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(Olympiads IIT-JEE IIT JEE IITJEE) Srijit Mondal Archik Guha - 201 Mind Boggling Problems in Mathematics A Must For Olympiads and Post College Entrances Srijit Mondal Archik Guha (2019) PDF
(Olympiads IIT-JEE IIT JEE IITJEE) Srijit Mondal Archik Guha - 201 Mind Boggling Problems in Mathematics A Must For Olympiads and Post College Entrances Srijit Mondal Archik Guha (2019) PDF
(Olympiads IIT-JEE IIT JEE IITJEE) Srijit Mondal Archik Guha - 201 Mind Boggling Problems in Mathematics A Must For Olympiads and Post College Entrances Srijit Mondal Archik Guha (2019) PDF
(II) show that there exists two integers and , such that the numbers
2. A troop long starts marching. A soldier at the end of the file steps
out and immediately turns around and marches back at the same speed. As
soon as he reaches the end of the file, the troop stops marching, and it is
found that the troop has moved by exactly What distance has the
soldier traveled?
Ans: Let x and y be the speed (measured in meter per second) of the troop
and the soldier passing the troop respectively. The time it takes the soldier
passing the column is seconds and on the way back to the end of the column
he spends seconds. The column has moved 5 meters in seconds while the
soldier has marched from the tail to the head and back to the tail of the
column. In other words
or
or solving
now the soldier had travelled at speed for time.
or,
IN TRIANGLE APE,
IN Tr. ECB
IN Tr. PBD,
Using 3,4,5, in 2
, where we get
5. is a triangle right angled at , be any point on side . drawn
parallel to meets at . is the foot of perpendicular from to .
If show that
.
Ans:
6. is a chord of circle
(a) find a point on the circumference such that is maximum
(b)find a point on the circumference which maximizes .
Ans: let subtend angle in centre of circle, let
where 's are the prime factors of and 's are their respective powers then
number of divisors of is
if is square then 's are even so is odd, hence has odd number of
divisors.
Ans: Since team i plays games and loses games,and there can be
no draw,we have ...now we are to prove that
Now becomes
for
thus,
And ,
for odd
for even .
then or
CASE 2: divides ,
then
hence proved.
is divisible by by induction
e)All positive:
New sum=
We observe from the above cases, that after the change of signs, new sum
remains divisible by (that is, the sum modulo in invariant)
We keep on changing signs of different 's until all terms become and the
sum equals .
But the sum will still be divisible by
So divides .
13. Suppose and are positive integers greater than or equal to .Show that
is divisible by .
Ans: And here is my solution:-
We have:-
or
or
or .
15. consider the circle whose equation is and the
parabola with the equation find the minimum value of the length of
the segment as moves on the circle and moves on the parabola .
Ans: Any point on is .
Now so is minimum at
So is so
16. Given and are two quadratic polynomials with rational coefficients.
Suppose and have a common irrational solution.
Prove that for all where is a rational number.
Ans: Irrational roots occur in conjugate pairs.......now as the degree of both
the polynomials is 2 so if they have one common root then both the irrational
roots of the polynomial are equal.........now let and
......as both the polynomials have rational coefficients
so and both are rationals......
.now a rational number r[since are rationals]
17. Consider the parabola . Let be any point inside it, so that
. Let be the focus of the parabola.
Find the point on the parabola so that is minimum. Also show
normal to parabola bisects angle .
Ans: Point and parabola with focus .
Point on this parabola.
.
.
has a minimum if .
Solving: .
Point .
x-axis
or
so also slope of
Ans: We have or or
so
applying similar inequalities for pairs and and adding and simplifying
we get
.
19. Let be positive reals such that
Prove that .
Ans: Applying AM-GM on and we get
similarly , ,
20. Let be the ellipse with centre at origin whose major and minior axes
are of length and respectively.
Let be the acute angle at which is cut with the circle with centre at
origin(i.e. is the acute angle of intersection of their tangents at the point of
So
for to be maximum should be maximum. after rearrangement
By AM-GM, or
putting this minimum value in eq. 1 we get maximum of is
To show,
Now
So
Hence
Hence is decreasing, so
From the first we can say that the maximum value attainable by F is .
So thus we have to find out for which values of ,
now from here using some trigonometric equation we can say that or
as .
and in general,
for all .
Induction on
See for it is obvious.
Let for some
.
Ans: For quantities and applying triangle inequality,
we get
or
25. Show that number of ways in which four distinct integers can be chosen
To show,
Now
So
Hence
Hence is decreasing, so
then show that the sum of the areas of all these circles is sq cm.
Ans: Let is the radius of the circle From all the given tangency
conditions we have
[Say]
Hence the required sum,
[Since
]
So, or similarly ,
Hence .
has to be a prime.
Minimum value=
31. Suppose is a prime number such that and are also primes.
Show that .
Ans: This is a pretty simple problem, clearly for some ...
now by the given condition, and are both primes, implying that
both and are primes. So the problem basically reduces to finding all
primes such that , , are all primes.
For ,clearly this doesn't hold. Now for any ,we must have,
or .In the first case, we have ,so it cannot be
prime, and in second case, ,another contradiction. So, is the only
solution, which gives as the only solution.
32. Prove that for any odd integer when divided by always leaves
remainder
Hence or otherwise show that we cannot find integers such
that
Suppose
For even integer
Hence for all integer we have
Hence But
CONTRADICTION!
Hence Proved.
34. A vessel contains gallons of wine and another gallons of water. From
each vessel, gallons are taken and transferred to the other. From resulting
mixture, gallons are again taken out and transferred into the other. After
second transfer, quantity of wine in each vessel remains equal as it was after
first transfer prove that .
Ans: Let vessel contain wine and vessel contain water initially..
Now from , gallon is pulled out and the wine which is pulled from ,i.e,
gallon, is poured in , and resulting mixture contain same quantity of
wine as in first transfer,i.e.,
Simplifying we get .
So or
so .
or [ ]
or or
Let us assume the contrary, there are not all equal to for which
Then
which implies
So for all
implies
Simplifying,
Above is a cubic equation and will be satisfied for at least one real .
Show that in the system ( ) is not factorizable ,that is, one cannot
write
....(1)
........................(2)
........................(3)
....(4)
Hence, contradiction!!!
40. Consider the squares of an chessboard filled with the numbers 1 to
64(see the figure below). If we choose squares with the property that there
is exactly one from each row and exactly one from each column, and add up
the numbers is the chosen squares ,show that the sum obtained is always
Hence,
41. Let be a real valued function of variable such that takes both
positive and negative values and .Show that there is a real
number such that is an increasing function .
Ans: Since , so is strictly increasing.
Now assumes both positive and negative values, hence there is exactly
one root of , say (since strictly increases)
.
Ans: Let the sum be denoted by . Initially which is divisible by .
e)All positive:
New sum=
We observe from the above cases, that after the change of signs, new sum
remains diviisible by (that is, the sum modulo in invariant)
We keep on changing signs of different 's until all terms become and the
sum equals .
But the sum will still be divisible by
So divides .
43. At time , a particle is at point on real line.At time , the particle divides
to two and instantaneously after division, one particle moves one unit to the
left and other moves one unit to the right. When two particles meet, they
destroy each other leaving nothing behind. how many particles will be there
after time ?.
Ans: With smaller examples say at times and , the particle number is
trivially and at times and , it is .
But for the particle at , the position at units left from it is the origin.
Same is true for the position of units right for the particle at . Hence
among the total of four particles as described above, two will destroy.
So at time these two particles divide into two each, resulting in four
particles.
So
Hence divides 81.
45. Using calculus, sketch the graph of following function on plain paper.
.
Ans: Clearly
i) cuts at and at ( ).
Because after a certain time [after Max(/min){ } ,where 's are the root of a
polynomial] polynomial becomes monotonic, unless,
Hence,
Wlog,
Case-1:
Case 2:
So
.
49. Show that for all
Ans: Let
which is true.
Let be true
Now
which is true.
{ }
… (i)
…(ii)
…(iii)
For
not possible as
then
Similarly for
For
Now … (i)
… (ii)
… (iii)
Now as
… (iv)
[from (iii)]
so
Ans:
Hence we have,
Evaluating, we get the equality case, when Hence all 's are
equal.
.
Ans: Using directly the standard product and sum signs and considering we
are in , the system is :
Adding the two lines gives and multiplying the first line by two gives
then
solving whatever be
for
[dividing by ]
Hence,
......................
..............................
adding,
So
or .
Find the number of squares that can be formed with vertices belonging to
and sides parallel to coordinate axes.
Ans: Let us start with the squares of sides square unit.
So total squares =
Ans: Let
So
or
Let I
or I
Now, in
So I
or
or .
60. i) If and are positive integers such that divides , show that for every
poitive integer , and are relatively prime.
.
Ans: i)
So
The prime factors of and are same. Primes dividing divides as
well. Hence no primes dividing divides
Hence
equating implying
.
61. Find all possible real numbers which satisfy the following set of
equations:
Ans: Without loss of generality, we may assume that is the greatest among
the five given numbers. Then ,and hence
.
Also, , and since , we get .
Hence also , and - giving .
Also, since , we get , and finally we also get . So, we need to
solve which gives the following solutions:
, and .
.
Ans: Let
But . So
So minimum value of P is
So .
63. Suppose is a function such that and is continuous for
every real number . If for all ,then show that
for all .
Ans: We have,
for ,
and roughly sketch the graph of on plain paper.
Ans:
, ,
Clearly Clearly for and
for
Maximum of =
touch hence,
Solving, centre of is
touches
, ,
So required ordinate=2/3.
66. If and are the lengths of the sides of a triangle and if and
are the lengths of the perpendiculars drawn from the circumcentre onto the
sides and respectively, then show that
Similarly we have,
and
For the angles and of a triangle we have,
67. Show that there is exactly one value of which satisfies the equation
.
Ans: we know that
Now iff or so
which is .
.
Ans:
put
[integration by parts]
by evaluating the limits and we get,
69. Let be a point on a straight line segment such that
. Let be a point on the circle with centre at and radius such that
.(see figure). Show that .
Ans:
70. Evaluate:
.
Ans:
71. Evaluate:
.
Ans: ,
72. Show that for all real , the expression ( where are real
So is minimum at .
The minimum value is .
.
Ans: We have
where
which simplifies off to
Thus where
74. Consider the circle of radius with its centre at the point . From this
initial position, the circle is rolled along the positive -axis without slipping.
Find the locus of point on the circumference of the circle which is at the
origin at initial position of circle.
Ans: Let the linear speed of the circle be , angular speed be , time and
radius (I know radius is given, but still...). Further let be the angle
subtended at the center by the point at time . Since the point is originally at
the origin, hence initial phase . and denotes the co-ordinates of the
point at any time
75. Let and be two positive integers. Define for using the
relations , and let for
a) Write in terms of
b)Show that
c)Show that .
Ans: a)
b)
We have,
c)Let
Now,
So
So .
(i) ; and
(ii) Show that the dual of the dual of a sequence in is the original sequence
itself.
(iii) Show that the duals of the distinct sequences in are distinct.
Ans: Since number of 's which greater than is number which greater
than
So for all
And since number of 's which is
This give us belongs to
Ans:
79. Solve
Ans:
Putting we get,
or
Now,
or
Similarly,
or
Hence solutions are
is divisible by .
Ans: Let again
Adding we get,
So
Hence .
81. Find the number of rational numbers , where are relatively prime
positive integers satisfying and .
Ans: The prime factors of are . So there are total
prime divisors of
Among the integer one is smaller, other bigger. Hence they can be expressed
in form , and
So .
.
Ans: for
Now,
Using relation,
Adding we get,
Hence we have, .
85. Show that if is any odd integer greater than then is divisible
by
Ans: For odd we have,
[See Tomato subjective ]
Now if then,
Hence
86. Let { }.Find the number of unordered pairs { } of subsets
of such that and are disjoint,where or or both may be empty.
Ans: You can simply pick, for each element, if it goes in A, in B, or in
neither, for ordered pairs of subsets.
Each ordered pair except for is counted twice so the number of
unordered pairs is .
87. Consider the set $S$ of all integers between and including $100$ and
$99999$.Call two integers $x$ and $y$ in $S$ to be in same equivalence
class if the digits appearing in $x$ and $y$ are the same.For example ,if $x =
1010,y = 1000$ and $z = 1201$, then $x$ and $y$ are in same equivalence
class, but $y$ and $z$ are not.Find the number of distinct equivalence classes
that can be formed out of $S$.
Ans: For one digit classes, there are classes, each for all numbers formed by
each digit excluding .
For two digit classes, there are classes for the same reason.
For four digit classes, there are classes, and four five digit
For the maximum, assume that the point is , where . (Otherwise, the
point symmetric to the line will have the same number of moves
required.) We can reach the y-coordinate in moves; all these moves should
be to the same direction as the line in the quadrant goes.
This way, we need another moves to reach the x-coordinate . These
moves should be in a zigzag pattern to ensure that we stay in the same y-
coordinate. So in total, we need moves. Since we assumed that
is the larger of the two values, our answer would be .
If is real for all real numbers ,show that are real numbers.
false. So, are real. Now, using the fact that , we have
(i) find
(ii) Show that .
Ans: 2)
see partitioning elements in can happen in two ways.
so
1) using 2) we get
91. For a finite set ,let denote the number of elements in the set
so,
so,
(d)if both and are winning coalitions , then and have a common
voter.
Since the number of elements in winning and losing side is same( say)
this way, and number of subsets of , we have,
To construct a voting game with winning coalition we do the
following:
93. If is a real number with , then show that the values taken by the
So,
So,
[from tr. , ]
So, .
Also we have,
So
So is collinear to .
But this way, the complex numbers not collinear to them cannot be
represented .So contradiction arises.
Hence, a pair of complex numbers has property if and only if the points
and on complex plane are not collinear.
100. Let . Consider the region, including the boundary,
enclosed by and . Find the maximum value of
in this region.
Ans: To maximise,
in the region
At
At
At
In triangle ,
In triangle
Now [power of point]
So
102. Let be a non zero complex number such that . Let be the
point in the complex plane and let be the point Let be the circle {
} and let be the circle passing through and . Show that and
intersect orthogonally.
Ans: Let the circles intersect at . We see that, and are on same
straight line since argument of are same. Let , then
So
Justification: If colours are there the balls cannot be of different colours &
if then there exists a possibility of splitting into two groups of each in
each group balls are of different colours.
Thus we have a contradiction and proving that there does not exist an integer
such that .
105. Tangents are drawn to a given circle from a point on a given straight
line, which does not meet the given circle. Prove that the locus of mid-point
of chord joining the two points of contact of the tangents with the circle is a
circle.
Ans: In the adjoining figure, we shall try to show that if the point varies in
the straight line, the position of remains unchanged.
Clearly is the radius of the circle and is the distance of the line from
the center of the circle. Hence and are fixed. Thus the point is
fixed. Now as the point moves in the straight line, the point moves
maintaining where and are fixed. Hence the locus of is a
circle with fixed diameter
106. How many words can be formed using the letters and
so that each letter appears at least once in the word?
Ans: Number of ways words can be formed using letters so
that each letter appears at least once in the word
= Number of ways word formed using – Number of ways
letter word formed using any two of + Number of words
formed by using . [ using inclusion exclusion principle. ]
109. Find the vertices of the two right angles triangles, each having area
and such that the point lies on the hypotenuse, and the other two sides
are formed by the and axes.
i) for all
ii)There exists precisely four non-negative integers for which
.
iii) is divisible by , for all .
Ans: Clearly , and . Hence is positive. We
use strong form of induction and assume that up to , all is positive.
Then .
As we have .
Next observe that
So as
So we got four numbers , for which by observation.
We wish to show that this does not happen for any value of n greater than .
But 2n-1 > n+1 (as n > 2). Hence it follows that f(n+1) > n+1. This solves
second part.
* at first=
* at first=
* at first=
So position of
112. Show that a necessary and sufficient condition for the line
where are non-zero real numbers, to pass through
quadrant is either or .
Ans:
Now the given line pass though the origin iff either of the intercepts are
positive,i.e.,
either or
i.e., either 0r [ ]
i) Is continuous at ? Justify.
ii)Show that does not vanish in the interval , and indicate the
points where changes its sign.
Ans: we have when , and when , if
so,
LHL ,
RHL
hence discontinuous.
is not periodic.
Ans: Let us assume
So
Clearly
So
117. How many numbers less than are there, sum of whose digits equals
?
Ans: Required solution= coefficient of in
which is
...................................
....................................
119. For a real number , let denote the largest integer less than or equal
to , and denote . Find all solutions of the equation
Ans: Let , where ,i.e, the integral part and is the fractional
part, .
Let
So
So .\
So
Above is the locus of circles .
It obviously passes through since is another intersecting point. Also it
passes through
Prove that
ii)Deduce that
Ans: i)We have,
Putting, we get
.............
...........
This way,
ii)Putting ,
Putting
gives,
122. Let where and are successive positive integers and
Prove that is an odd positive integer.
Ans:
Hence,
Clearly, is even. Hence is odd
Ans: i) From above, pairs of people are both friends and kin, but only three
pairs of people are friends but not kin.
So statement (i), i.e., most frinds are kin,holds.
ii) pairs of people are both kin and friends but pairs are kin but not
friends.
So statement (ii),i.e., most kin are friends, is false.
126. Find the different number of ways different gifts can be presented to
children so that each child receives at least one gift.
Ans: i) If the gift distribution is
i) ii)
Ans: i) It has property
Clearly and for all
Hence
Since there are infinitely many such , so there is no such that
i) It has property
Clearly and for all
Hence
Since there are infinitely many such , so there is no such that
Ans: a) We have,
b)
129. Let be the line segment of fixed length with its its two ends sliding
along the and respectively. Complete the rectangle where
is the origin. Show that the locus of foot of perpendicular from to is
given by
.
Ans: Let coordinates of be , then is , is
Equation of is
Solving we have
130. Out of a circular sheet of paper of radius , a sector with central angle
is cut out and folded in shape of a conical funnel. Show that the volume of
so height is given by
Volume
Let us maximise where
So
figure). Show that the area of the region inside the star is
Ans:
, see diagram.
Area .
Area of the region inside the star:
.
132. Using the identity , , or otherwise, prove that
.
Ans: Let and
So is continuous and differentiable everywhere.
Now
Now putting [Since ] we get,
in and otherwise
So increases in , decreases in ,
Maximum of =
Minimum of =
Ans:
is a even function, and it oscillates faster than as
increases more rapidly than
So the graph is:
135. Let be a fixed odd positive integer. Find the minimum value of
, where are non negative integers and
Ans: Let then . Clearly
decreases on left and increases on right of . So the function is
minimum at
But is integer and a fraction( is odd). So we must check values of
at integers nearest to in its left and right which are and
respectively.
Clearly
ii)Now consider , till four rounds it had points, which means he lost one
game till then. But in last round it lost to and previously we saw that, has
beaten .
So score of is
iii) Till four rounds, had points, i.e, it won two, and according to previous
observations, it lost to , and won against . Finally it lost to .
So score of is
iv) had moved to final, but it had surely lost to and won with . But to
make it to top three it must surpass points of and achieve at least points.
So it won against .
So score of is
137. Find the area of the region in plane, bounded by the graphs of
and
Ans: Clearly the blue, red and green graphs depicts
respectively.
So the area is | |
square units.
138. Show that the area of the bounded region enclosed between the curves
and , is .
Ans: learly red and blue graphs are of and respectively.
Clearly since the graphs are symmetric about ,
area enclosed by the graphs in first quadrant=area enclosed by them in
second quadrant
So required area
Attachments:
139. a)Given identical symbols, say , show that, the number of boxes
you can distribute them in boxes marked so that no box goes empty
is .
b)In an arrangement of and , an uninterrupted sequence of one
kind of symbol is called a . (For example, the arrangement
of and opens with ab of length
, followed successively with a of length , an of length , a
of length and finally, a of length .Find the arrangements
of and in which there are [You may use (a)
above].
Ans: a) Let the boxes be denoted by variables
Then the requires number is the number of positiove integral solutions of
i.e, coefficient of in , i.e.,
So
Apply De Moivre's theorem,
Hence
or
Alternatively .Taking modulus and using triangle
inequality, .
141. Show that the larger of the two areas into which the circle
So required area=
Attachments:
142. A cow is grazing with a rope around its neck and the other end of the
rope is tied to a pole. The length of the rope is metres. There are two
boundary walls perpendicular to each other, one at a distance of metres to
the east of the pole and another at a distance of metres to the north of the
pole. Find the area the cow can graze on.
Ans: We have a circle with centre and radius m. Let and be the
boundary walls present. The striped region shows the area available for
grazing. Now if we see carefully we can see that area of the shaded region is
nothing but the sum of the areas of the rectangle AEPC, the two right angled
triangles and and the sector .
radius of the circle =
Similarly, as
(pythagorean property)
Therefore,
Area of rectangle
Area of triangle
Area of triangle
Area of sector
Now ,
*Now we will plot all the graphs together and then consider the portion
which are ‘lowest’.
(all of them together)
(considering only the minimum portions)
Graph of
3.Critical Points: Critical Points are those values of for which the first
derivative of is either or undefined. here
146. Use the derivatives and left and right limits at the points of
discontinuities , if any, of the function
to make conclusions of the behaviour of the function as
ranges over all possible values. Using this, draw a rough sketch of the
graph of function on plain paper.
Ans:
and
Let
for
Ans:
So is maximum at , minimum at .
So maximum value of is
Minimum of is
152. Sketch the curve on plain paper and show that the
equation (in )
(where the real constant is such that ) has three
distinct real roots all of which has absolute values smaller than .
Ans:
within a parabola wit its vertex at and the real axis as its axis.
Hence denotes the left half of the region within the aforesaid parabola,
that is the region lying in the second and third quadrants.
154. Let denote the largest integer less than or equal to . For example,
(iii)
Ans: i) Clearly , where .
iii)
and so on.
156. Sketch, on plain paper, the regions represented on the plane by the
following:
i)
ii)
Ans: i) For transforming to we omit the portions where
sine curve is negative, and trace both the original sine curve and its reflection
about where sine curve is positive.
ii)Firsy we transform to by erasing the curve for
negative values of and reflecting the curve for positive values of about
. Then we transform to by omitting the
portions of where is negative,and tracing both the original curve
and its reflection about where is positive. Lastly we see
that, (0,0) doesn't lie in the region so we shade the regions, which
does not contain the origin.
157. Find all positive integers such that, , where, for any
real number , is the greatest integer less than or equal to .
Ans: We trace the curves of and .
Clearly integer values of where the curves intersect are
hence they are required
integral solutions.
Minimum value of is
(i) Sketch on plain paper, the graph of the function in the range
(ii) Show that, given any real number , there is a real number such that
Alternatively, since it it clear from the graph that, every horizontal line in the
plane cuts the graph of at least once, hence is invertible, i.e., given
any real number , there is a real number such that
160. If are roots of the equation , find the
Let
When
So .Clearly
So,
which is odd.
When
Clearly
.
So which is even.
162. Suppose that is an arc of a circle with a given radius and centre
subtending an angle is fixed . Consider an arbitrary point on
this arc and the product , where and denote the
lengths of the straight lines and , respectively. Determine possible
locations of for this this product will be maximised. Justify your answer.
Ans: Let arc subtend angle at centre. So arc subtend angle at
centre.
Let be the centre of the circle.
In triangle [say] So
Similarly in triangle for some constant .
Let
When is odd,
[as is
odd]
When is even,
[as
is even]
Combining both cases,
ii)Let and be sides of and respectively, and be the
radius of circle.
Given
iii)Conversely if
play both tennis, badminton, among them play all three games.
Hence, play only tennis and badminton.
So play only cricket, play all games, play exactly two games with
one of them being cricket.
ii) So
[since |y|\geq 0]
So Solutions for this case are .
product of roots=
Solving we get
167. A rectangle with the two axes as two sides, the origin as a
vertex is drawn in which the length of is four times the width .A
circle is drawn passing through the points and and touching at its
mid-point, thus dividing the rectangle into three parts. Find the ratio of the
areas of these three parts.
Ans: Follow figure, the coordinates marked are
for some .
Equation of the circular part with centre is
It passes through
Let join of and intersect at (not in figure.)
So
Let
In triangle
So
Hence,
After calculations
168. An operation on a set is a mapping that associates with every pair of
elements and of the set , an unique element of . is said to be a
, if the following conditions hold:
i) for all elements and of ;
ii)there is an element if such that for all elements of
;and
iii) for each element of , there is an element of such that
.
If is the set whose elements are all subsets of a set , and is the operation
of defined as \ , show that is a group under .
(For any two subsets and of , \ denotes the set of all those
elements which are in but not in ).
Ans: i)
Let \ Clearly as per question, Venn diagram of
is as in figure i.
Its Venn Diagram is as in figure ii.
iii)We Have
So \ \ , ie. elements that are in but does not
belong to , i.e,
So for all , there is such that .
Hence in
Suppose, in We have
Hence in
Again
Hence is differentiable at
It is easily seen that is discontinuous and thus obviously non
differentiable at
We conclude is discontinuous and non differentiable only at odd
integral points.
171. A function from set into set is a rule which assigns each element
in , a unique (one and only one) element (denoted by ) in . A function
of set from into is called an onto function, if for each element in
there is some element in , such that . Now suppose that {
} and { }. Determine the total number of onto functions
of into .
Ans: We know that the total number of functions from to are .
Now , number of functions with exactly two elements in the range is
and the number of functions with exactly one element in range is . So by
Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion , our answer turns out to be
...
.
We now use equation (1), and substitute in for
on the right hand
side. Then we get
.
Taking both sides to the power gives us:
we get:
.
We use Euler’s formula again:
175. Let and be real numbers such that the equations and
have exactly one solution. Then, show that the equations
and also have exactly one solution.
Ans:
Condition of to have one solution is
177. Let be an integer. Let be the largest integer which is less than or
equal to ,and which is a power of . Put the least common multiple of
. Show that, is odd, and that for every integer , ,
is even. Hence prove that
is not an integer.
Ans: Think of the sequence,
their LCM=product of the all primes which had occured in the prime
factorisations of numbers of above sequence, along with the highest
multiplicity with ehich they have occured
[ are positive integers]
where is odd.
So is even.
So cannot be integral.
integrating from to , or
but
we had
hence
hence putting this in above we have
179. Show that, number of ways one can choose a distinct positive integers,
each smaller than or equal to such that their sum is odd, is .
Ans: The given condition is possible if we choose an odd number of odd
integers, with any number of even integers, less than
Required number=
[Proved]
Ans: We have or or
so
applying similar inequalities for pairs and and adding and simplifying
we get
182. Find the set of all values of such that can take all real
values.
Ans:
So now we have to find the all values of {m} such that for
all .
…(i)
Ans:
Replace
where
, and Hence,
Therefore,
Hence,
for . But we can verify that it also holds for
. Now, take . We obtain for
.This is exactly what we want to prove
185. Let be a continuous function such that for all and for
all , Show that is a constant function
So from
we can say that , since half ( ) of the summands are
Ans.
Now, is
continuous in so there exists such that for all
This gives us
Again, Giving
Inductively, we get
Finally, from
189. A urn contain red balls and black balls. A ball is drawn from urn and
it's colour is noted, returned to the urn.Further additional balls are added
to the urn of same colour. This process is continued. Define , if at the
ith drawn ball is red, otherwise.compute .
Ans BY AM-GM
.
This implies
So all .