Professional Documents
Culture Documents
07 - Chapter 1
07 - Chapter 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
China the global leader in garment production. India is known for its high quality
garments for men and most of the garment manufacturers are in the Small and
Medium scale industry. RMGs (RMG) are garments ready for wearing1. Wearing
garments is one of basic needs for every human being. The popularity of RMG is
increasing day by day. RMG such as cotton shirts, terry cotton shirts, pants, pajamas,
petticoats, blouses, shalwar, kurta, children’s wear and school uniforms, have been
finding more and more acceptance in the indigenous markets and have carved out a
niche in the global markets and earned reputation for its low cost, durability, quality
and gorgeousness.
stores, shopping malls, rising disposable incomes, government policy and the like,
1. Ramesh Bhojuani, Small, Medium and Large Scale Industries Vol. II, SSI Hand Book,
focused on fast-track growth of textile and RMG and ambitious goals - have created
RMG are made for a wide range of events and usage. It is, therefore,
necessary to suit the very purpose. The purposefulness of the RMG is achieved by
The main fabrics used for RMG are: cotton, silk, wool, synthetic, blended and
other types. Fabrics serve as the raw materials for the RMG industry. Economy
durability and fashion orientations are the main consideration for selection of raw
material for a particular type of RMG. Various non-traditional fabrics are also used
for RMG. Leather, nylon and other synthetic fabrics are a few to name. The
associated consumable stores include, stitching threads, buttons and various insert,
like collar bones, embroidery materials, and the like. Stitching threads are mainly
non-metallic or metallic ones and so is the case with button. Colour matching or
for a suitable garment design. Experience and imagination is combined together for
creation of latest fashion garments. Experimentation and modeling tactics are used
for evolving designs while suitable equipments and quality raw materials translate
the designs into actual garments for use. The bulk-purchase dictates their own quality
RMG have a wide ranging use within and out of our country. The RMG are
manufactured in industries in standard sizes for instant use. The RMG are used by
ladies and gents, boys and girls as inner wears or outer garments. Different fabrics
are used to manufacture RMG which are suitable for specific seasons and occasions,
RMG are used because these are fashionable, suitable for a particular occasion
or event, season or climate and most of all economically suitable for all sorts of
people. Various types of RMG are used by various sections of people and hence
People of certain tastes use RMG of specific type depending on needs but
there is a habit to share the tastes of other sects of people. However, RMG today
small-scale industries. The type of materials used for manufacture of RMG varies
differently depending upon copy right and capacity of the producer. A RMG
consumer is not deeply concerned in analyzing the quality of the products marketed.
Hence, the RMG are purchased depending upon his needs, the potentiality,
Costly RMG are also marketed with good materials and in attractive designs
to satisfy the needs of consumers belonging to the different types such as infants,
the production units face high amount of risk and problems in procuring materials,
scarcity, delay in delivery, poor quality and high cost, transportation problems, price
fluctuations are faced in acquiring raw materials. Problems like lack of modern
machinery with latest and advanced technologies, labour absenteeism, and lack of
These are some of the problems existing in almost all the sections in
production units of RMG. For this Study, the manufacturing units are classified on
the basis of the nature of products - branded and unbranded products. The units are
named into two groups namely Branded Units (BU) and Unbranded Units (UBU).
All the aspects related to the problems are discussed at the BU and UBU level.
The present study focuses on the problems and issues faced by small scale
investment of upto Rs.25 lakhs in plant and machinery) and Medium enterprises
(having an investment of more than Rs.5 crores in plant and machinery) are not
1. To trace the origin, growth and development of RMG in India and Tamil Nadu
3. To study the profile of the study area and the institutional assistance rendered
4. To study the general profile of RMG manufacturing units in the study area and
5. To examine the association between the profile units and the various problems
RMG Industry in India’ emphasized the leadership role of garments sector in India as
this sector is the second employment providing sector after agriculture and is
concerned to small scale industries sector. He stressed the important role played by
RMG industry as it is concerned with one of the basic needs of every citizen and
focused the contribution of the RMG sector in the sphere of production, earning of
Centre (TRAC) on April 5, 2009, he identified: high labour turnover that averaged
2. Shahid Alam, “Marketing Strategies of RMG Industry of India” Ph.D. Thesis, Aligarh Muslim
University, 2011
3. www.amcham-egypt.org
7
materials and skilled and efficient manpower for designing, cutting, pattern making
materials such as fabrics, threads, zippers, buttons, and labels from another countries,
the failure to meet the standard in quality as compared to other countries, as the
the essential raw materials in abundance as well as cheap labour5 The industry has,
however, not been able to acquire an important place in the world. Main problems
impeding the growth of this industry are summarised as under: For those who
Poor training to the workers and the careless attitude of workers affect the quality of
the final product. The assets such as sewing machines and raw materials available in
4. www.scribd.com
5.www.findarticles.com
8
environment related issues in the Indian textile industry, the global demand, the
complaints, level of the industry as well as the various steps and actions needed to be
Trends and Impact on Business” explained the emerging trends on the apparel
Suresh8, in his book titled “Textile Industries in India” stated that the
opportunities for export of textiles and RMG are going to be more in the forthcoming
7. Amith Garg and Rahul Shah, “E-commerce: Emerging Trends and impact on business”, Clothes
8. Suresh C, “Textile Industry in India”, The Textile Ministry, Government of India, New Delhi,
February, 2004, p. 14
9
years for India’s economic development and highlighted the potential and emerging
garments at Tiruppur”, stated the reasons for the cost variations in knit wear garments
and identified the profit margin kept by large number of units as around 10
percentage and job orders of knitting, processing and calendaring are done on credit.
Lakshman10 in his Article titled, “Garment as the lead Industry the way ahead”
stated that the global apparel industries were undergoing a rapid transformation with
respect to the demands of buyers and the strategies adopted by suppliers to meet
these demands. The study pointed out the significant gap that lies between the exact
requirements of buyers and the capabilities of local suppliers and suggested measures
9. Devaraj, “A Study on Costing and Pricing of Knitted garments at Tiruppur”, Economic and
10. Lakshman W.D, “Garment as the lead Industry the way ahead” , Prawada, May-June issue,
1996, p. 59
10
productivity and also the supply chain management and product development. He
Gopal Joshi12 in his study stated that “for improving productivity through high
value addition and high quality the garment industry can be pursued through a
11. Rajesh Bheda, “Productivity through quality - the experience of Apparel Industry”, The Indian
12. Gopal Joshi, “Garment Industry of India in South India Rags or Riches?” (ILO), New Delhi,
2002, p. 20
11
Rahul Chaudhry13 in his article on “Indian garment industry: What is the real
competitive edge?” observed that the Indian garment industry has long been harping
on the low cost advantage which in the real sense is not so low when the productivity
norms are applied. He also observed that there must be a shift from cost advantage to
textile and garment industry” observed that “perhaps the most draconian of all
government policy that has scuttled the growth of garment industry is reservation of
garment manufacture for small scale industry and also impeded technology
garments.”
13. Rahul Chaudhry, “Indian garment industry - What is the real competitive edge?”, Clothesline,
September 2003, p. 76
14. Samar Verma, “Export competitiveness of Indian textile and garment industry,” Working Paper
No. 94, Indian council for international and Economic relations (ICRIER), 2002, p. 27
12
Dinesh Pant and Devendra Prdhan15 in their study on Nepal garment industry
pointed out that the competitiveness of the garment industry in Nepal is constrained
national strategy with a focus on high value products and market diversification,
Malliswaran16 in his study titled “A study on the garment industry with special
reference to Tiruppur” stated that the garment industry is the potential industry which
the government should take steps to improve the basic infrastructure facilities like
water, transport, warehouses, effluent disposals etc., to enhance the quality of the
15. Dinesh Pant and Devendra Prdhan, “Garment Industry in South Asia Rags or riches?”, (ILO) ,
16. Malliswaran, “A study on the garment industry with special reference to Tiruppur” Ph.D. Thesis,
concessional rate of interest and skilled workers are to be motivated by monetary and
of Pakistan Garment Industry”17 it was stated that there are three main factors
poor management practices and untrained man power and the third is lack of working
capital.
Narin Duth Buthoo18 in his article on “Africa hit hard as Global textile
markets opens” quoted a study by WTO which reveals that India and China will
garner about 80 per cent of the world market and the remaining 20 per cent have to
17. “Garment Productivity Centre Endeavoring for Prosperity of Pakistan Garment Industry”
18. Narin Duth Buthoo, “Africa hit hard as Global textile markets opens”, Apparel Fortnightly,
January 2005, p. 38
14
Chandran Shah and Mohan Singh19 in their study observed that “presently the
Indian hosiery and RMG products are moving export to USA and European
economic countries. Exporters are now realizing that it may not be easy for the
increased export to these countries because of tough competition from other countries
relationship between Indian exporters and foreign designers will give us an advance
Manisha, Awasthi and Anitha Singh21 in their article suggested that the Indian
garment industry can perform well globally if the quality assurance systems are
implemented strictly. Quality has to be designed and built into products and just
19. Chandran Shah and Mohan Singh, Hosiery Exports, Clothesline, April 1991, p. 11
20. Gorkhia R, Structural Adjustments for Future Garment-II, Export Textiles, August 28, 2003, p.8
21. Manisha, Awasthi and Anitha Singh, “Global Competitiveness on Highest Product Quality”,
industry in Tiruppur has started working on some long term projects as collective
Panthaki23, in his article explained why Chinese quality, service and delivery
are of better standard than those of the Indian. He also elaborately focused on the size
of the industry, garment production and entry of China into WTO, comparative
sector.
22. Sathya Moorthy and Soundharya Preetha, ”Tiruppur Knit Wear Gearing For New Region”,
23. Panthaki M.K., “Lesson for Indian from China”, Apparell Industry, April 2003, p. 58
www.fibre2fashion.com
16
constraints on infrastructure. All out efforts must be made to encourage vertical set-
ups required for the industry. With regard to labour, an atmosphere may be created
for the employer to feel comfortable and secure in order to serve the nation by
brief account of the RMG industry which is one of India’s largest foreign exchange
earners. Garment manufacturing is one of the most fragmented sectors of the Indian
textile industry. The garment industry comprises manufacturers of RMG for either
the domestic or export markets or, in certain cases, both. The constituents of this
segment are very diverse in terms of their size, production facility, the type of apparel
manufactured, the quality of output, fabric requirement, price sensitivity etc. This is
an industry with no visibility of data in an organized sense. So, the figures quoted are
25. Ritu Narang, (2006) “A Study On Branded Men's Wear,” Indian Journal of Marketing, vol.
industry in India and a detailed overview on the Indian consumers and their
preferences along with various channels existing in the Indian markets were
discussed.
Gupta27, in his Article titled “Prospects and Challenges in the Indian Textile
Industry” has identified that the Indian Textile Industry had been plagued by
including that of spindles. The post fabric stage processing technology has also been
lagging but is now coming up fast with infusion of textile processing technology. SSI
firms perform the majority of weaving and processing operations. The level of
weaving technology is of lower order and knitting units do not possess the capacity to
research and rational analysis on the women apparel market in India. It underlines
various factors responsible for the growth of women apparel market in India and
27. R.K. Gupta, Prospects and Challenges, Indian Textile Industry, 2009
28. Women Wear Market Forecast to 2010 - Market Research Report, 2008
18
helps to explore the opportunities associated with it. The research gives an insight
into the changing market dynamics and identifies the potential segments in the
the introduction of entry tax on RMG has come as a shock to the industry. The
readymade industry has been going through tough times and it will find it difficult to
absorb the additional burden of an entry tax pegged at two per cent.
that “the RMG manufacturers need to develop a global perspective to profit from the
potential that would emerge with the setting in of the WTO regime. Despite the
presence of more than 700 RMG units in and around Madurai, a global popularity
has not been gained like Tirupur and Karur, he observed. In his opinion, this was
mainly because the manufacturers lacked self-belief and refused to think beyond the
local market, satisfying themselves with despatching the garments to Karnataka and
Kerala. He opined that the manufacturers need to become aware of the design along
with cost and quality with timely delivery, to seize and establish them in the global
market.”
30. Ramanathan, (2004) “Think global, garment manufactures told” Business Line, August 11, 2004
19
Sharma31, was of the view that to compete effectively with any other supply of
by the high level of uncertainties with fast changing fashion trends, consumer
preference, quality and tight delivery schedules. The major constraints of Indian
garment industry are low productivity and low technology development that are
increasing.
and the major cause for the non growth of the Indian RMG industry in the current
environment globally. They are: “Limited linkages between supply chain; Limited
efforts to value addition; Inadequate support for human resource development, Poor
31. Sharma P.C. (1993), “Cost Optimization in processing of cotton Knitt goods in Indian Textile
32. Ashok Chandra Prasanth, Indians competitiveness in export garments in the MFA-Phase out and
post-MFA phase out periods, Vocational Paper No:10, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, 1994.
33. KSA technopark “Status Report on Indian Clothing Industry”, Clothesline, August 2001, New
Delhi.
20
technology; Product style, price point and product value; Training of workforce and
absenteeism.
tap the international market in the post World Trade Organization (WTO) regime if it
this, they should be aware of the ground realities. Whereas China's contribution to the
American demand for RMG accounted for 22 per cent, India's share was a mere 3 per
cent. Madurai accounted for 700 RMG manufacturing units and they all were keen to
tap the local market. China on the other hand had invested hugely on machinery and
could respond to bulk orders at short notice. He said that a team of experts from
NIFT visited Madurai undertook a study which suggested how the Madurai units
34. Bobbin, “Quality and productivity improvement in Indian Apparel Industry in ASEAN
form clusters among themselves to equip themselves and face global competition.
industry advocates should continue to push the industry to grow in new directions, to
viable. By doing so, the industry will be able to adapt to global changes and to take
on whatever challenges it faces and competitors that may come its way.
that “the Indian garment industry would need to improve its performance on
apparel retail sector to be able to compete successfully in the global market place.”
36. Senthil kumar M and S. Sivakumar, “An Overview of Indian Textile Industry In 2006, The
37. Rajesh, “Managing productivity in the apparel industry” CSB Publishers, p. 40, (2004)
22
Juan Carlos Hiba38 while explaining the improving working conditions and
productivity in the garment industry, pointed out the rules for the successful
involvement of workers such as: “Provide more information about your enterprise;
Create condition for participation; Let the workers assess the workplace and express
their ideas; Implement a small change; Monitor and review the progress.”
in Madurai city and analysed the factors influencing, the consumer behaviour in
RMG. Her priority on RMG was based on the specific aspect of comfort, easy to
wear, etc. She welcomed RMG that clung gracefully to the body causing the lead
inconvenience.
readymade shirt in the Madurai city” denoted the importance of branding, brand
preference, measuring of brand, loyalty and purchasing power. He inferred that the
38. Juan Carlos Hiba, “Improving Working Conditions and Productivity in The Garment Industry”,
p. 22.
39. S.Shanmugasundari (1993), The Consumer Preference in Readymade Garments in Madurai City.
40. Abbas S. (2002), “A study on consumer brand preference towards readymade shirt in the
Madurai city”.
23
Madurai city” opined that the work environment in the garment manufacturing units
is unhealthy and unsafe for the workers, resulting in several health problems.
that the congested work area, improper ventilation, dust, unergonomic workstations,
excessive noise and non-use of personal protective equipment were the major
constraints faced by the workers in these units. In the study, interventions to improve
the work environment, safety aspects and work methods have been suggested which
trained workers for sophisticated readymade goods and non availability of proper
42. Nagar G.N (1985), “Exports prospects of knitted goods”, XXIXth IFKT Congress, New Delhi,
India.
24
quality enhancement, setting more training centres, adequate working capital finance
furnishing fabrics emphasized the need for getting direct export order, entrepreneur
development, brand of home furnishing fabrics, electricity subsidy and control over
finance’ that the government should come out by offering more financial schemes
and concession to increase the knitted garment export and also permit foreign direct
investment in this sector which can take the Indian knitted garment to the global
market.
43. Somu A. (2005), “Performance of hosiery garments and export units in Tiruppur”.
44. Madiwanan S. (2006), “A study on problems and perspectives of export home furnishing
fabrics”.
Sathya Priya46, in her study titled “Export performance in the garment industry
in Tiruppur” discloses that there is need for the exporters to study the changes, adapt
themselves, sustain and succeed. She stressed the need for government support by its
faced by the garment industry in production, marketing, finance and personnel of the
sample units. He found that the marketing and production aspects were more
46. Sathya Priya (2007) “Export performance in the garment industry in Tiruppur”.
47. Syed Mahmood Mohideen Razwi (2007), “A study of consumer behaviour towards RMG in
Chennai city”.
48. Sharma P.K (1989) “Export marketing problem.. A Case Study of Problems and Potential of
to devise strategies once the quota on garment exports is abolished in 2005. With
garments accounting for nearly 50 per cent of overall textile exports, the threat from
fabrics with reference to Coimbatore District” observed that the high labour turnover,
documentation, the lengthy time taken in releasing and clearing goods from ports,
and corruption among customs personnel were the major hurdles in operating a
business in Bangladesh. The study further showed that a lack of automated customs
50. S. Dhanraj (2007) “Problems of productions and marketing of cotton fabrics with reference to
Coimbatore District”.
51. Bhattacharya, D. and S. S. Hossain (2006). “An evaluation of the need and cost of selected trade
facilitation”, ARTNET Working Paper Series, No. 9, Trade and Investment Division, ESCAP,
Bangkok.
27
procedures was a major impediment for the business community in the context of
access by SMEs to international markets. Based on the survey results, Lester and
Terry52 (2008) summarized four barriers as the most serious impediments to SMEs’
exports; (b) identifying foreign business opportunities; (c) limited information related
customers. These findings complement those of Duval (2007) which suggested that
the focus of the multilateral trade facilitation agenda would ultimately need to be
broadened to address the need of developing countries in Asia and the Pacific.
52. Duval, Y. (2007). “Trade facilitation beyond the Doha Round of Negotiations”, in Trade
Facilitation beyond the Multilateral Trade Negotiations: Regional Practices, Customs Valuation
and Other Emerging Issues – A Study by the Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on
properties and lesser aesthetic properties. They can be workwear, active sportswear,
Watkins et al.,54 (2011) say that the garment industry has focused on speeding
up, through the use of CAD systems, empirical pattern construction methods which
developed through custom and practice. This subjective approach has significant
today’s technology.
Arpita Khare55 (2011) noticed that the current business dynamics have led to
the adoption of technology for various business strategies. The inter-play of factors
relationships are fuelling the drive towards efficiencies. In this light, the paper makes
53. Jana, Prabir Dec-2011, Assembling technologies for functional garments—An overview , IJFTR
54 . Watkins, Penelope Designing with stretch fabrics, Dec-2011 Publisher: NISCAIR-CSIR, India,
Page(s): 366-379, ISSN: 0975-1025 (Online); 0971-0426 (Print) Source: IJFTR Vol.36(4)
December 2011.
55. Arpita Khare (2011) “Technology as a driver for competitiveness to Indian RMG supply chains”
an attempt to identify the driving factors for adopting technology for making supply
clothing retail supply chains, the information accessibility prevalent in the Indian
clothing/garment retailers and the IT use levels were identified in the supply chain.
Rose Otieno,56 (2000) in his study pointed out that the RMG Manufacturing
Units in Kenya are still market production oriented, and may face severe competition
from inward-bound competitors who are marketing oriented. This exploratory study
contextualized the role of size charts in the marketing strategy of clothing firms.
1.6.1 Textiles:
A broad classification of any material that can be worked into fabric yarns,
56. Rose Otieno, (2000) "Development of a conceptual framework of the role of sizing in marketing
strategy within clothing firms: Indications from in-depth interviews with manufacturers",
1.6.3 Apparel:
clothing from intimate apparel to outer wear for men, women and children.
1.6.4 Brand57:
intended to identify the goods or sources of one seller or a group of sellers and to
1.6.5 Outsourcing:
57. Gini Stephens frings, (2006) Fashion from concept to consumer, Seventh Edition Pearson
Education, Incorporation
58. Vijayshree, P.T & Alagammai, M (2010), Entrepreneurship and Small Business
the investment in plant and machinery is more than Rs.25 lakhs but does not exceed
1.6.7 Shift:
considered as a shift.
Workers do the job for a specified period of hours in a day. They are paid on
1.6.9 Infrastructure:
Such units that normally undertake job work for manufacturers on piece rate
basis are provided with samples and fabrics cut in designed shapes for carrying out
stitching work.
The units undertake the job of bleaching, dyeing, printing and calendaring of
garment units.
32
1.6.12 CAD59:
To initiate the work a pilot study was carried out by the researcher by
schedule. This had helped the researcher to work out the strategies to identify the
important areas to be covered for the collection of data relating to the study. Based on
this, refinement of interview schedule was made for further collection of data.
This study covers the whole 13 blocks of Madurai District, which consists of
59. Ruth E.Glock, Grace.I.Kunz (2005), Apparel Manufacturing Product analysis, Fourth edition,
1.9 SAMPLING
Both primary and secondary data were used for this research work. Primary
data was obtained from the RMG manufacturers Interaction was made with the
Textile Park, etc. and the reports, journals and other necessary data was utilized.
With the help of a detailed interview schedule, the researcher interacted with
the RMG manufacturers and collected necessary data to go ahead with his research
work.
The DIC, Textiles Committee and Maditssia have particulars about RMG
manufacturing units in Madurai District. Out of the total of 700 RMG manufacturing
units in Madurai District, a sample of 398 units, who have responded, was studied for
The collected data had been processed with the help of appropriate statistical
tools. The statistical tools were selected on the basis of the objectives of the study
and also the nature of data included for the analysis. The details of statistical tools
the observed variables that link together the seemingly unrelated variables and
provide insight into the underlying structure of the data. Varimax rotation is one of
the most popular methods used in the study to simplify the factor structure by
maximizing the variance of a column of the pattern matrix. The common factors
200660).
Factor model
Whereas
Xi – Variables included
In the study, exploratory factor analysis has been applied to identify the
60. Nalini Prava Tripathy (2006), “A Service Quality Model for Customers in Public Sector Banks”,
The confirmatory factor analysis have been used to analyze the reliability and
validity of the variables included in each factor. The convergent-validity of the factor
was assessed by three measures: item reliability, construct (composite) reliability and
average variance extracted (AVE) (Fornell and Sarcker, 198161). Items validity was
evaluated by the size of the standardized factor loading of the variables on their
corresponding factors. The loading should be at least 0.60 and ideally at 0.7 or above
validity was assessed with the help of AVE which is at least 0.50 (Fornell and
Lancher, 1981).
61. Fornell, C and Larcher, D.F, (1981), “Structural Equation Models with Observable Variables and
62. Chin, W.W (1998), “Issues and Opinion on Structural Equation Modeling”, MIS Quarterly,
22(1), pp.7-16.
63. Gerbing D.W and Anderson, G.C (1988), “An updated Paradigm for scale development
25(May), pp.186-192.
36
In the present study, the CFsA have been used to analyze the validity and
variable is categorical and the independent are interval in nature. When the
discriminant analysis. When three or more categories are involved, the technique is
Whereas
Z = Discriminant score
X = Discriminant variables
b0 = Constant
64. Naresh K. Malhotra (2003), Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation, Pearson Education
Ij = Kj (Xj1- Xj2)
Whereas
Ij
Rj = n
∑I
i =1
j
In the study, two group discriminant analyses was used to find out important
discriminant factors among the branded and unbranded units regarding various
analysis will not reveal the relationship. For this purpose, the multiple regression
analysis was administered. The cause and effect relationship between dependent and
65. Shajahan, S., (2005) “A study on the level of customers satisfaction on various modes of banking
services in India”, The ICFAI Journal of Bank Management, 4(1), February, pp.79-84.
38
independent variables is carried out by the multiple regression analysis (Klans et al.,
Whereas
Y – Dependent variable
a – Constant and
e – error term
among the professionals and the impact of various components of creativity on the
Analysis of variance is used for examining the differences in the mean value
of the dependent variable associated with the effect of the controlled independent
variables, after taking into account the influence of the uncontrolled independent
variables. One way analysis of variance involves only one dependent variable or a
66. Klans, Wertenbroach and Bernd Skiera (2002), “Measuring consumers’ Williyness to pay at the
point of purchase”, Journal of Marketing Research, 39(2), pp.228-241.
39
single factor. The null hypothesis may be tested by the F statistics based on the ratio
SS x /(c - 1) MS x
F= =
SS error /(N - c) MS error
c
Whereas SS x = ∑ n (Y j - Y) 2
j=1
c n
Whereas SS error = ∑ ∑ (Y j - Y) 2
j=1 j=1
Yi – Individual observation
The ‘F’ statistics follows the F distribution, with (c-1) and (N-c) degree of
In the present study, the association between the background of the marketing
units and the problems in the units has been examined with the help of icant
67. Mahalingam, S. and P.Arun (2011), “A study on consumer behaviour on purchase pattern of food
difference among the four group of professionals have been examined in the context
It is one of the hypotheses tests used to fund out the significant difference
between two groups of garment units regarding various aspects related to the
problems, SWOT in the garment units. The ‘t’ statistics (Milner, 2000)68 is computed
by
x1 - x 2
t= with degree of freedom of n 1 + n 2 - 2
(n -1 1)σs + (n - 2 1)σs 22
2
1 1
1
× +
n1 + n 2 − 2 n1 n 2
68. Laina, M. Milner, (2000), “Sex-Role Portrayals and the Gender of Nations”, Journal of
• The data required for the study were gathered from the perspective of the
view or the suppliers’ point of view are out of the purview of the present
study.
• To observe the trend the researcher had selected only ten years as period of
• Most of the manufacturers are illiterate and hence were reluctant to handle
the problems in the right perspective. This personal bias might have
prevented them from freely airing out their considered views in this regard.
Chapter I:
This chapter deals with the introduction and design of the study where the
Chapter II:
Chapter III:
and the changing role of RMG manufacturing units are covered in this chapter. The
Chapter IV:
The background and profile of the RMG manufacturing units in the study area
Chapter V:
The association between the profile of RMG manufacturing units and the view
on various problems faced by the RMG manufacturing units are analyzed in this
chapter.
Chapter VI:
The findings of the study and the suggestions form part of the final chapter.