Report in Microbiology

and Parasitology

Rubeola
(Measles)

Submitted by:
Trazona, Deanzel Jade
Class 2022

Submitted to:
Mr. Jones Patrick G. Estoy
Clinical Instructor
 I. Sign and Symptoms
Fever
Dry cough
Runny nose
Sore throat
Inflamed eyes (conjunctivitis)
Tiny white spot with bluish- white centers on a red background found inside the mouth
on the inner lining of the cheek – CALLED KOPLIK’S SPOT
Reddish-brown rash
A skin rash made up of large, flat blotches that often flow into one another.
Photophobia , or sensitivity to light
Sneezing
Generalized body aches

II. Causative Agent Profile

Morbillivirus/ Ruobela Virus
Virus
Virulence Factor
Hemagglutinin (H) protein
Fusion (F) protein.
III. Link I and link II
Among the best-characterized hemagglutinins are those that occur as surface antigens
(foreign proteins that stimulate the production of antibodies) on viruses in the family
Orthomyxoviridae, which contains the influenza viruses, and the family
Paramyxoviridae, which contains a number of pathogenic viruses, including those that
cause measles.
Destruction of tissue: The maculopapular rash, which starts at the hairline and spreads
over the whole body, is caused by immune T cells targeted to the infected endothelial
cells of the small blood vessels. T-cell deficient individuals do not have the rash, but do
have uncontrolled disease which usually results in death. The damage, as well as the
control of the disease, is mostly caused by the immune system.
A rash characterized by flat red blotches that starts on the face and moves down the
body all the way to the feet over a few days. The rash is a symptom of inflammation
occurring in the skin. As the virus travels in the blood, it infects capillaries in the skin.
Immune cells detect the infection and respond by releasing chemicals such as nitric
oxide and histamines, which destroy the viral invaders and call other immune cells into
action. These same chemicals, however, cause swelling and damage to host cells,
resulting in the often itchy skin rash, which usually occurs concurrently with a fever that
can reach as high as 40°C.

IV. Mode of transmission , incubation period , Period of communicability

 The virus is contagious for 4 days before the rash appears, and it continues to be
contagious for about 4 to 5 days after.
 Airborne , 4 days before symptoms

Infection spreads though:

Physical contact with an infected person

Being near infected people if they cough or sneeze
Touching a surface that has infected droplets of mucus and then putting fingers into the
mouth , or rubbing the nose or eyes

The virus remains active on an object for 2 hours. As soon as the virus enters the body, it multiplies in
the back of the throat, lungs, and the lymphatic system. It later infects and replicates in the urinary tract,
eyes, blood vessels, and central nervous system. The virus takes 1 to 3 weeks to establish itself, but
symptoms appear between 9 and 11 days after initial infection.

Anyone who has never been infected or vaccinated is likely to become ill if they breathe in infected
droplets or are in close physical contact with an infected person.
Approximately 90 percent of people who are not immune will develop measles if they share a house
with an infected person.

Incubation Period

10 days from exposure to appearance of FEVER

14days until rash disappears
Period of Communicability
9 days from 4 days BEFORE rash appears
9 days AFTER 5 days rash appears

V. Management
Isolation- Patients will need to be on isolation precautions to decrease transmission
within the community. Emphasize the need for immediate isolation when early catarrhal
symptoms appear
Skin care- Measles causes extreme pruritus. Nursing interventions include keeping the
patient's nails short, encourage long pants and sleeves to prevent scratching, keeping
skin moist with health care provider recommended lotions, and avoiding sunlight and
heat.
Eye care- Treat conjunctivitis with warm saline when removing eye secretions and
encourage patient not to rub eyes. Protect the eyes from glare of strong light.
Hydration- encourage oral hydration. Medical literature encourages the use of Oral Re-
hydration Solution.
Temperature control- Antipyretics should be administered to the patient as ordered for
a temperature greater than 100.4 Fahrenheit unless directed elsewise by a healthcare
provider. Be sure to remind parents not to administer aspirin due to the risk of Rey's
syndrome.
Supplements- Vitamin A has been shown to help decrease mortality in children under
the age of two years.

VI. Nursing Implication

Express your understanding of their reservations.
Explain to them that you have educated yourself about the dangers of measles disease
because you want or be able to help them make healthy decisions for themselves and
their children.
Tell them stories about measles disease in friends or family if you know any.
Then explain the science behind the safety of MMR vaccine and as a scientist yourself
you trust the science.
Then tell them you are vaccinated yourself and you want to offer the same protection to
them or their child and you want to vaccinate them today.