2, –1 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10200

TRAIANVS
47.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 26.51 × 24.39 mm; W: 8.6 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 98–117
Obv: Legend erased.
Vague silhouette of head, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1993, praetentura sinistra, C 3, –0.95 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10198

TRAIANVS
48.
Denomination: as – fragmentary
Axis: –; D: –; W: –
Mint: Rome
Dating: 98–117
Obv: Legend erased.
Vague silhouette of head, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1987, porta praetoria, A 4, –0.45 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10235

TRAIANVS
49.
Denomination: as – fragmentary
Axis: –; D: –; W: –
Mint: Rome
Dating: 98–117
Obv: Legend erased.
Vague silhouette of head, right.

105
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1994, principia front.
Inv. No: NIR 10196

TRAIANVS
50.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 26.68 × 23.69 mm; W: 5.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 98–117
Obv: Legend erased.
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased. [s] – C
Silhouette standing.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 2001, retentura dextra, surface 2, m 12, –0.80 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10161

HADRIANVS
(Pl. I, 51)
51.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 18.68 × 17 mm; W: 3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 117
Obv: IMP CAESAR TRAIAN – HADRIANVS AVG
Bust laureate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: P M TR P – COS II;
Exergue: IVSTITIA
Iustitia enthroned left, holding patera and scepter.
Reference: RIC II, 42
Find-spot: 1981, S 2, m 56–65, –1.15 m; in front of the brick “wall”.
Inv. No: NIR 10069

HADRIANVS
(Pl. I, 52)
52.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 19.75 × 17.51 mm; W: 3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 117
Obv: IMP CAESAR TRAIAN H-ADRIANVS AVG
Bust laureate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: P M TR – P COS III;
Mars advancing right, carrying spear and trophy.
Reference: RIC II, 67

106
Find-spot: 1981, S 2, m 24–25, –0.45 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10068

HADRIANVS
53.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 24.53 mm; W: 9.4 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 119–122
Obv: IMP CAESAR TRAIANVS HADRIANVS [aug]
Bust laureate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: PONT MAX [tr pot cos iii] S – C
Genius standing right, holding sceptre and cornucopia.
Reference: RIC II, 574
Find-spot: 1993, praetentura sinistra, C 2, –1 m; in the layer with bricks and adobe.
Inv. No: NIR 10211

HADRIANVS
54.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 25.30 × 24.22 mm; W: 9.8 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 119–122
Obv: IMP CAESAR TRAIANVS HADRIANVS [aug]
Bust laureate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: PONT MAX [tr pot cos iii] S – C
Aequitas standing left, holding scales and cornucopia.
Reference: RIC II, 576
Find-spot: 1990, S XVII, m 26.80, –1.10 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10244

HADRIANVS
(Pl. I, 55)
55.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: 6; D: 27.41 mm; W: 12.7 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 119–122
Obv: IMP CAESAR TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVG P M TR P COS III
Bust radiate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: [s]ALVS – PVBLICA; S – C
Salus standing left, right foot on globe, holding patera and rudder.
Reference: RIC II, 604 a
Find-spot: 1981, quadrant D, m 21.20 × 2, –0.80 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10070

107
 HADRIANVS
56.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: 6; D: 25.10 mm; W: 12.7 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 119–122
Obv: [imp caesar] TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVG P M TR P COS III
Bust radiate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: [s]ALV[s – [pu]BLICA; S – C
Salus standing left, right foot on globe, holding patera and rudder.
Reference: RIC II, 604 a
Find-spot: 2001, retentura dextra, surface 1 bis, m 3, –1.60 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10164

HADRIANVS
57.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 26.52 × 24.30 mm; W: 9.7 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 119–122
Obv: [imp caesar traianus] HADR[ianus aug p m tr p cos iii]
Bust turned three quarters to right, head laureate.
Rv: Legend erased.
Silhouette standing left, holding cornucopiae
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1992, S 34, m 1.40, –0.40 m; from the wall towards the principia).
Inv. No: NIR 10212

HADRIANVS
58.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 23.56 mm; W: 3.6 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 125–128
Obv: HADRIANVS – AVGVSTVS
Head, right.
Rv: COS – III
Salus standing right, feeding snake in her arm.
Reference: RIC II, 669
Find-spot: 1989, porta principalis sinistra, –0.60 m, the south opening of the quadrant, probably in
a secondary position.
Inv. No: NIR 10207

HADRIANVS
(Pl. I, 59)
59.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 17.91 mm; W: 2.6 gr.

108
Mint: Rome
Dating: 134–138
Obv: HADRIANVS AVG COS III P P
Head bare, right.
Rv: AFRICA
Africa, with elephant-skin headdress, reclining, left hand leaning on rock, holding scorpion and
cornucopiae: in front of her, basket of fruit.
Reference: RIC II, 299
Find-spot: 1987, porta praetoria, quadrant A 6, –1.15 m; inside the south turret.
Inv. No: NIR 10071

HADRIANVS
(Pl. I, 60)
60.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 6; D: 32.22 mm; W: 26.6 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 134–138
Obv: HADRIANVS AVG COS III P P
Head bare, right.
Rv: SALVS AVG S – C
Salus standing right with scepter & feeding out of patera a snake coiled around an altar.
Reference: RIC II, 786
Find-spot: 1987, S 17, m 5, –1.10 m.

HADRIANVS
61.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 6; D: 32.19 mm; W: 23.3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 134–138
Obv: [hadrianus] AVG COS III P P
Head laureate, right.
Rv: S – C
Diana standing left, holding arrow and bow.
Reference: RIC II, 777
Find-spot: 2003, retentura dextra, surface 3, m 17.50, –0.90 m; near the fireplace.
Inv. No: NIR 10165

HADRIANVS
62.
Denomination: as
Axis: 12; D: 24.40 mm; W: 7.6 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 134–138
Obv: [hadrianus aug cos] III P P
Head, right.

109
Rv: Legend erased.
Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.
Reference: RIC II, 834
Find-spot: 2001, retentura dextra, surface 2.
Inv. No: NIR 10167

HADRIANVS
(Pl. I, 63)
63.
Denomination: as
Axis: 12; D: 26.64 mm; W: 10.8 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 134–138
Obv: HADRIANVS AVG COS III P P
Head laureate, right.
Rv: DACIA; S – C
Dacia seated left on rock, holding vexillum and curved sword; right foot rests on globe.
Reference: RIC II, 850
Find-spot: 1987, porta praetorian, quadrant A 6, –1.15 m; inside the south turret.
Inv. No: NIR 10072

HADRIANVS
64.
Denomination: denarius, plated, fragmentary
Axis: –; D: –; W: –
Mint: –
Dating: 134–138 or later
Obv: [hadrianus] AVG COS III P P
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1991, praetorium east, surface 2, –0.80 m; northern part of the surface.
Inv. No: NIR 10214

HADRIANVS
65.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: 6; D: 28.24 × 26.29 mm; W: 14.6 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 134–138 or post
Obv: HADRIANVS – AVGVSTVS P P
Bust radiate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: HILARI-TAS P R; S – C
Exergue: COS III;
Hilaritas standing left between two children, holding palm-branch and cornucopiae.
Reference: RIC II, 974
Find-spot: 1981, quadrant D, 19 × 3, –1.05 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10206

110
 HADRIANVS
(Pl. I, 66)
66.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: 5; D: 27.17 mm; W: 13.9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 134–138 or post
Obv: HADRIANVS – AVGVSTVS P P
Bust radiate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: HILARI-TAS P R; S – C
Exergue: COS III;
Hilaritas standing left between two children, holding palm-branch and cornucopiae.
Reference: RIC II, 974
Find-spot: 1989, S 10, praetorium, m 9, –1.20 m; in the layer to lay out Phase 2.
Inv. No: NIR 10073

HADRIANVS
67.
Denomination: as, fragmentary
Axis: 5; D: –; W:
Mint: Rome
Dating: 134–138 or post
Obv: [hadrianus – augustu]S P P
Bust laureate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1986, S 5, m 8, –0.50 m; in the layer to lay out Phase 2.
Inv. No: NIR 10205

HADRIANVS
68.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 26.67 mm; W: 9.7 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 134–138 or post
Obv: HADRIANVS – AVG[ustus p p]
Bust laureate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: COS – III; S – C
Salus standing right, feeding snake in her arms.
Reference: RIC II, 975
Find-spot: 1989, S 26, m 13–14, –1.30 m; in the rearrangement.
Inv. No: NIR 10216

HADRIANVS
69.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 25.61 × 23.83 mm; W: 8 gr.

111
Mint: Rome
Dating: 134–138 or post
Obv: [hadrianus – augustus p p]
Bust laureate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: COS – III; S – C
Salus standing right, feeding snake in her arms.
Reference: cf. RIC II, 975
Find-spot: 1991, praetorium east, surface 3; excavated soil.
Inv. No: NIR 10213

HADRIANVS
70.
Denomination: as
Axis: 12; D: 26.33 × 25.62 mm; W: 9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 125–138
Obv: Legend erased.
Bust draped, laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased; [s] – C
Female seated, left.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 2001, retentura dextra, surface 2, m 2, –1.40 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10166

HADRIANVS
71.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 26.62 mm; W: 11.1 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 132–138
Obv: Legend erased.
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Female standing right.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1987, S 5 p, m 10, –1 m, in the level I (yellow clay).
Inv. No: NIR 10210

HADRIANVS
72.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 26.41 mm; W: 8.4 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 117–138
Obv: Legend erased.
Head, right.
Rv: Two silhouettes standing.

112
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1990, S 19A, extension of the S 19, –0.90; behind the wall.
Inv. No: NIR 10243

HADRIANVS
73.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: –; D: 28.20 mm; W: 15.1 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 117–138
Obv: Legend erased.
Head, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1988, porta principalis sinistra, in the gateway, near the north turret, in the adobe.
Inv. No: NIR 10208

HADRIANVS
74.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 24.05 × 22.77 mm; W: 12.1 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 117–138
Obv: Legend erased.
Head, right.
Rv: Silhouette standing left.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1990, S 19, m 22, –0.80 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10242

HADRIANVS
75.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 25.31 × 22.93 mm; W: 6.9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 122–138
Obv: Legend erased.
Head bare, left.
Rv: Legend erased
Vague silhouette standing.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1991, S 26, excavated ground.
Inv. No: NIR 10215
HADRIANVS
76.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: –; D: 25.67 mm; W: 10.9 gr.

113
Mint: Rome
Dating: 117–138
Obv: Legend erased.
Head, right.
Rv: Corroded.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1988, porta principalis sinistra, –1.10 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10209

HADRIANVS for L. Aelius Caesar

77.
Denomination: as
Axis: 5; D: 23.81 mm; W: 7.9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 137
Obv: [l ael]IVS – CAE[sar]
Head bare, right.
Rv: [t]R [pot cos ii]; [s] – C
In field: [p]AN[no]-NIA
Pannonia standing left, head, right, holding vexillum in right hand.
Reference: RIC II, 1071
Find-spot: 1989, praetorium, S 10, m 2.60, –0.30.
Inv. No: NIR 10245

ANTONINVS PIVS
78.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 26.85 mm; W: 10 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 139
Obv: Legend erased.
Head bare, right.
Rv: P M TR POT [cos ii]; S – C
Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopiae.
Reference: RIC III, 533 (a)
Find-spot: 1990, S 21, m 10.15, –0.15 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10219

ANTONINVS PIVS
(Pl. I, 79)
79.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 18.80 × 17 mm; W: 2.9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 143–144
Obv: ANTONINVS AVG PI-VS P P TR P COS III
Head laureate, right.

114
Rv: IMPER-A-TOR II
Victoria standing left, holding wreath and palm.
Reference: RIC III, 111 (b)
Find-spot: 1991, S 26, m 9, –0.85 m; from the south wall, in the filling of the removing trench.
Inv. No: NIR 10075

ANTONINVS PIVS
80.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: 6; D: 24.86 × 23.11 mm; W: 11.6 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 155–156
Obv: Legend erased.
Head radiate, right.
Rv: TR POT XIX… S – C.
Fides standing, holding two standards.
Reference: RIC III, 951
Find-spot: 1990, S 19, m 24, –0.45 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10246

ANTONINVS PIVS
(Pl. I, 81)
81.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: 6; D: 25.77 mm; W: 10.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 159–150
Obv: ANTONINVS AVG – PIVS P P TR P XXII
Head radiate, right.
Rv: PIETATI – AVG COS III P P; S – C.
Pietas standing left between two children, holding globe and infant.
Reference: RIC III, 1035
Find-spot: 1992, praetorium, quadrant VI – horreum, –1.10 m; in the layer of fire with Dacian
pottery.
Inv. No: NIR 10076

ANTONINVS PIVS
82.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 24.86 × 26.51 mm; W: 7.6 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 138–161
Obv: Legend erased.
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Emperor standing left, sacrificing over a tripod.
Reference: –

115
Find-spot: 1991, praetorium east, surface 3, –0.75 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10220

ANTONINVS PIVS
83.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 27.24 × 25.40 mm; W: 7.8 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 138–161
Obv: ANTONINVS AVG PI-VS
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Female person standing left, holding cornucopia.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1995, S 37, m 29, –1.15 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10218

ANTONINVS PIVS for MARCVS AVRELIVS (Caesar)

84.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 24.09 mm; W: 8.5 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 140–161
Obv: Legend erased.
Vague silhouette of head, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1986, S 5, m 2.20 (measured from the wall), –2.25 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10217

MARCVS AVRELIVS
(Pl. I, 85)
85.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: 5; D: 26.62 mm; W: 12.1 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 161
Obv: IMP CAES M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG P M
Bust draped and cuirassed, head radiate, right.
Rv: LIB AVGVSTOR TR P XV COS III
Exergue: S C
The emperors seated left on platform; before them, Liberalitas standing, holding abacus and
wand; below, man standing.
Reference: RIC III, 810
Find-spot: 1992, S 34, –0.85 m; near the wall.
Inv. No: NIR 10077

116
 MARCVS AVRELIVS
86.
Denomination: denarius, plated
Axis: 11; D: 17.15 mm; W: –
Mint: –
Dating: 178–179 or later
Obv: M AVREL [antoninus] AVG
Head laureate, right.
Rv: TR P XXXIIII IM[p x cos iii p p]
Fortuna seated left, holding rudder.
Reference: cf. RIC III, 409
Find-spot: 1991, praetorium east, surface 2, –0.50 m; near the northern external wall.
Inv. No: NIR 10222

MARCVS AVRELIVS for FAVSTINA II

87.
Denomination: denarius, plated, fragmentary
Axis: 12; D: –; W: –
Mint: –
Dating: 161–175 or later
Obv: FAVSTINA- [aug]VSTA
Bust draped with diadem, right.
Rv: SAE[culi f]ELICIT
Pulvinar on which seat Commodus and Antoninus.
Reference: cf. RIC III, 712
Find-spot: 1995, S 37, m 33.50, –0.50 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10221

COMMODVS
(Pl. I, 88)
88.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 12; D: 17.03 mm; W: 2.3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 181
Obv: M COMMODVS – ANTONINVS AVG
Head laureate, right.
Rv: TR P VI IMP – IIII COS III P P
Rome seated left, holding Victory and spear.
Reference: RIC III, 12
Find-spot: 1987, porta praetoria, A 6, –0.40 m; outside of the turret S.
Inv. No: NIR 10078

COMMODVS
89.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 12; D: 26.37 mm; W: 23.3 gr.

117
Mint: Rome
Dating: 181–192
Obv: Legend erased.
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Silhouette standing left, holding cornucopiae.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1987, porta praetoria, S 8, m 16.50, –1.10 m; in the print of the west turret’s wall.
Inv. No: NIR 10223

SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS
90.
Denomination: denarius, plated
Axis: –; D: 17.36 × 16.75 mm; W: 2.2 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 201–202 or later
Obv: [severus pius] AVG
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend corroded.
Two captives seated at foot of trophy.
Reference: cf. RIC IV.1, 176, 184–185
Find-spot: 1986, praetorium, S 5, m 23–24, –1 m; in the layer of the burnt loam.
Inv. No: NIR 10224

SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS
91.
Denomination: denarius, plated
Axis: 5; D: 18.28 × 17.13 mm; W: 2.7 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 196–197 or later
Obv: L SEPT SEV PERT – AVG IMP VIII
Head laureate, right.
Rv: PROVIDEN-TIA AVG
Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and sceptre.
Reference: cf. RIC IV.1, 92 a
Find-spot: 2001, retentura dextra, m 7, –0.45 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10168

SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS
(Pl. I, 92)
92.
Denomination: denarius, plated
Axis: 6; D: 17.56 mm; W: 2.2 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 210–211 or later
Obv: SEVERVS – PIVS AVG BRIT
Head laureate, right.

118
Rv: VICTORIAE – BRIT
Victory standing front, head right, holding palm; shield fastened on palm-tree.
Reference: cf. RIC IV.1, 337
Find-spot: 2003, retentura dextra, surface 3, m 23.20, –0.30 m (towards the village of Coplean).
Inv. No: NIR 10169

ELAGABALVS
(Pl. I, 93)
93.
Denomination: antoninianus
Axis: 4; D: 23.52 mm; W: 4.4 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 218–219
Obv: IMP ANTONINVS AVG
Bust draped and cuirassed, head laureate, right.
Rv: LAETITIA PVBL
Laetitia standing left with wreath and rudder on globe.
Reference: RIC IV.2, 94
Find-spot: 1991, S 10, praetorium east; surface 4, in the laying out layer between western and
eastern walls.
Inv. No: NIR 10079

ELAGABALVS for IVLIA MAESA

94.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 12; D: 18.42 mm; W: 2.6 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 218–222
Obv: IVLIA MAESA AVG
Bust draped, right.
Rv: PVDICITIA
Pudicitia seated left raising veil and holding sceptre.
Reference: RIC IV.2, 241
Find-spot: 1987, S 5 p, m 55.5, –0.50 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10225

ELAGABALVS for IVLIA MAESA

95.
Denomination: denarius, fragmentary
Axis: 12; D: 18.18 mm; W: –
Mint: Rome
Dating: 218–219
Obv: IVLIA M[aes]A AVG
Bust draped, right.
Rv: I[un]O
Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter.
Reference: RIC IV.2, 254

119
Find-spot: 1992, S 34, –0.95 m; 2 m from the wall’s corner, near the wall.
Inv. No: NIR 10226

ELAGABALVS for IVLIA SOAEMIAS

(Pl. II, 96)
96.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 17.86 mm; W: 2.3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 218–222
Obv: IVLIA SOAEMIAS AVG
Bust draped, right.
Rv: VENVS CAE-LESTIS
Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter; in field, star.
Reference: RIC IV.2, 268
Find-spot: 1988, S 3, A 2, inside the courtain turret.
Inv. No: NIR 10080

SEVERVS ALEXANDER
97.
Denomination: denarius, plated
Axis: 7; D: 18.60 × 16.96 mm; W: 2.3 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 222 or later
Obv: IMP [c m] AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG
Bust draped and cuirassed, head laureate, right.
Rv: P M TR P COS P P
Salus seated left, feeding snake coiled round altar.
Reference: RIC IV.2, 14
Find-spot: 2001, retentura dextra, surface 2, m 3.50, –0.50 m; in the debris of stones.
Inv. No: NIR 10170

SEVERVS ALEXANDER
(Pl. II, 98)
98.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 12; D: 18.74 mm; W: 1.8 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 222–228
Obv: IMP C M AVR SEV – ALEXAND AVG
Bust draped and cuirassed, right.
Rv: ANNO-NA AVG
Annona standing left, holding corn ears and cornucopia; at her feet, left, modius.
Reference: RIC IV.2, 131
Find-spot: 1990, S 25, m 12, –0.25 m.
Inv. No: NIR10081

120
 SEVERVS ALEXANDER
(Pl. II, 99)
99.
Denomination: denarius, imitation
Axis: 6; D: 19.09 mm; W: 2.7 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 222–228
Obv: IMP C M AR S ALEXAND AVG
Bust draped and cuirassed, right.
Rv: [fundat]OR – PACIS
Emperor, veiled, standing left with branch and book.
Reference: cf. RIC IV.1, 160 (for reverse which belongs to Septimius Severus)
Find-spot: 1991, S 25, from the removal trench of the northern wall, towards “the reservoir”.
Remark: Obverse: the legend does not fit with the official issues; the portrait does not resemble with
Severus Alexander.
Reverse: it belongs to Septimius Severus, Rome, 200–201
Inv. No: NIR 10082

SEVERVS ALEXANDER
100.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 18.03 mm; W: 2.7 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 228–231
Obv: IMP SEV ALEXAND AVG
Bust laureate, right.
Rv: [io]VI PROP-VGNATOR[i]
Jupiter standing front, head right, nude but for cape flowing out to right, preparing to hurl
thunderbolt.
Reference: RIC IV.2, 201
Find-spot: 1991, praetorium east, surface 2, –1.10 m; near the northern wall, the SW corner of the
surface.
Inv. No: NIR 10228

SEVERVS ALEXANDER for IVLIA MAMAEA

(Pl. II, 101)
101.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 1; D: 18.94 × 17.18 mm; W: 2.6 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 222–235
Obv: IVLIA MA-MAMEA AVG
Bust draped, right.
Rv: VENVS V-ICTRIX
Venus standing left Pudicitia seated left raising veil and holding scepter.
Reference: RIC IV.2, 358
Find-spot: 1987, S 10, praetorium; m 22, –0.45 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10084

121
 SEVERVS ALEXANDER for IVLIA MAMAEA
(Pl. II, 102)
102.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 11; D: 17.49 mm; W: 2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 222–235
Obv: [iulia ma]-MAMEA AVG
Bust draped, right.
Rv: VESTA
Vesta standing left, holding palladium and scepter.
Reference: RIC IV.2, 360
Find-spot: 1991, S 10, praetorium east; excavated soil.
Inv. No: NIR 10083

SEVERVS ALEXANDER for IVLIA MAMAEA

103.
Denomination: denarius, plated
Axis: 7; D: 18.01 × 15.98 mm; W: 1.3 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 222–235 or later
Obv: IVLIA MA-MAMEA AVG
Bust draped, right.
Rv: VES-TA
Vesta standing left, holding patera and transverse scepter.
Reference: cf. RIC IV.2, 362
Find-spot: 1991, S 10, praetorium east; surface 4, m 0.50; –0.80 m; in the laying out layer between
western and eastern walls.
Inv. No: NIR 10227

MAXIMINVS I THRAX
104.
Denomination: denarius plated
Axis: 4; D: 19.87 × 17.05 mm; W: 2.6 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 235 or later
Obv: IMP MAX[iminus] PIVS [aug]
Bust draped, right.
Rv: SALVS AVGVSTI
Salus seated left, feeding snake rising from altar.
Reference: RIC IV.2, 14
Find-spot: 1990, praetorium, S 23, m 2, –0.90 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10247

GORDIANVS III
105.
Denomination: antoninianus, plated
Axis: 11; D: 22.51 mm; W: 3.9 gr.

122
Mint: –
Dating: 243–244 or later
Obv: [imp] GOR[dianus pius fel aug]
Bust draped, radiate, right.
Rv: SECV[rit(as) perp(et, tua)
Securitas standing left with scepter, leaning on column.
Reference: cf. RIC IV.3, 151–153
Find-spot: 2002, retentura dextra, surface 2, m 11–12, –0.55 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10229

PHILIPPVS I
(Pl. II, 106)
106.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 2; D: 30 mm; W: 18.3 gr.
Mint: Viminacium
Dating: 244
Obv: IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG
Bust draped, laureate, right.
Rv: P M S C-OL VIM
Exergue: AN V
Dacia standing facing between eagle and lion.
Reference: Martin, 2.04
Find-spot: 2002, retentura dextra, surface 2, m 1, –0.30 m; in the debris layer near a structure that
looks to be a wall; late walking layer.
Inv. No: NIR 10089

PHILIPPVS I
(Pl. II, 107)
107.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 8; D: 28.29 mm; W: 14.5 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 246–247
Obv: IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG
Bust draped, laureate, right.
Rv: PROVINCIA DACIA
Exergue: AN · I ·
Dacia standing facing between eagle and lion, holding standard inscribed [d f], and curved sword.
Reference: Martin, 2.56.3
Find-spot: 1990, praetorium, S 23, m 1, –0.75 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10087

PHILIPPVS I
(Pl. II, 108)
108.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 8; D: 26.96 mm; W: 15.3 gr.

123
Mint: –
Dating: 247–248
Obv: IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG
Bust draped, laureate, right.
Rv: PROVINCIA DACIA
Exergue: AN · II ·
Dacia standing facing between eagle and lion, holding standard inscribed [d f], and curved sword.
Reference: Martin, 2.56.1
Find-spot: 1988, praetorium, S 20, m 9.50, –0.25 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10086

PHILIPPVS I
109.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 8; D: 28.07 mm; W: 12.7 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 247–248
Obv: IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG
Bust draped, laureate, right.
Rv: PROVINC-IA DACIA
Exergue: AN · II ·
Dacia standing facing between eagle and lion, holding standards inscribed V and XIII, and
curved sword.
Reference: Martin, 2.57.11
Find-spot: 1988, S 9, m 21, –1.55 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10230

PHILIPPVS I
(Pl. II, 110)
110.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 11; D: 30.09 mm; W: 22.5 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 244–249
Obv: IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG
Bust draped and cuirassed, laureate, right.
Rv: AE-QVITAS AVG
Aequitas standing left, holding scales and cornucopia.
Reference: RIC IV.3, 166a
Find-spot: 1990, S 14 AP, m 1.30, –0.60 m; the profile towards Coplean
Inv. No: NIR 10085

PHILIPPVS I for Philippus II (Caesar)

(Pl. II, 111)
111.
Denomination: antoninianus
Axis: 6; D: 24.23 × 20.61 mm; W: 3 gr.

124
Mint: Rome
Dating: 244–246
Obv: M IVL PHILIPPVS CAES
Bust draped and cuirassed, radiate, right.
Rv: IOVI CONS-ERVAT
Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and sceptre.
Reference: RIC IV.3, 213
Find-spot: 1990, S 25, m 19, –0.10 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10088

PHILIPPVS I for Philippus II (Caesar)

112.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 8; D: 27.49 mm; W: 11.5 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 246–247
Obv: M IVL PHILIPPVS CAES
Bust draped and cuirassed, laureate, right.
Rv: PROVINC[ia dacia]
Exergue: AN · I
Dacia standing facing between eagle and lion, holding standard inscribed [d f], and curved sword.
Reference: Martin, 2.80.1
Find-spot: 1994, principia gateway, –0.25 m, on the via principalis.
Inv. No: NIR 10231

PHILIPPVS I for Philippus II (Caesar)

(Pl. II, 113)
113.
Denomination: antoninianus, plated, hybrid, counterfeit
Axis: 7; D: 22.24 mm; W: 3.4 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 247–249 or later
Obv: [imp] PHILIPPVS AVG
Bust draped, radiate, right.
Rv: SAECVLI FELIC[itas]
Gordian III standing right, holding spear and globe.
Reference: cf. RIC IV.3, Gordian III, no. 216 (for reverse)
Find-spot: 2003, retentura dextra, surface 3, m 22–24, –0.40 m.
Remark: this coin is a counterfeited one, mixing an obverse of Philip II as Augustus with one of Gordian
III. Most likely that the counterfeiter was thinking about the reverse of Philip II with the
inscription “Principi iuventutis” but instead he copied one of the former emperor Gordian III
with an identical representation but different inscription – “Saeculi felicitas”.
Inv. No: NIR 10171

125
 Unidentified coins

114.
Denomination: denarius, plated
Axis: –; D: 18.26 × 16.14; W: 1.2 gr
Mint: –
Dating: –
Obv: / Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1991, S 26, praetorium, m 13, –1.20 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10236

115.
Denomination: denarius, plated, fragmentary
Axis: –; D: –; W: –
Mint: –
Dating: -
Obv: / Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1989, S 10, praetorium, m 4.20, –0.25 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10248

116.
Denomination: denarius, plated, fragmentary
Axis: –; D: –; W: –
Mint: –
Dating: –
Obv: / Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1988, S 9, m 78, –0.80.
Inv. No: NIR 10233

117.
Denomination: antoninianus?, plated, fragmentary
Axis: –; D: –; W: –
Mint: –
Dating: –
Obv: Vague silhouette, right.
Rv: Silhouette standing.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1990, S 20, m 7.10, –1.10.
Inv. No: NIR 10249

118.
Denomination: bronze
Axis: –; D: 22.8 mm; W: 5.1 gr.
Mint: –

126
Dating: –
Obv: Vague silhouette of head, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1980, S 1, m 32–33, –0.90 m; in front of the brick “wall”.
Inv. No: NIR 10232

119.
Denomination: bronze, fragmentary
Axis: –; D: –; W: –
Mint: –
Dating: 1st–3rd century AD
Obv: Erased.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1986, S 4, m 52.60, –0.90 m; in the ground that marks the wall removed; it crosses the
via sagularis but in the layer beneath this path.
Inv. No: NIR 10234

120.
Denomination: bronze
Axis: –; D: 25.78 mm; W: 10.3 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 3rd century?
Obv: Erased.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 2001, retentura dextra, surface 1, m 1, –1.60 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10174

121.
Denomination: bronze
Axis: –; D: 27.32 × 25.01 mm; W: 8.5 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 2nd–3rd century?
Obv: Corroded.
Rv: Corroded.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 2001, retentura dextra, surface 1, m 14.
Inv. No: NIR 10173

122.
Denomination: bronze
Axis: –; D: 24.45 × 23.17 mm; W: 5.6 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 2nd–3rd century?

127
Obv: Corroded.
Rv: Corroded.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 2003, retentura dextra, surface 3, m 24.70; –0.70 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10172

128
 SAMVM (CĂŞEIU)
The military vicus

VESPASIANVS
(Pl. III, 1)
1.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 5; D: 16.84 mm; W: 2.6 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 74–79
Obv: VESPASIANVS AVG

Head laureate, right.
Rv: IOVIS [custos]
Jupiter standing left, sacrificing out of patera over altar and holding sceptre.
Reference: RIC II, 124 (a)
Find-spot: 1987, sounding excavation 5, m 6.5, –0.55 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10090

VESPASIANVS
2.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 25.09 mm; W: 6.3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 69–79
Obv: Erased.
Vague silhouette of head, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1995, S 1, m 9, –0.60 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10100

VESPASIANVS
3.
Denomination: as – fragmentary
Axis: –; D: –; W: –
Mint: Rome
Dating: 69–79
Obv: Erased.
Vague silhouette of head, left.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1987, sounding excavation 5, –1.20 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10101

DOMITIANVS
4.
Denomination: denarius, plated
Axis: 5; D: 19.35 × 18.47 mm; W: 2.5 gr.

129
Mint: –
Dating: 81–96 or later
Obv: Legend corroded.
Vague silhouette of head, right.
Rv: Legend corroded.
The shield held by Minerva.
Reference: cf. RIC II, the type of Minerva standing right, brandishing javelin and shield.
Find-spot: 2004, S 21, m 9–10, –0.90 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10102

DOMITIANVS
5.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 24.86 × 23.45 mm; W: 7.4 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 81–96
Obv: Erased.
Vague silhouette of head, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1997, S 12, –0.35 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10103

NERVA
6.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 26.86 × 25.09 mm; W: 8.6 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 96–98
Obv: Legend erased.
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased; [s] C.
Image erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1998, S 16, m 13, –0.50 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10150

TRAIANVS
7.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 27.18 mm; W: 9.3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 101–102
Obv: [imp case ner]VA TRAIAN AVG [germ p m]
Head laureate, right.
Rv: [tr pot c]OS IIII P P; [s c].
Victory flying left, holding shield.

130
Reference: RIC II, 395
Find-spot: 1989, sounding excavation 3, m 19, –0.95 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10107

TRAIANVS
8.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 6; D: 32.64 mm; W: 23 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 103–111
Obv: [imp case nerva trai]AN[o] AVG GER DAC P M TR P COS V P P
Bust laureate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: Legend erased; S – C.
Abundance standing left, holding corn ears and cornucopiae; at feet, child.
Reference: RIC II, 459
Find-spot: 1998, S 15, m 11, G 22, –1.40 m; at 1.10 m from the western profile, in the layer of fire
for the phase I, near the stamped tile COH II BR ∞.
Inv. No: NIR 10152

TRAIANVS
9.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 26.99 mm; W: 9.7 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 103–111
Obv: Legend erased.
Bust laureate, draped on left shoulder. right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Pax standing left with branch and cornucopiae, right foot on a Dacian.
Reference: cf. RIC II, 503
Find-spot: 1990, excavated ground.
Inv. No: NIR 10105

TRAIANVS
10.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 6; D: 32.94 mm; W: 20.4 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 103–117
Obv: [imp case ner]VA TRAIANO AVG GER…
Bust laureate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Vague silhouette seated left.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1990, sounding excavation 5, m 5, –0.10 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10106

131
 TRAIANVS
11.
Denomination: denarius, plated; fragmentary
Axis: –; D: –; W: –
Mint: –
Dating: 98–117 or later
Obv: …ESA…
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1998, S 17, m 8, –1.85 m; inside the pit conventionally named as “fossa 1”.
Inv. No: NIR 10153

TRAIANVS
(Pl. III, 12)
12.
Denomination: quadrans
Axis: 6; D: 16.59 × 15.63 mm; W: 2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 98–117
Obv: IMP CAES [nerva traian aug]
Head laureate, right.
Rv: No legend.
Exergue: SC
She-wolf left.
Reference: RIC II, 694
Find-spot: 1996, S 11, m 3, –0.50 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10091

TRAIANVS
13.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: –; D: 25.78 mm; W: 9.3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 98–117
Obv: Legend erased.
Vague silhouette of a bust, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Vague silhouette seated left.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1990, sounding excavation 5, m 5, –0.10 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10104

TRAIANVS
14.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 26.64 mm; W: 6.9 gr.

132
Mint: Rome
Dating: 98–117
Obv: Legend erased.
Bust laureate, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 2004, S 19, m 1.4, –1 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10154

TRAIANVS
15.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 28.27 × 25.98 mm; W: 7.9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 98–117
Obv: Legend erased.
Bust laureate, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 2004, S 19, m 8.50, –1 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10155

TRAIANVS
16.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 27.21 mm; W: 10.1 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 98–117
Obv: Legend erased.
Bust laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased; [s] – C
Fragmentary vague silhouette of Victory walking right.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 2006, S 26, m 15, –0.65 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10151

HADRIANVS
17.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: 6; D: 27.06 mm; W: 9.3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 118
Obv: [imp cae]SAR TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVG
Bust radiate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: [pont max tr p]OT COS II
Exergue: FORT RED; S C
Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopiae.

133
Reference: RIC II, 557
Find-spot: 1987, sounding excavation 5, m 6.2, –0.55 m, in the gravel of the Roman road.
Inv. No: NIR 10123

HADRIANVS
(Pl. III, 18)
18.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 18.88 × 17.41 mm; W: 2.8 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 119–122
Obv: IMP CAESAR TRAIAN HADRIANVS AVG
Bust laureate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: P M TR – P – COS III
Genus standing left, sacrificing out of patera over altar and holding caduceus and cornucopiae.
Reference: RIC II, 88
Find-spot: 1990, sounding excavation 3, excavated ground.
Inv. No: NIR 10095

HADRIANVS
19.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 5; D: 33.96 × 32.24 mm; W: 19.6 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 119–122
Obv: [imp Caesar] TRAIANVS – HAD[rianus aug]
Bust laureate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Exergue: S C
Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and sceptre.
Reference: RIC II, 561 b
Find-spot: 1996, S 19, m 9, –0.90 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10108

HADRIANVS
(Pl. III, 209
20.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 6; D: 33.88 mm; W: 23.5 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 119–122
Obv: IMP CAESAR TRAIANVS – HADRIANVS AVG
Bust laureate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: PONT MAX TR POT COS III; S – C
Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopiae.
Reference: RIC II, 563 (b)
Find-spot: 1990, sounding excavation 3, excavated ground.
Inv. No: NIR 10096

134
 HADRIANVS
21.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 26.45 mm; W: 8 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 119–122
Obv: [imp caesar trai]ANVS – HADRIANVS [aug]
Bust laureate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Female standing left, holding sceptre.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1996, S 4, m 3, –0.60 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10111

HADRIANVS
22.
Denomination: as, fragmentary
Axis: 6; D: 26.23 mm; W: –
Mint: Rome
Dating: 119–122
Obv: Legend erased.
Bust laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Vague silhouette standing.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1989, sounding excavation 4, m 3, –1.20 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10120

HADRIANVS
23.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 26.26 × 24.87 mm; W: 7.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 119–122
Obv: Legend erased.
Bust, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 2006, S 26, m 4.2, –0.5 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10146

HADRIANVS
24.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 5; D: 33.67 × 32 mm; W: 22.1 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 125–128

135
Obv: [hadrian]VS – AVG[ust]VS
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Silhouette of Roma seated left, holding Victory and cornucopiae; behind shields.
Reference: RIC II, 636
Find-spot: 1995, S 1, m 4–8.75, –0.40 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10109

HADRIANVS
25.
Denomination: as
Axis: 5; D: 26.52 × 24.48 mm; W: 7 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 125–128
Obv: HADRIANVS – AVGVSTVS
Head laureate, right.
Rv: COS [iii]; S – C
Salus standing right, feeding snake in her arms.
Reference: RIC II, 669
Find-spot: 1996, S 4, m 7, –0.55 m; in the loam layer, probably in the track of the adobe wall,
together with terra sigillata.
Inv. No: NIR 10112

HADRIANVS
26.
Denomination: as
Axis: 5; D: 25.65 × 23.63 mm; W: 10.3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 125–128
Obv: [hadrianus – august]VS
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Salus standing right, feeding snake in her arms.
Reference: cf. RIC II, 669
Find-spot: 1990, sounding excavation 3, excavated ground.
Inv. No: NIR 10116

HADRIANVS
27.
Denomination: as, fragmentary
Axis: 6; D: –; W: –
Mint: Rome
Dating: 125–128
Obv: Legend erased.
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased; [s] – C
Salus standing right, feeding snake in her arms.

136
Reference: cf. RIC II, 669
Find-spot: 2006, S 26, m 16, –0.75 m; on the middle part of the section.
Inv. No: NIR 10145

HADRIANVS
28.
Denomination: as
Axis: 5; D: 26.33 × 24.14 mm; W: 12.4 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 132–134
Obv: [hadri]ANVS – AVG[ustus]
Bust bare, right.
Rv: Legend erased; S – C
Roma standing right, left foot ob helmet, holding spear and cornucopiae.
Reference: RIC II, 716
Find-spot: 1990, sounding excavation 5, m 0.80, –1 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10118

HADRIANVS
(Pl. III, 29)
29.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 26.06 × 24.39 mm; W: 12.1 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 134–138
Obv: HADRIANVS AVG COS III P P
Bust laureate, draped, right.
Rv: [sal]VS AVG; S – C
Salus seated left, feeding snake coiled round altar and resting left arm on chair.
Reference: RIC II, 833
Find-spot: 1997, S 12, m 15.30, –0.70 m (m 1 E–W).
Inv. No: NIR 10094

HADRIANVS
30.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 6; D: 32.48 mm; W: 19.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 134–138 or posthumous
Obv: HADRIANVS AVG[ustus p p]
Bust laureate, draped, right.
Rv: [hilaritas p r]; S – C
Exergue: COS III
Hilaritas standing facing with palm and cornucopia, two small children flanking her.
Reference: RIC II, 970
Find-spot: 1989, sounding excavation 3, m 2, –1.05 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10122

137
 HADRIANVS
31.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 26.85 mm; W: 8.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 134–138 or post
Obv: [hadrianus] – AVGVSTVS P P
Bust laureate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: COS – III; S – C
Salus standing right, feeding snake in her arms.
Reference: RIC II, 975
Find-spot: 1989, sounding excavation 3, m 19, –0.95 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10121

HADRIANVS
32.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 27.03 mm; W: 7.9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 134–138 or post
Obv: Legend erased.
Bust laureate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: Legend erased; S – C
Salus standing right, feeding snake in her arms.
Reference: cf. RIC II, 975
Find-spot: 1990, sounding excavation 3, excavated ground.
Inv. No: NIR 10117

HADRIANVS
33.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 24 × 22.62 mm; W: 9.9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 132–138
Obv: Legend erased.
Head, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Silhouette standing.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 2005, S 23, m 15.50, –0.85 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10147

HADRIANVS
34.
Denomination: as, fragmentary
Axis: 6; D: –; W: –
Mint: Rome

138
Dating: 122–138
Obv: Legend erased.
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Silhouette standing right.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1989, sounding excavation 4, m 5, –1.15 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10119

HADRIANVS
35.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 25.43 mm; W: 8.7 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 122–138
Obv: Legend erased.
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Silhouette standing right.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1995, S 2, m 0.10, –0.45 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10110

HADRIANVS
36.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 25.51 mm; W: 9.1 gr
Mint: Rome
Dating: 122–138
Obv: Legend erased.
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Silhouette standing left.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1996, m 4, –0.90 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10115

HADRIANVS
37.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 24.42 × 22.64 mm; W: 4.7 gr
Mint: Rome
Dating: 117–138
Obv: Legend erased.
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Silhouette of Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopiae.

139
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1996, S 5, m 5, –1 m; in the ditch, firt level of filling up.
Inv. No: NIR 10113

HADRIANVS
38.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 26.81 mm; W: 7.4 gr
Mint: Rome
Dating: 117–138
Obv: Legend erased.
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1996, S 7, m 0–2, excavated ground.
Inv. No: NIR 10114

HADRIANVS
39.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 27.17 mm; W: 7.1 gr
Mint: Rome
Dating: 117–138
Obv: Legend erased.
Vague silhouette of head, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1998, S 15, m 3/m 0.50, –0.65 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10148

HADRIANVS
40.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 27.06 × 25.93 mm; W: 7.7 gr
Mint: Rome
Dating: 117–138
Obv: Legend erased.
Vague silhouette of head, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 2005, S 23, m 12, –0.60 m; under the platform of yellow clay.
Inv. No: NIR 10149

HADRIANVS
(Pl. III, 41)
41.
Denomination: as, cast
Axis: 6; D: 23.68 × 21.25 mm; W: 5.3 gr.

140
Mint: Rome
Dating: 117–138 or later
Obv: Legend erased.
Head, right.
Rv: Vague silhouette standing.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1997, S 13, m 0–0.50 m, -060 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10093

HADRIANVS
(Pl. III, 42)
42.
Denomination: as, cast
Axis: –; D: 24.18 × 21.52 mm; W: 4.9 gr
Mint: –
Dating: 117–138 or later
Obv: …DRIAN…
Head, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 2004, S 20, m 16, the final depth of the section of the layer.
Inv. No: NIR 10092

ANTONINVS PIVS
43.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: 12; D: 26.51 mm; W: 11.8 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 140–144
Obv: ANTONINVS AVG PI-VS P P TR P COS III
Head radiate, right.
Rv: ANNO-NA AVG; S – C
Annona standing facing, head right, holding corn-ears and cornucopiae; left, modius and corn-
ears; right, prow of ship.
Reference: RIC III, 656
Find-spot: 1996, S 6, m 8, –0.60 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10125

ANTONINVS PIVS
44.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 23.87 mm; W: 5.3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 138–161
Obv: Legend erased.
Vague silhouette of head, right.
Rv: Erased.

141
Reference: –
Find-spot: 2005, S 22, m 15, –0.60 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10124

ANTONINVS PIVS for Marcus Aurelius (Caesar)

45.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 10; D: 32.33 mm; W: 19.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 145
Obv: AVRELIVS CAE-[sar aug pii fil cos ii]
Head bare, right.
Rv: S – C
Minerva standing right, holding javelin and resting left hand on shield.
Reference: RIC III, 1245
Find-spot: 1989, sounding excavation 4, m 1, –1.10 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10128

ANTONINVS PIVS for Diva Faustina I

46.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 22.85 × 22.07 mm; W: 5 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: post 141
Obv: Legend erased.
Bust draped, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Silhouette person standing left.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1990, excavated ground.
Inv. No: NIR 10127

ANTONINVS PIVS for Diva Faustina I

47.
Denomination: as, fragmentary
Axis: 5; D: –; W: –
Mint: Rome
Dating: post 141
Obv: Legend erased.
Bust draped, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Vesta seated left, holding palladium and sceptre.
Reference: RIC III, 1181
Find-spot: 1997, S 12, m 14.80, –0.70m (m 1.40 E–W).
Inv. No: NIR 10126

142
 MARCVS AVRELIVS and LVCIVS VERVS
(Pl. III, 48)
48.
Denomination: AE 22
Axis: 12; D: 22.96 mm; W: 8.2 gr.
Mint: Doliche, Commagene, Syria
Dating: 161–169
Obv: Legend erased.
Laureate heads of Marcus Aurelius (on left) and Lucius Verus (on right), facing each other.
Rv: ∆[ΟΛΙΧΑΙΩΝ]/ A in laurel wreath
Reference: RPC IV, 8601
Find-spot: 1995, S 2, child grave.
Inv. No: NIR 10097

MARCVS AVRELIVS for Faustina II

(Pl. III, 49)
49.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 10; D: 33.10 × 31.78 mm; W: 23.8 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 161–175
Obv: FAVSTINA – AVGVSTA
Bust draped, right.
Rv: [tem]POR – FELIS; S – C
Faustina standing left, between four girls, she holds two infants in her arms.
Reference: RPC III, 1673
Find-spot: 2004, S 19, m 4, –0.60 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10098

COMMODVS
50.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 12; D: 30.71 mm; W: 20.8 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 181
Obv: M COMMODVS [antoninus aug]
Head laureate, right.
Rv: [libertas avg] – TR P [vi imp iiii co]S III P P: S – C
Libertas standing left, holding pileus and rod.
Reference: RIC III, 311
Find-spot: 1989, sounding excavation 4, m 1, –0.75 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10129

COMMODVS
51.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 5; D: 29.03 × 27.54 mm; W: 17.2 gr.

143
Mint: Rome
Dating: 181–192
Obv: Legend erased.
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Silhouette standing left.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1998, S 17, m 14.50, –0.90 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10156

SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS
52.
Denomination: denarius, plated, fragmentary
Axis: 12; D: –; W: –
Mint: –
Dating: 208 or later
Obv: [severus] P[ius aug]
Portrait corroded.
Rv: [p m tr p] XVI – C[os iii p p]
Genius standing left, holding patera (over altar or not?) and cornucopia.
Reference: cf. RIC IV.1, 219, 220
Find-spot: 2001, m 10, –1.20 m; in layer.
Inv. No: NIR 10131

SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS
53.
Denomination: denarius, plated, fragmentary
Axis: 12; D: 18.44 mm; W: –
Mint: –
Dating: 209 or later
Obv: SEVERVS PIVS [aug]
Head laureate, right.
Rv: [p m tr p] XVII – COS[ iii p p]
Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and sceptre.
Reference: cf. RIC IV.1, 227
Find-spot: 2001, m 12, –1.30 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10130

SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS for Caracalla Augustus

54.
Denomination: denarius, plated
Axis: 6; D: 18.64 mm; W: 2.2 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 201–206 or later
Obv: [antoninus] PIVS AVG
Bust laureate, draped, right.
Rv: FEL[ilicitas] AVGG
Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.

144
Reference: cf. RIC IV.1, 127
Find-spot: 2001, S 19, m 9, –0.90 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10132

SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS for Caracalla Augustus

55.
Denomination: denarius, plated
Axis: 12; D: 17.94 × 14.64 mm; W: 1.9 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 201–206 or later
Obv: [anto]NINVS PI[us aug]
Bust laureate, draped, right.
Rv: [fundator] – PACIS
Emperor standing left, holding spear.
Reference: cf. RIC IV.1, 129
Find-spot: 1997, S 14, m 0.90 (N-S), m 1.30 (E-W), –0.45 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10157

SEVERVS ALEXANDER
(Pl. III, 56)
56.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 12; D: 18.77 × 17.67 mm; W: 2.3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 228–231
Obv: IMP SEV ALE-XAND AVG
Bust laureate, draped, right.
Rv: VIRTVS – AVG
Emperor in military dress, foot on helmet, standing left, holding globe and spear reversed.
Reference: RIC IV.2, 226
Find-spot: 1996, S 4, m 4, G 12, –1.20 m; upper level of the pit.
Inv. No: NIR 10099

Unidentified coins
57.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: –; W: –
Mint: Rome
Dating: 2nd century
Obv: Legend erased.
Vague silhouette of head, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1987, sounding excavation 1, m 12, –1.20 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10138

145
58.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: –; D: 32.71; W: 17.4 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: late 1st century – beginning of the 2nd century AD
Obv: Erased.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 2006, m 7.5, –0.70 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10144

59.
Denomination: as, fragmentary
Axis: –; D: –; W: –
Mint: –
Dating: –
Obv: Erased.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1989, sounding excavation 3, m 18, –1.10 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10137

60.
Denomination: as, fragmentary
Axis: –; D: –; W: –
Mint: –
Dating: –
Obv: Erased.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1995, S 1, m 10, –0.50 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10133

61.
Denomination: as, fragmentary
Axis: –; D: –; W: –
Mint: –
Dating: –
Obv: Erased.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1996, S 4, m 7, –0.55 m; in the material layer.
Inv. No: NIR 10134

62.
Denomination: as, fragmentary
Axis: –; D: –; W: –

146
Mint: –
Dating: –
Obv: Erased.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1998, S 14, m 2.50, –0.65 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10142

63.
Denomination: bronze, fragmentary
Axis: –; D: –; W: –
Mint: –
Dating: –
Obv: Vague silhouette right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1997, S 12, m 13.30, –0.70 m; under the platform of gravel.
Inv. No: NIR 10135

64.
Denomination: bronze
Axis: –; D: –; W: 3.9 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 1st century AD?
Obv: Erased.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 2004, S 21, m 2, –0.50 m.
Remark: on one side trace of a rectangular countermark?
Inv. No: NIR 10140

65.
Denomination: bronze, fragmentary
Axis: –; D: –; W: –
Mint: –
Dating: –
Obv: Erased.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1997, S 12, m 14.40, –0.70 m; (m 1.30 E –W).
Inv. No: NIR 10136

66.
Denomination: bronze
Axis: –; D: –; W: 8.5 gr.
Mint: –

147
Dating: –
Obv: Erased.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1998, S 16, m 15.50.
Inv. No: NIR 10141

67.
Denomination: bronze
Axis: –; D: –; W: –.
Mint: –
Dating: –
Obv: Erased.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 2006, S 28, m 5, –0.40 m
Inv. No: NIR 10143

148
 GILĂU
The auxiliary fort

MARCVS ANTONIVS
1.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 5; D: 17.37 × 16.32 mm; W: 2.3 gr.
Mint: itinerant mint
Dating: 32–31 BC
Obv: Legend erased.
Galley, right.
Rv: LEG – XIII
Three standards.
Reference: RRC, 544/27
Find-spot: 1979, S 15, excavated ground.
Inv. No: NIR 10250

TIBERIVS for Divus Augustus

2.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 27.74 × 26.90 mm; W: 6.3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 22–30
Obv: [div]VS AVGVST[us pater]
Head bare, left.
Rv: S – C
Exergue: [pr]OVIDEN
Altar.
Reference: RIC I2, 81
Find-spot: 1981, S 21, –2 m; in the ditch of the wooden principia.
Inv. No: NIR 10253

TIBERIVS for Divus Augustus

3.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 27.74 × 26.36 mm; W: 6.9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 22–30
Obv: [divus au]GVSTVS PA[ter]
Head bare, left.
Rv: S – C
Exergue: [providen]
Altar.
Reference: RIC I2, 81
Find-spot: 1982, S 29, m 7, –0.50 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10254

149
 TIBERIVS for Divus Augustus
4.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 27.14 mm; W: 6.5 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 22–30
Obv: Legend erased.
Silhouette head, left.
Rv: Legend erased.
Altar.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1981, S 20, m 41.30, –0.95 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10252

Julio-Claudian dynasty
5.
Denomination: as, fragmentary, heavily burnt
Axis: –; D: –; W: –
Mint: –
Dating: 1st half of the 1st century AD
Obv: Legend erased.
Silhouette head, left.
Rv: Corroded.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1976, S 3, building “A”, south side, first layer of fire.
Inv. No: NIR 10251

VESPASIANVS
6.
Denomination: denarius, fragmentary
Axis: 6; D: 19.42 × 17.62 mm; W: –
Mint: Rome
Dating: 75
Obv: IMP CAESAR – VESPASIANVS AVG

Head laureate, right.
Rv: PON MAX – TR P COS VI
Pax seated left, holding branch.
Reference: RIC II, 90
Find-spot: 1977, S 6, towards via sagularis, excavated ground.
Inv. No: NIR 10257

VESPASIANVS
7.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 24.18 mm; W: 8.9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 69–79

150
Obv: IMP CAESAR – VES[pasianvs au]G
Head bare, right.
Rv: Legend erased; S – C
Silhouette standing left.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1983, D 1, m 8, –0.40 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10258

TITVS
(Pl. IV, 8)
8.
Denomination: aureus
Axis: 7; D: 18.8 mm; W: 7.02 gr.
Dating: 79
Mint: Rome
Obv: IMP TITVS CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M

Head laureate, right.
Rv: TR P VIIII IMP XV COS VII P P
Captive kneeling right in front of a trophy.
Reference: RIC II, 11
Find-spot: 1979, the praetentura, building “A”, room “c”, last phase level
Inv. No.: N 12688
Bibliography: Găzdac et alii 2007, p. 44; pl. XIV, 56

TITVS for Domitian (Caesar)

9.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 17.64 × 16.50 mm; W: 2.5 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 80
Obv: CAESAR AVG F DOMITIANVS COS VII

Head laureate, right.
Rv: PRINCEPS – IVVENTVTIS
Goat standing left, within laurel wreath.
Reference: RIC II, 43
Find-spot: 1979, S 15, west of wall, –1.90 m; first level.
Inv. No: NIR 10260

DOMITIANVS
10.
Denomination: as
Axis: 5; D: 28.64 × 26.05 mm; W: 9.7 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 85–86
Obv: Legend erased.
Head, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Silhouette of Victory standing left, probably inscribing shield set on trophy.

151
Reference: cf. RIC II, 305, 339
Find-spot: 1982, praetentura sinistra, C B, building “A”, S I, –1.25 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10262

DOMITIANVS
11.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 27.83 × 26.49 mm; W: 10.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 81–96
Obv: Legend erased.
Head, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1981, S 19, m 128.10, –1.58 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10259

DOMITIANVS?
12.
Denomination: as/ Greek provincial?, fragmentary
Axis: 6; D: 28.65 mm; W: –
Mint: –
Dating: 81–96?
Obv: Legend corroded.
Silhouette head, right.
Rv: Legend corroded.
Silhouette of Victory (?) standing left, crowning a trophy to left.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 2000, S 19, surface 2, –0.90 m; in a layer very rich of Dacian pottery, terra sigillata,
bronzes, and a Roman vessel entirely preserved.
Inv. No: NIR 10261

Flavian dynasty
13.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 26.74 mm; W: 7.5 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 81–96
Obv: Legend erased.
Vague silhouette, right.
Rv: … [au]GVST
Silhouette standing left.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1976, S 1, m 22–23, –1.65 m; in the layer of fire and loam.
Inv. No: NIR 10255

152
 Flavian dynasty
14.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 18.30 mm; W: 3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 69–96
Obv: Legend erased.
Vague silhouette, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Silhouette seated left.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1976, S 1, m 23–24, –1.25 m; filling layer above the first Roman layer; south profile.
Inv. No: NIR 10256

TRAIANVS
(Pl. IV, 15)
15.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 18.44 mm; W: 3.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 98–99
Obv: IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GERM
Head laureate, right.
Rv: P M TR P COS II P P
Victory seated left, holding patera and palm.
Reference: RIC II, 10
Find-spot: 1977, outer side of “T”, –1.10 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10279

TRAIANVS
16.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 27.25 × 26.04 mm; W: 9.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 98–102
Obv: …TRAIAN AVG GERM
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1984, S 33 P, m 2–2.50, –0.70.
Inv. No: NIR 10273

TRAIANVS
(Pl. IV, 17)
17.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 18.88 × 16.60 mm; W: 2.7 gr.

153
Mint: Rome
Dating: 103–111
Obv: IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC P M TR P
Bust draped on left shoulder, laureate, right.
Rv: COS V P P S P Q R OPTIMO PRINC
Spes walking left, holding flower.
Reference: RIC II, 127
Find-spot: 1980, praetentura dextra, on the soil.
Inv. No: NIR 10270

TRAIANVS
(Pl. IV, 18)
18.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 18.27 mm; W: 2.9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 103–111
Obv: [imp case nervae traia]NO AVG GER DAC P M TR P.
Bust draped on left shoulder, laureate, right.
Rv: COS V P P S P Q R OPTIMO PRINC
Victory walking left, holding wreath and palm.
Reference: RIC II, 131
Find-spot: 1981, S 19, southern quadrant, m 73.25, –0.65 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10267

TRAIANVS
19.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: 4; D: 28.23 × 25.79 mm; W: 11.9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 103–111
Obv: IMP CAES NERVAE TRAIANO AVG GER [dac p m tr p cos v p p]
Bust draped on left shoulder, radiate, right.
Rv: [s p q r optimo principi]; S C
Spes standing left with flower and lifting skirt.
Reference: RIC II, 520
Find-spot: 1977, building “A”, room “a”, –0.85 m; near wall, the NW corner of the room.
Inv. No: NIR 10271

TRAIANVS
(Pl. IV, 20)
20.
Denomination: as
Axis: 8; D: 27.27 mm; W: 10.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 103–111
Obv: IMP CAES NERVAE TRAIANO AVG GER DAC P M TR P COS V P P
Bust draped on left shoulder, laureate, right.

154
Rv: S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI; S – C
Abundantia standing left, holding ears of corn and cornucopia. On left, modius, on right, prow.
Reference: RIC II, 492
Find-spot: 1981, S 17 bis, m 10.55, –0.65 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10263

TRAIANVS
21.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 26.65 mm; W: 11.1 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 103–111
Obv: [imp case nervae traia]NO AVG GER DAC [p m tr p cos v p p]
Bust draped on left shoulder, laureate, right.
Rv: S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI; S – C
Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopiae, right foot placed on a Dacian.
Reference: RIC II, 503
Find-spot: 1981, S 24, m 24–25, –1.55 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10276

TRAIANVS
22.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 27.02 mm; W: 10.4 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 103–111
Obv: Legend erased.
Bust laureate, right.
Rv: [s p q r opti]MO P[rincipi]; S – C
Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopiae.
Reference: cf. RIC II, 561
Find-spot: 1983, praetentura, quadrant B4.
Inv. No: NIR 10268

TRAIANVS
23.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 6; D: 33.61 mm; W: 23.90 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 112–114
Obv: Legend erased.
Bust silhouette laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased; S C in exergue
Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopiae.
Reference: RIC II, 628
Find-spot: 1981, S 27, 2 m form the southern wall of principia, –0.50 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10275

155
 TRAIANVS
(Pl. IV, 24)
24.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 7; D: 18.43 mm; W: 2.3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 114–117
Obv: IMP CAES NER TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC
Bust draped and cuirassed, laureate, right.
Rv: P M TR P COS – VI P P S P Q R
Exergue: FORT RED
Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
Reference: RIC II, 318
Find-spot: 1976, S 1; m 19, –1.70 m; near “wall”, beneath foundation.
Inv. No: NIR 10278

TRAIANVS
(Pl. IV, 25)
25.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 18.39 × 16.82 mm; W: 3.3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 114–117
Obv: IMP CAES NER TRAIAN OPTIM AVG GER DAC PARTHICO
Bust draped, laureate, right.
Rv: P M TR P CO-S – VI P P S P Q R
Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia.
Reference: RIC II, 345
Find-spot: 1984, praetorium, C 4; m 1, –1.8 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10265
TRAIANVS
(Pl. IV, 26)
26.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 18.11 × 16.55 mm; W: 3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 114–117
Obv: [imp] CAES NER TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER D[ac]
Bust with aegis, laureate, right.
Rv: P M TR P COS [vi] P P S P Q R
Genius standing left, holding patera and corn-ears.
Reference: RIC II, 348
Find-spot: 1982, S 27, quadrant C, –0.75 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10269

156
 TRAIANVS
(Pl. IV, 27)
27.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 7; D: 18.02 × 15.77 mm; W: 2.5 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 114–117
Obv: IMP CAES NER TRAIAN OPTIM AVG [ger dac parthico]
Bust draped, laureate, right.
Rv: P M TR P [cos] VI P P S P Q R
Virtus standing right, holding spear and parazonium; left foot on helmet.
Reference: RIC II, 353
Find-spot: 1987, S 43, m 33, –1 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10274

TRAIANVS
(Pl. IV, 28)
28.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 6; D: 32.15 mm; W: 24.5 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 114–117
Obv: IMP CAES NER TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC P M TR P COS VI P P
Bust draped, laureate, right.
Rv: SENATVS POPVLVSQVE ROMANVS
Exergue: FORT RED; S C
Fortuna Redux seated left holding rudder and cornucopiae.
Reference: RIC II, 652
Find-spot: 1977, outside building “A”, –1.65 m; above the layer of fire.
Inv. No: NIR 10272

TRAIANVS
29.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: –; D: 32.83 mm; W: 22.3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 98–117
Obv: Legend erased.
Bust laureate, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1983, S 36, m 6, –0.50 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10266

TRAIANVS
30.
Denomination: as, fragmentary
Axis: –; D: 26.03 × 24.12 mm; W: –

157
Mint: Rome
Dating: 98–117
Obv: Legend erased.
Bust silhouette, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1981, S 20, m 28–29, –1.05 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10277

TRAIANVS
31.
Denomination: as, fragment
Axis: –; D: –; W: –
Mint: Rome
Dating: 98–117
Obv: …AN….
Silhouette head, right.
Rv: Corroded.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 2000, S 19, surface 2, m 91, –0.50 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10264

HADRIANVS
32.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 6; D: 33.32 × 32.10 mm; W: 24.1 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 117
Obv: IMP CAES DIVI TRA PARTH F DIVI NER NEP TRAIANO HADRIANO AVG
Bust draped on left shoulder, laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Exergue: CONCORD[ia; s c]
Concordia seated left with patera and elbow on figure of Spes, cornucopiae below.
Reference: RIC II, 535 (b)
Find-spot: 1978, S 10, –0.50 m, excavated ground.
Inv. No: NIR 10285

HADRIANVS
33.
Denomination: as, fragmentary
Axis: 6; D: 25.56 mm; W: –
Mint: Rome
Dating: 118
Obv: [imp case divi tra parth f divi ne]R NEP TRAI[ano hadriano aug]
Bust laureate, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Legionary eagle between two standards.

158
Reference: RIC II, 546 b
Find-spot: 1985, S 42, m 11.05, –1.05 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10302

HADRIANVS
(Pl. IV, 34)
34.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 7; D: 18 × 16.18 mm; W: 2.6 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 119–122
Obv: IMP CAESAR TRAIAN – HADRIAN AVG
Head laureate, right.
Rv: [po]NT MA-X COS III
Roma seated left, holding spear and Victory; behind, shield.
Reference: RIC II, 77
Find-spot: 1981, “jumping pit”, –0.80 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10291

HADRIANVS
35.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 6; D: 31.73 mm; W: 25.8 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 119–122
Obv: [imp caes] TRAIANVS [hadrianus aug]
Silhouette head, right.
Rv: [po]NT MA-X [tr pot cos iii]; S – C
Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopiae.
Reference: RIC II, 563 (b)
Find-spot: 2001, praetentura dextra, surface 1, m 3, –1.70 m; beneath the adobe layer; phase I, lay
out.
Inv. No: NIR 10301

HADRIANVS
36.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 28.19 mm; W: 11.5 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 119–122
Obv: IMP CAES TRAIANVS HADRIANVS [aug]
Bust draped on left shoulder, laureate, right.
Rv: PONT M[ax tr pot] COS III; S – C
Roma standing right, foot on helmet, holding Victory and cornucopia.
Reference: RIC II, 575
Find-spot: 1983, praetorium, B 4, –1.87 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10303

159
 HADRIANVS
37.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 26.57 × 24.71 mm; W: 11 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 119–122
Obv: IMP CAES TRAIA-N HADRIAN AVG
Bust draped, laureate, right.
Rv: P M TR P COS III; S – C
Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopiae.
Reference: RIC II, 616 (c)
Find-spot: 1984, Sector A, S-W corner tower. Wooden phase, m 6.50, –0.80 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10304

HADRIANVS
(Pl. IV, 38)
38.
Denomination: denarius, fragmentary
Axis: 7; D: 17.99 mm; W: –
Mint: Rome
Dating: 125–128
Obv: HADRIANVS – AVGVSTVS
Head laureate, right.
Rv: COS – III
Pudicitia, veiled, seated left.
Reference: RIC II, 178
Find-spot: 1976, S 1, m 21–22, –1.15 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10281

HADRIANVS
39.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 6; D: 31.03 × 29.61 mm; W: 28.3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 125–128
Obv: HADRIANVS – AVGVSTVS
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Roma seated left on cuirass, left foot on helmet, holding Victory and cornucopiae; behind, shield.
Reference: RIC II, 636
Find-spot: 1978, porta decumana, the outer side of the northern tower, on the via sagularis, –0.90 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10286

HADRIANVS
40.
Denomination: as
Axis: 5; D: 28.61 × 25.40 mm; W: 9.7 gr.

160
Mint: Rome
Dating: 125–128
Obv: HADRIANVS – AVGVSTVS
Head laureate, right.
Rv: COS – III; S – C
Salus standing right, feeding snake coiled round altar and holding sceptre.
Reference: RIC II, 669
Find-spot: 1982, praetentura sinistra, building “A”, –1.95 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10290

HADRIANVS
41.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 23.47 × 22.11 mm; W: 5.4 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 125–128
Obv: Legend erased.
Silhouette head, right.
Rv: Legend erased; [s] – C
Salus standing right, feeding snake coiled round altar and holding sceptre.
Reference: cf. RIC II, 669
Find-spot: 1985, praetentura, east profile, quadrant B 6, –1.40 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10294

HADRIANVS
42.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 26.66 × 25.69 mm; W: 9.8 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 125–128
Obv: Legend erased.
Silhouette head, right.
Rv: Legend erased; S – C
Salus standing right, feeding snake coiled round altar and holding sceptre.
Reference: cf. RIC II, 669
Find-spot: 1998, S 43, m 3–4, –0.80–1 m; beneath the adobe layer; phase I, lay out.
Inv. No: NIR 10293

HADRIANVS
43.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 25.59 × 23.60 mm; W: 9.8 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 125–128
Obv: HADRIANVS – AVGVSTVS
Head laureate, right.
Rv: COS – III; S – C
Ship right.

161
Reference: RIC II, 673
Find-spot: 1979, praetentura sinistra, building “A”, outer side of room D, –0.90 m; under the floor
of bricks, in the gravel, a layer of rich archaeological material.
Inv. No: NIR 10282

HADRIANVS
(Pl. IV, 44)
44.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 18.30 × 16.49 mm; W: 3.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 132–134
Obv: HADRIANVS – AVGVSTVS
Bust draped, head bare, right.
Rv: INDVLGENTI-A · AVG P P
Exergue: COS III
Indulgentia seated left, extending right hand and holding sceptre.
Reference: RIC II, 213
Find-spot: 1979, principia, cella, –0.30 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10296

HADRIANVS
(Pl. IV, 45)
45.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 18.94 mm; W: 2.4 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 132–134
Obv: HADRIANVS – AVGVSTVS
Bust draped, laureate, right.
Rv: PIETA[ti a]VG – COS III P P
Pietas seated left, holding patera and scepter.
Reference: RIC II, 219
Find-spot: 2000, S 19, surface 2, –0.90 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10297

HADRIANVS
(Pl. IV, 46)
46.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 17.93 × 15.84 mm; W: 2.7 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 134–138
Obv: HADRIANVS – AVG COS III P P
Head laureate, right.
Rv: VICTO-RIA A-VG
Victory standing right, drawing out fold of dress and holding branch pointed downwards.

162
Reference: RIC II, 282
Find-spot: 2000, S 19, surface 2, –0.60 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10280

HADRIANVS
47.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 25.45 mm; W: 10.4 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 134–138
Obv: HADRIANVS – AVG [cos iii p p]
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased; S – C in exergue.
Fortuna standing left, probably clasping hands right with Hadrian (erased).
Reference: cf. RIC II, 813
Find-spot: 1976, S 1, m 24–25, –1.40 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10283

HADRIANVS
48.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 26.35 mm; W: 8.7 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 134–138
Obv: HADRIANVS [aug] COS III P P
Head laureate, right.
Rv: [lib]ERTAS – PVBLICA; S – C
Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter.
Reference: RIC II, 818
Find-spot: 1979, building “A”, room “d”, –1.10 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10288

HADRIANVS
49.
Denomination: as
Axis: 12; D: 25.89 mm; W: 11.6 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 134–138
Obv: HADRIANVS AVG COS III P P
Head laureate, right.
Rv: DACIA; S – C
Dacia seated left on rock, holding vexillum and curved sword; right foot rests on globe.
Reference: RIC II, 850
Find-spot: 1983, S 35, m 26–27, –0.72 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10289

163
 HADRIANVS
(Pl. IV, 50)
50.
Denomination: denarius, incuse
Axis: –; D: 19.38 mm; W: 1.6 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 125–138
Obv: HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Illegible.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1976, S 3, the wall towards north, right on the wall.
Inv. No: NIR 10284

HADRIANVS
51.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 25.94 mm; W: 11.3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 125–138
Obv: Legend erased.
Silhouette head, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Female seated left.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1981, S 24, m 8.60, –1.05 m; beneath the loam layer; phase I, lay out.
Inv. No: NIR 10292

HADRIANVS
52.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 24.47 × 23.38 mm; W: 7.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 125–138
Obv: Legend erased.
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Female standing right.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1985, S 42, m 9.15, –1.60 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10299

HADRIANVS
53.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 25.38 mm; W: 5.2 gr.
Mint: Rome

164
Dating: 117–138
Obv: Legend erased.
Silhouette head, right.
Rv: Legend erased; S – C
Silhouette standing.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 2001, praetentura dextra, surface 1, m 8.80, –1.10 m; layer of a strongly burnt loam –
layer after fire.
Inv. No: NIR 10300

HADRIANVS
54.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: –; D: 27.36 mm; W: 12.3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 117–138
Obv: Legend erased.
Silhouette head, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1981, S 19, m 55.70, –1.25 m; on the reddish clay.
Inv. No: NIR 10298

HADRIANVS
55.
Denomination: as, cast (?), fragmentary
Axis: –; D: 26.62 mm; W: –
Mint: –
Dating: 117–138
Obv: Legend erased.
Silhouette head, right.
Rv: Corroded.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1983, praetentura, C 4, on the first floor.
Inv. No: NIR 10287

HADRIANVS: Sabina
56.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6 D: 26.97 × 24.57 mm; W: 8.7 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 117–138
Obv: [sabina augusta hadri]ANI [aug p p]
Bust draped right: a triple tiara above the brow, behind which the hair is drawn up and
elaborately plaited.
Rv: Exergue: S C
Ceres seated left on basket, holding corn-ears and torch.

165
Reference: RIC II, 1023
Find-spot: 1981, S 20, South quadrant, m 78.55, –0.73 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10295

ANTONINVS PIVS
57.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 26.51 mm; W: 9.5 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 150–151
Obv: [imp caes t] AEL HADR – ANTONINVS [aug pius p p]
Head laureate, right.
Rv: [tr ] POT XIII[I cos iiii]; S – C
In exergue: ANNONA AVG
Annona seated left, holding corn-ears and cornucopiae; to left, modius.
Reference: RIC III, 880
Find-spot: 1979, principia, room with hypocaustum “D”.
Inv. No: NIR 10306

ANTONINVS PIVS
(Pl. IV, 58)
58.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 11; D: 32.10 × 30.37 mm; W: 26.3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 145–161
Obv: ANTONINVS AVG PI-VS P P TR P COS IIII
Head laureate, right.
Rv: S – C
Roma, helmeted, seated left, holding Victory and spear, resting left elbow on shield.
Reference: RIC III, 780
Find-spot: 1982, S 19, excavated ground.
Inv. No: NIR 10305

ANTONINVS PIVS
(Pl. IV, 59)
59.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: 11; D: 25.47 mm; W: 13.1 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 148–149
Obv: ANTONINVS AVG – PIVS P P TR P XII
Head radiate, right.
Rv: COS IIII; S – C
Aequitas standing left, holding scales and cornucopia.
Reference: RIC III, 858
Find-spot: 1985, S 42, m 12.85 (near wall), –1.05 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10357

166
 ANTONINVS PIVS for M. Aurelius Caesar
(Pl. IV, 60)
60.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 19.39 mm; W: 3.5 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 151–152
Obv: AVRELIVS CAESAR ANTONINI AVG PII FIL
Head bare, right.
Rv: TR POT VI – COS II
Exergue: CLEM
Clementia standing front, head left, holding patera and holding out skirt with left hand.
Reference: RIC III, 456a
Find-spot: 1977, S 1, building “A”, excavated ground.
Inv. No: NIR 10314

ANTONINVS PIVS for M. Aurelius Caesar

(Pl. IV, 61)
61.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 5; D: 18.28 × 17.42 mm; W: 3.4 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 152–153
Obv: AVRELIVS CAE-SAR AVG PII FIL
Head bare, right.
Rv: TR POT VII – COS II
The Genius Exercitus standing left, sacrificing with patera over altar and holding legionary eagle.
Reference: RIC III, 458
Find-spot: 1979, S 14, –0.90 m; in the debris of the via praetoria.
Inv. No: NIR 10309

ANTONINVS PIVS for M. Aurelius Caesar

(Pl. IV, 62)
62.
Denomination: denarius, plated
Axis: 6; D: 17.34 mm; W: 2.6 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 148–149 or later
Obv: AVRELIVS CAE-SAR AVG PII F
Head bare, right.
Rv: TR POT III – COS II
Minerva standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
Reference: cf. RIC III, 444
Find-spot: 1981, S 9 bis, –0.60 m; near the last southern pillar.
Inv. No: NIR 10307

167
 ANTONINVS PIVS for M. Aurelius Caesar?
63.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 26.12 mm; W: 12.3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 140–161?
Obv: Legend erased.
Vague silhouette, head bare, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1980, porta principalis dextra, western, –1.75 m; stuck to the western wall, in the corner;
from the time of building the stone phase.
Inv. No: NIR 10313

ANTONINVS PIVS for Faustina I

64.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 11; D: 33.50 mm; W: 22.8 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 138–141
Obv: FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI PII P P
Bust draped, right.
Rv: CON[cordial aug]; S – C
Concordia standing left with patera & double cornuacopiae, leaning on column.
Reference: RIC III, 1076
Find-spot: 1980, building D, via praetoria, last level.
Inv. No: NIR 10310

ANTONINVS PIVS for Diva Faustina I

(Pl. IV, 65)
65.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 12; D: 18.10 × 16.73 mm; W: 3.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: post 141
Obv: DIVA FAV-STINA
Bust draped, right.
Rv: AVGV-STA
Ceres standing left, holding corn-ears and torch.
Reference: RIC III, 360
Find-spot: 1980, porta principalis dextra, quadrant C, –1.25 m; the area of sewer in the gateway.
Inv. No: NIR 10312

ANTONINVS PIVS for Diva Faustina I

66.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 25.66 × 22.59 mm; W: 6.3 gr.

168
Mint: Rome
Dating: post 141
Obv: DIVA FAV-[stina]
Bust draped, right.
Rv: [aeternitas]; S – C
Ceres standing left, holding corn-ears and torch.
Reference: RIC III, 1154
Find-spot: 1981, S 28, m 2–3; –1.30 m; in the layer of phase I of stone near northern side of the
wall belonging to room “J”.
Inv. No: NIR 10311

ANTONINVS PIVS for Diva Faustina I

67.
Denomination: as
Axis: 12; D: 24.68 mm; W: 8.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: post 141
Obv: [diva] FAV-[ustina]
Bust draped, right.
Rv: AVGVS-TA; S – C
Ceres standing left, holding corn-ears and torch.
Reference: RIC III, 1169
Find-spot: 1981, S 19, m 73; –0.20 m; south quadrant.
Inv. No: NIR 10308

ANTONINVS PIVS for Diva Faustina I

68.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 24.67 × 22.71 mm; W: 5.7 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: post 141
Obv: Legend erased.
Vague silhouette of bust, right.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1981, S 19, south quadrant, –0.30 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10315

MARCVS AVRELIVS
(Pl. IV, 69)
69.
Denomination: denarius, plated
Axis: 6; D: 17.75 mm; W: 2.8 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 161 or later
Obv: IMP M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG
Head bare, right.

169
Rv: CONCORD AVG TR P XV
Exergue: COS III
Concordia seated left, holding patera; cornucopiae under seat.
Reference: cf. RIC III, 2
Find-spot: 1983, S 35, m 9–10, –0.17 m.
Remark: a fake portrait of Marcus Aurelius.
Inv. No: NIR 10316

MARCVS AVRELIVS
(Pl. V, 70)
70.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 5; D: 30.67 × 29.10 mm; W: 30 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 172–173
Obv: M ANTONINVS – AVG TR [p] XXV
Head laureate, right.
Rv: IMP VI [cos] III; S – C
Concordia seated left, holding patera; cornucopiae under seat.
Reference: RIC III, 1090
Find-spot: 1982, S 1 A, –1 m; 1 m from the western edge and 0.50 m from the south bystander.
Inv. No: NIR 10317

MARCVS AVRELIVS for Divus Antoninus Pius

(Pl. V, 71)
71.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 12; D: 17.27 × 15.43; W: 2.4 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: post 161
Obv: DIVVS ANTONINVS
Head bare, draped on left shoulder, right.
Rv: CONSECRATIO
Pyre of four tiers; quadriga on top.
Reference: RIC III, 438
Find-spot: 1976, S 4, m 2–3, –0.60 m; in the debris of the barrack’s wall, outside of via sagularis.
Inv. No: NIR 10320

MARCVS AVRELIVS for Divus Antoninus Pius

72.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: –; W: 9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: post 161
Obv: Legend erased.
Vague silhouette of head, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Silhouette of a column.

170
Reference: cf. RIC III, 1270
Find-spot: 1976, S 3, the extension towards south, –0.50 m; on the “debris”.
Inv. No: NIR 10319

MARCVS AVRELIVS for Faustina II

(Pl. V, 73)
73.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 11; D: 33.99 × 32.89 mm; W: 25.9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 161–175
Obv: FAVSTINA – AVGVSTA
Bust draped, right.
Rv: TEMPOR – FELIC
Faustina standing left between four girls; she holds two infants in her arms.
Reference: RIC III, 1673
Find-spot: 1980, porta principalis dextra, s-w end, outer side of the eastern tower, –1.40 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10318

COMMODVS
74.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 12; D: 29.10 × 24.24 mm; W: 19.5 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 192
Obv: [l ael] AVREL [comm aug p fel].
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Commodus, veiled, standing right, sacrificing over tripod: before him, victimarius raising axe to
strike bull, which an attendant holds by the horns, and flute-player.
Reference: RIC III, 603
Find-spot: 1981, S 19, south quadrant, –0.30 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10321

COMMODVS
75.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 5; D: 28.68 × 26.74 mm; W: 19.5 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 192
Obv: [l ael] AVREL COM-M A[ug p fel].
Head laureate, right.
Rv: [herc]VLI RO[mano aug] [s-c]
Hercules standing left, hand on trophy, holding club and lion skin.
Reference: RIC III, 640
Find-spot: 1977, S 7, principia, m 55, –0.45 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10322

171
 SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS
(Pl. V, 76)
76.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 11; D: 18.01 × 17 mm; W: 2.7 gr.
Mint: Emesa
Dating: 194–195
Obv: IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG COS II
Head laureate, right.
Rv: MONET – AVG ·
Moneta standing left, holding scales and cornucopia.
Reference: RIC IV.1, 411 a
Find-spot: 1998, survey.
Inv. No: NIR 10323

SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS
(Pl. V, 77)
77.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 12; D: 18.08 × 15.70 mm; W: 2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 197–198
Obv: L – SEPT SEV PERT – AVG [imp X]
Head laureate, right.
Rv: [p m tr p] VI – COS II P P
Sol standing left, raising right hand and holding whip in left hand.
Reference: RIC IV.1, 117
Find-spot: 1979, principia, perystilum, near oecus’ wall, in front of caela, –1.25 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10324

SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS
(Pl. V, 78)
78.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 5; D: 16.93 mm; W: 2.8 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 197–198
Obv: L – SEPT SE[v pert] – AVG IMP X
Head laureate, right.
Rv: SALVTI – AVGG
Salus seated left, feeding a snake coiling up from an altar out of a patera; arm on side of throne.
Reference: RIC IV.1, 119A
Find-spot: 1977, building “A” outside, right on the floor, –0.95 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10330

172
 SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS
79.
Denomination: denarius, plated, fragmentary
Axis: 12; D: –; W: –
Mint: –
Dating: 206 or later
Obv: SEVERVS – PIVS AVG
Head laureate, right.
Rv: [p m tr p xiiii] COS III P P
Genius standing left, sacrificing out of patera over altar.
Reference: cf. RIC IV.1, 201
Find-spot: 1979, S XV, –0.80 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10326

SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS
80.
Denomination: denarius, plated
Axis: 12; D: 16.7 × 15.9; W: 2.1 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 206 or later
Obv: SEVERVS – PIVS AVG
Head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Silhouette standing.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1983, S 35, m 38.50; –0.40 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10328

SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS
81.
Denomination: denarius, plated, fragmentary
Axis: 1; D: –; W: –
Mint:
Dating: 193–211 or later
Obv: Legend erased.
Silhouette head laureate, right.
Rv: Legend erased.
Silhouette standing left.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1979, principia on the wall south to the cella, –0.30 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10327

SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS for IVLIA DOMNA

(Pl. V, 82)
82.
Denomination: denarius, plated, fragmentary
Axis: 6; D: 17.59 mm; W: 1.9 gr.

173
Mint: –
Dating: 196–211 or later
Obv: IVLIA – AVGVSTA
Bust draped, right.
Rv: IVNO – REGINA
Juno standing left with patera and scepter; peacock at foot to left.
Reference: cf. RIC IV.1, 560
Find-spot: 1980, principia, room “E”, excavated ground.
Inv. No: NIR 10329

SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS for IVLIA DOMNA

83.
Denomination: denarius, plated, fragmentary
Axis: 6; D: –; W: –
Mint: –
Dating: 196–211
Obv: IVLIA…
Part of head, right.
Rv: PI[etas aug]G
Part of Pietas standing left and altar.
Reference: cf. RIC IV.1, 572
Find-spot: 1979, S 15, –0.80 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10325

CARACALLA
84.
Denomination: denarius, plated
Axis: 12; D: 17.78 mm; W: 2.6 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 213 or later
Obv: [an]TONINVS [pius aug] GERM
Head laureate, right.
Rv: [p m tr p xvi c]OS IIII P P
Serapis standing left, raising right hand and holding transverse sceptre.
Reference: cf. RIC IV.1, 208
Find-spot: 1979, principia cella, –0.45 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10331

ELAGABALVS
(Pl. V, 85)
85.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 18.40 mm; W: 2.1 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 222
Obv: IMP ANTONINVS PIVS AVG
Bust draped, laureate, right.

174
Rv: P M TR P V – COS IIII P P
Elagabalus sacrificing left over lighted altar, holding patera and club; in field, star.
Reference: RIC IV.2, 52
Find-spot: 1984, praetorium, C 5, m 3.30, –0.20 m; on the foundation, area “T”.
Inv. No: NIR 10333

ELAGABALVS
(Pl. V, 86)
86.
Denomination: denarius, fragmentary
Axis: 12; D: 18.28 mm; W: –
Mint: Rome
Dating: 218–222
Obv: [im]P ANTONINVS PIVS AVG
Head laureate, right.
Rv: ABVNDA-TIA AVG
Abundantia standing left, emptying cornucopiae; in field, star.
Reference: RIC IV.2, 56
Find-spot: 1981, S 20, m 26, –0.45 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10335

ELAGABALVS
(Pl. V, 87)
87.
Denomination: denarius, fragmentary
Axis: 12; D: 20.05 mm; W: –
Mint: Rome
Dating: 218–222
Obv: IMP ANTONINVS AVG
Bust draped, laureate, right.
Rv: FIDES M-I-LITVM
Fides standing right, head turned right, holding standard and vexillum.
Reference: RIC IV.2, 73
Find-spot: 1977, principia, S 7, m 59, –0.35 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10334

SEVERVS ALEXANDER
(Pl. V, 88)
88.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 12; D: 17.81 × 17.03 mm; W: 2.3 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 222–228
Obv: IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG
Bust draped and cuirassed, laureate, right.
Rv: AEQVITAS AVG
Aequitas standing left, holding scales and cornucopiae.

175
Reference: RIC IV.2, 127
Find-spot: 1977, S 7, principia, m 7, –0.40 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10338

SEVERVS ALEXANDER
(Pl. V, 89)
89.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 17.98 mm; W: 1.9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 222–228
Obv: IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG
Bust draped and cuirassed, laureate, right.
Rv: MARTI – [pa]CIFERO
Mars standing front, head left, holding branch and spear.
Reference: RIC IV.2, 160
Find-spot: 1980, building “A”, south part, on the via praetoria.
Inv. No: NIR 10337

SEVERVS ALEXANDER
(Pl. V, 90)
90.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 18.26 mm; W: 3.1 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 222–228
Obv: IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG
Bust draped, laureate, right.
Rv: PAX AETE-R-NA AVG
Pax standing left, holding branch and sceptre.
Reference: RIC IV.2, 165
Find-spot: 1980, porta principalis dextra, western tower, outer side of the eastern wall; quadrant
C, –0.80 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10343

SEVERVS ALEXANDER
(Pl. V, 91)
91.
Denomination: denarius, fragmentary
Axis: 6; D: 18.42 mm; W: –
Mint: Rome
Dating: 228–231
Obv: IMP SEV ALEXAND AVG
Bust draped, laureate, right.
Rv: PERPETVI-[ta]TI AVG
Perpetuitas standing left with globe and scepter, leaning on column.
Reference: RIC IV.2, 208

176
Find-spot: 1980, porta principalis dextra, quadrant C, m 4–5, –0.30 m; eastern tower, above the
floor.
Inv. No: NIR 10340

SEVERVS ALEXANDER
(Pl. V, 92)
92.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 6; D: 18.58 mm; W: 2.16 gr
Mint: Rome
Dating: 228–231
Obv: IMP SEV ALEXAND AVG
Bust draped, laureate, right.
Rv: VIRT-VS AVG
Emperor in military dress, walking right carrying spear and trophy.
Reference: RIC IV.2, 225
Find-spot: 1977, S 3, extension to south, –1.10 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10339

SEVERVS ALEXANDER
(Pl. V, 93)
93.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 12; D: 18.36 × 17.41 mm; W: 2.5 gr.
Mint: Antioch
Dating: 222–228
Obv: IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG
Bust draped, laureate, right.
Rv: PAX AETERNA AVG
Pax standing left with branch and scepter.
Reference: RIC IV.2, 291
Find-spot: 1977, S 7, principia, m 16, –0.60 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10341

SEVERVS ALEXANDER
(Pl. V, 94)
94.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 12; D: 27.86 × 26.36 mm; W: 17.9 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 231–235
Obv: IMP ALEXAN-DER PIVS AVG
Bust draped, laureate, right.
Rv: SPES PVBLICA
Pax walking left, holding branch and raising skirt.
Reference: RIC IV.2, 648
Find-spot: 1980, S 7, principia – room “E”, –0.10 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10342

177
 SEVERVS ALEXANDER for IVLIA MAMAEA
95.
Denomination: denarius, plated
Axis: 7; D: 18.56 mm; W: 2.3 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 222–235 or later
Obv: IVLIA MA-[mamaea aug]
Bust draped, right.
Rv: LIBER[alitas aug]
Liberalitas standing left, holding abacus and cornucopia.
Reference: cf. RIC IV.2, 148
Find-spot: 1979, building “A”, sector I, –0.85 m.
Remark: a hybrid piece with an obverse depicting Julia Mamaea and a reverse from Severus Alexander.
Inv. No: NIR 10344

SEVERVS ALEXANDER for IVLIA MAMAEA

(Pl. V, 96)
96.
Denomination: denarius
Axis: 1; D: 17.72 × 16.52 mm; W: 2.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 222–235
Obv: IVLIA MA-MAMAEA AVG
Bust draped, right.
Rv: VES-TA
Vesta standing left, holding palladium and cornucopia.
Reference: RIC IV.2, 360
Find-spot: 1982, north turret 2A, –0.60 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10336

GORDIANVS III
(Pl. V, 97)
97.
Denomination: antoninianus
Axis: 6; D: 21.91 × 19.7 mm; W: 3.1 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 241–243
Obv: IMP GORDIANVS AVG
Bust draped, radiate, right.
Rv: IOVI – S-TATORI
Jupiter standing front, head right, holding long scepter and thunderbolt.
Reference: RIC IV.3, 84
Find-spot: 1981, S 19, south quadrant, m 72.85, –0.65 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10349

178
 GORDIANVS III
98.
Denomination: antoninianus, plated, hybrid
Axis: 6; D: 21.30 mm; W: 2.4 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 241–243 or later
Obv: [imp case m] ANT GORDIANVS AVG
Bust draped, radiate, right.
Rv: [p m tr] P [iii cos] II P P
Apollo seated left, holding branch and resting left elbow on lyre.
Reference: cf. RIC IV.3, 87 (for reverse)
Find-spot: 1977, S 6, m 1–2, –1.05 m.
Remark: the inscription on the obverse belongs to the period of AD 238 – beginning of AD 240.
Inv. No: NIR 10348

PHILIPPVS I
(Pl. V, 99)
99.
Denomination: antoninianus
Axis: 12; D: 22.54 × 19.03 mm; W: 3.2 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 244–247
Obv: IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG
Bust draped, radiate, right.
Rv: ANNONA AVGG
Annona standing left, holding corn-ears over modius and cornucopia.
Reference: RIC IV.3, 28 c
Find-spot: 1977, building “A”, room C, –0.95m; near the second wall (N-S), in the debris layer.
Inv. No: NIR 10350

PHILIPPVS I
(Pl. V, 100)
100.
Denomination: antoninianus, plated
Axis: 11; D: 20.67 × 18.31 mm; W: 3.6 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 244–247 or later
Obv: IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG
Bust draped, radiate, right.
Rv: ANNON-A AVGG
Annona standing left, holding corn-ears over modius and cornucopia.
Reference: RIC IV.3, 28 c
Find-spot: 1978, S 10, –0.65m; the road south of the praetorium, between this road and the
praetorium.
Inv. No: NIR 10353

179
 PHILIPPVS I
101.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 1; D: 26.56 × 25.52 mm; W: 14.9 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 247–248
Obv: IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG
Bust draped, laureate, right.
Rv: [provinc]IA DACIA
Exergue: AN II
Dacia standing facing between eagle and lion, holding standards inscribed V and XIII, and
curved sword.
Reference: Martin, 2.57
Find-spot: 1981, S 28, m 4, –0.25 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10347

PHILIPPPVS I
(Pl. V, 102)
102.
Denomination: dupondius
Axis: 6; D: 20.76 mm; W: 4 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 247–248
Obv: IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG
Bust draped and cuirassed, radiate, right.
Rv: PROV-INCIA DA-CIA
Exergue: AN II ⋅
Dacia standing between eagle and lion, holding curved sword and two standards inscribed V
and XIII.
Reference: Martin, 2.59.5
Find-spot: 1982, S 19, m 4, –0.30 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10352

PHILIPPPVS I
(Pl. V, 103)
103.
Denomination: as
Axis: 6; D: 18.71 mm; W: 3.3 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 247–248
Obv: [imp m iul] PHILIPPVS AVG
Bust draped and cuirassed, laureate, right.
Rv: PROVINCIA DACIA
Exergue: AN ⋅ II ⋅
Dacia standing between eagle and lion, holding curved sword and two standards inscribed V
and XIII.

180
Reference: Martin, 2.59 – new variant
Find-spot: 1980, S 16, m 9, –2.15 m; near the western side of the western wall of the eastern tower.
Inv. No: NIR 10345

PHILIPPVS I for MARCIA OTACILIA SEVERA

(Pl. V, 104)
104.
Denomination: sestertius
Axis: 7; D: 27.83 mm; W: 15 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 246–247
Obv: MARCIA OTACI-LIA SEVER AVG
Bust draped, right.
Rv: PROV-INCIA DACIA
Exergue: AN ⋅ I ⋅
Dacia standing between eagle and lion, holding curved sword and two standards inscribed V
and XIII.
Reference: Martin, 2.71.1
Find-spot: 1999, north of the S 19; m 97; –0.80 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10346

PHILIPPVS I for PHILIPPVS II (Caesar)

(Pl. V, 105)
105.
Denomination: antoninianus
Axis: 7; D: 24.22 × 22.46 mm; W: 3.8 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 244–246
Obv: M IVL PHILIPPVS CAES
Bust draped and cuirassed, radiate, right.
Rv: PRINCIPI I-VVENT
Philip II standing left holding globe and standard.
Reference: RIC IV.3, 218 d
Find-spot: 1981, S 19, m 32–33, –0.60 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10351

Unidentified coins

106.
Denomination: denarius, fragmentary
Axis: –; D: –; W: –
Mint: –
Dating: 2nd–3rd centuries AD
Obv: Erased.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1976, S 1, m 26, –0.80 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10354

181
107.
Denomination: denarius, subaerat, heavily burnt
Axis: –; D: 20.60 mm; W: 2.3 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 2nd–3rd centuries AD
Obv: Corroded.
Rv: Corroded.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1983, praetorium, A 2, –1.60 m; beneath the rubble.
Inv. No: NIR 10356

108.
Denomination: as
Axis: –; D: 27.17 × 25.34 mm; W: 5.1 gr.
Mint: Rome
Dating: 1st century AD
Obv: Legend erased.
Vague silhouette, left.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1977, 2 m towards north of the big tower.
Inv. No: NIR 10355

109.
Denomination: as?
Axis: –; D: 24.90 × 23.87 mm; W: 7.3 gr.
Mint: –
Dating: 2nd–3rd centuries AD
Obv: Erased.
Rv: Erased.
Reference: –
Find-spot: 1981, S 24, m 9–10, –0.90 m.
Inv. No: NIR 10332

182
 SAMVM (CĂŞEIU)

The auxiliary fort

finds/
Plated/ Unident.
ISSUER Au D Ant Dr S Dp As Semis Total year of
Copy Denom.
reign
No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No
Claudius I 1 100 1 0.07
Julio-Claudian
1 100 1 -
dynasty
Nero 1 100 1 0.07
Vespasian 1 16.6 3 50 2 33.3 6 0.6
Titus 1 50 1 50 2 1
Domitian 1 16.7 1 16.7 4 66.7 6 0.40
Trajan 1 3 1 3 7 21.2 5 15.2 18 54.5 1 3 33 1.73
Hadrian 3 11.1 1 3.7 2 7.4 5 18.5 16 59.2 27 1.28
Antoninus Pius 1 14.3 2 28.6 4 57.1 7 0.30

183
M. Aurelius 2 66.7 1 33.3 3 0.15
Commodus 1 50 1 50 2 0.16
Sept. Severus 3 100 3 0.16
Elagabalus 3 75 1 25 4 1
Sev. Alexander 4 57.1 3 42.9 7 0.53
Maximinus Thrax 1 100 1 0.33
Gordian III 1 100 1 0.16
Philip I 1 12.5 1 12.5 6 75 8 1.60
Unidentified 4 44.4 5 55.6 9
TOTAL 1 0.8 18 14.7 2 1.6 1 0.8 17 13.9 17 13.9 13 10.6 47 38.5 1 0.8 5 4 122
 SAMVM (CĂŞEIU)

The military vicus

finds/
Plated/ Unident. Prov.
ISSUER D S Dp As Qd Casts Total year of
Copy Denom. issues
reign
No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No
Vespasian 1 33.3 2 66.7 3 0.3
Domitian 1 50 1 50 2 0.13
Nerva 1 100 1 0.5
Trajan 1 10 2 20 1 10 5 50 1 10 10 0.52
Hadrian 1 3.8 4 15.4 1 3.8 18 69.2 2 7.7 26 1.23

184
Antoninus Pius 1 20 1 20 3 60 5 0.21
M. Aurelius 1 50 1 50 2 0.10
Commodus 2 100 2 0.16
Sept. Severus 4 100 4 0.22
Sev. Alexander 1 100 1 0.07
Unidentified 1 9.1 5 45.5 5 45.5 11 -
TOTAL 3 4.5 6 9.0 11 16.4 3 4.5 35 52.2 1 1.5 2 3.0 5 7.5 1 1.5 67
 GILĂU

The auxiliary fort

finds/
Plated/ Unident.
ISSUER Au D Ant S Dp As Casts Total year of
Copy Denom.
reign
No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No
M. Antony 1 100 1 -
Tiberius 3 100 3 0.13
Julio-Claudian
1 100 1
dynasty
Vespasian 1 50 1 50 2 0.2
Titus 1 50 1 50 2 1
Domitian 2 66.6 1 33.3 3 0.20
Flavian dynasty 1 50 1 50 2 -

185
Trajan 7 41.1 3 17.6 1 5.8 6 35.2 17 0.89
Hadrian 6 24 3 12 15 60 1 4 25 1.19
Antoninus Pius 3 25 1 8.3 2 16.6 1 8.3 5 41.6 12 0.52
M. Aurelius 1 20 1 20 2 40 1 20 5 0.26
Commodus 2 100 2 0.16
Sept. Severus 3 37.5 5 62.5 8 0.44
Caracalla 1 100 1 0.16
Elagabalus 3 100 3 0.75
Sev. Alexander 7 77.7 1 11.1 1 11.1 9 0.69
Gordian III 1 50 1 50 2 0.33
Philip I 2 28.5 1 14.2 2 28.5 1 14.2 1 14.2 7 1.40
Unidentified 1 25 1 25 2 50 4 -
TOTAL 1 0.9 35 32.1 3 2.7 12 11 15 13.7 3 2.7 38 34.8 1 0.9 1 0.9 109
 Graphs of the single coin finds from Samum (Căşeiu) – the auxiliary fort
40 No.
coins 33

30 27

20

10 7 7 8
6 6
3 3 4
1 1 1 2 2 1 1
0
0
I o n s an v a an n s s us u s s er ax III I
us sty er sia tu er aj r ia iu iu er lu nd hr n p
di na N Ti iti N .P rel od ba a ia ili
au dy s pa om Tr ad A u m Sev g a x .T rd Ph
e D H .A m la le M o
Cl an V M Co S. E A G
di S.
au
- Cl
lio ISSUER
Ju

186
Graphs of the single coin finds from Samum (Căşeiu) – the military vicus
40 No.
coins

30
26

20

10
10
5 4
3 2 2 2
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
0
I o n s an v a an n s s us s s er ax III I
us sty er sia tu er aj r ia iu iu ru lu nd hr n p
di na N Ti iti N .P rel od ve ba a ia ili
au dy s pa om Tr ad A u m Se g a x .T rd Ph
e D H .A m la le M o
Cl an V M Co S. E A G
di S.
au
- Cl
lio ISSUER
Ju
 Graphs of the coins/ years of reign from Samum (Căşeiu) – the auxiliary fort
2 coins/
years 1.7
of reign 1.6
1,5
1.2

1 1
1

0.6
0,5
0,5 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
0.07 0.07
0
0
I o n s an v a an n s s us s us r x III I
us sty er sia tu er aj r ia iu iu ru al de ra n p
di na N Ti iti N .P el od ve an Th ia ili
au d y s pa om Tr ad A ur m Se g ab x . rd Ph
l e D H m la le M o
C an V .A Co S. E A G
di M S.
l au
-C
lio ISSUER
Ju

Graphs of the coins/ years of reign from Samum (Căşeiu) – the military vicus

187
2 coins/
years
of reign
1,5
12

0.5 0.5
0,5
0.3
0.2 0.1 0.2
0.13 0.1 0,07
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
I o n s an v a an n s s us u s s r ax III I
us sty er ia tu er aj r ia iu iu er lu de n p
di na N as Ti iti N .P rel od ba an T hr ia ili
au d y p om Tr ad A u m Sev g a x . rd Ph
n es D H m la le M o
Cl ia V .A Co S. E A G
M S.
aud
l
-C
lio ISSUER
Ju
 Graphs of the single coin finds from Gilău

40 No.
coins

30
25

20 17

12
8 9
10 7
4 5
3 2 2 3 2 3 2
1 1 1
0
y s n s an an n s s us u s lla s er III I
on iu sty sia tu sty aj r ia iu iu er lu nd n p
nt b er na Ti iti na .P rel od aca ba a ia ili
d y s pa om d y Tr ad A u m Sev r g a x rd Ph
.A Ti e D n H .A m Ca la le o
M an V ia M Co S. E A G
di lav S.
au F
- Cl
lio ISSUER
Ju

188
2 coins/
years
of reign
1,5 1.4
1.1
1
1 0.8
0.7 0.6
0.5
0.4
0,5 0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.1

0
y s n s an an n s s us u s la s r III I
on riu sty ia tu sty aj r ia iu iu er al lu de n p
nt be na as Ti iti na .P el od ac ba an ia ili
i d y p om d y Tr ad A ur m Sev r g a x rd Ph
.A T es D n H m Ca la le o
M an V ia .A Co S. E A G
di av M S.
au Fl
- Cl
lio ISSUER
Ju
 Comparative graph of the coins/years of reign for the auxiliary forts from SAMVM (Căşeiu) and Gilău

2 coins/
years Gilău
of reign 1.7
Căşeiu
1.6

1,5 1.4

1.2
1.1

1 1 1
1
0.8

0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5 0.5

189
0,5 0.4
0.4
0.3 0.3 0.3
0.2
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
0.1
0.07 0.07
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
y s I o n s an an n s s us u s la s r ax III I
on riu us sty er ia tu sty aj r ia iu iu er al lu de p
nt be di na N as Ti iti na .P el od ac ba an T hr ian ili
i au d y p om d y Tr ad A ur m Sev r a x . d Ph
.A T l n es D n H m Ca ag le ax or
M C ia V ia .A Co S. El A G
M S. M
aud lav
l F
-C ISSUER
lio
Ju
190
P L AT E S