Professional Documents
Culture Documents
JTTP //Www.S'Ipc'M'Ty - Mgi JTTP //Www.S'Ipc'M'Ty - Mgi 'Fegns'Ipc'M'Ty - Mgi 'Fegns'Ipc'M'Ty - Mgi
JTTP //Www.S'Ipc'M'Ty - Mgi JTTP //Www.S'Ipc'M'Ty - Mgi 'Fegns'Ipc'M'Ty - Mgi 'Fegns'Ipc'M'Ty - Mgi
=
5088 2/4 2 5
</:"
0
28
24 25
2 8 8=
: 2: 20 8> 82 88
5
<
?
Jgw Tg \sl Pgur Iuct` ]`zl Mutt`fo Cbyguts ]lw`fo D`rlmt`gfs
0 28 2= ^bttlrf
22 E`rst ^rlpbrl Pgur ^bttlrf
Mutt`fo D`rlmt`gfs Ebhr`m
Aly X`ojt
]`dl
_rgfo
]`dl @ftlrebm`fo C`f`fo
H ]lclmt tjl pbttlrf p`lmls bmmgrd`fo tg tjl v`lw ygu brl EGX EGCDLD BFD DG\HCL CBPLX EBHX@M - ^cbml
B iba`fo. ebhr`m w`tj r`ojt s`dl `fs`dl bfd p`f pbttlrf gf wrgfo s`dl ]lw obrilft egccgw`fo ]lw`fo D`rlmt`gfs.
D`rlmt`gfs.
Tj`s pbttlrf `s ibdl tg hgdy ilbsurlilfts w`tj lbsl ge ebhr`m.
^@F gr
^@F gr ibmj`fl-hbstl slbis ibtmj`fo fgtmjls.
bccgwld egr mgiegrt bfd stycl. @e ygur hgdy ilbsurlilfts
M
2> 24 d`eelr ergi tjgsl gf tjl pbttlrf lfvlcgpl bdkust tjl p`lmls
EGX ]@FOCL CBPLX - ^`f pbttlrf gf r`ojt s`dl ge ebhr`m.
]T@TMJ </:"
]T@TMJ </:" (2.<mi) slbis ufclss gtjlrw`sl stbtld.
hlegrl pcbm`fo tjli gf tjl ebhr`m. ^XL]] slbis
^XL]] slbis gplf ufclss gtjlrw`sl `fd`mbtld, mc`pp`fo
Mjlma ygur hbma flma tg wb`st bfd drlss clfotj, `e wjlf flmlssbry sg slbis w`cc c`l ecbt.
flmlssbry, bctlr tjl pbttlrf. Clfotjlf`fo bfd s jgrtlf`fo FGTL; ^bttlrf p`lmls iby `ftlrcgma igrl mcgslcy egr 24. LB]L-]T@TMJgr
LB]L-]T@TMJgr OBTJLX -
OBTJLX - Cggslf flldcl tlfs`gf
c`fls brl `fd`mbtld. sibcclr s`zls. Mut fgtmjls gut ergi mutt`fo c`fl. sc`ojtccy. _`tj X@OJT s`dl up, st`tmj </:" (2.<mi) ergi mut
2. TG CLFOTJLF;
CLFOTJLF; Mut pbttlrf hltwllf pr`ftld c`fls bfd ldol us`fo b cgfo st`tmj. ]t`tmj bob`f 2/4" (5ii) bwby
pcbml pbplr ufdlrflbtj. ]prlbd pbttlrf tjl rlqu`rld `f tjl slbi bccgwbfml.
D biguft bfd p`f tg pbplr.
HLEGXL rligv`fo pbttlrf ergi ebhr`m, trbfselr bcc pbt tlrf
ibra`fos us`fo tb`cgr tbmas gr drlssiba`fo trbm`fo pbplr. LDOL E@F@]J - Flbtlf rbw ldols ge slbis, jlis bfd
2-EXGFT -B,H 8. TG ]JGXTLF;
]JGXTLF; Egcd bt tjl pr`ftld c`fls tg egri b pclbt ebm`fos us`fo gfl ge tjl egccgw`fo iltjgds.
8-HBMA -B,H jbce tjl biguft tg hl sjgrtlfld, `l 2/8‐‐ (2.=mi) dllp tg 2<.]t`tmj 2/4’ (5ii) ergi ldol, turf ufdlr bcgfo
sjgrtlf 2‐‐ (8.<mi). 2>. ALP; pbttlrf pr`ftld s`dl
s`dl dgwf st`tmj`fo bfd st`tmj.
=-MGCCBX -B,H
4-EXGFT EBM@FO -B,H ]tudy Pgur ^bttlrf Ibra`fos 22. ALP; pbttlrf pr`ftld s`dl
s`dl \p 25.[`o-zbo gr gvlrcgma rbw ldols.
<-]CLLUL -B,H =. ]TXB@OJT OXB@F;OXB@F; ^cbml bf lvlf d`stbfml ergi 28. ALP; Mut gut bcc p`lmls lxmlpt p`lmls tjbt lxtlfd hlygfd 2?. @FTLXEBM@FO—
@FTLXEBM@FO— ^`f `ftlrebm`fo tg _XGFO s`dl ge
L 5-MBXX@LX -B,H slcvbol gr b strb`ojt tjrlbd. egcdld ebhr`m, tjlf gplf gut ebhr`m bfd gf X@OJT s`dl ge
ebhr`m, mut `f pgs`t`gfs bs sjgwf.
ebhr`m. Mut bmrgss mgrflrs tjbt w`cc hl lfmcgsld w`tj
?-T@L HLCT -B,H 4. EGCD;
EGCD; ^cbml gf egcd ge ebhr`m. slbis. Ibmj`fl-hbstl 2/8’ (2.=mi) ergi mut ldol.
2=. ALP; Egr w`tj bfd w`tjgut fbp cbyguts lfsurl ebhr̀m
ebhr`m `s (]jgwf gfcy gf e`rst `ccustrbt`gf). Tr`i `ftlrebm`fo mcgsl tg
:-EXGFT -M,D <. CLFOTJLF@FO BFD ]JGXTLF@FO C@FL]. pcbmld w`tj fbp gr dls`of ruff`fo `f sbil d`rlmt`gf. ibmj`fl-hbst`fo.
ibmj`fl-hbst`fo. Egr E\]@HCL `ftlrebm`fo, egccgw
0-HBMA -M,D 5. ]LBI BCCG_BFML;
BCCG_BFML; </:" (2.<mi) ufclss gtjlrw`sl ibfuebmturlr‐s
ibfuebmturlr‐s d`rlmt`gfs.
H 2>-FLMA H@FD@FO -M,D stbtld. 2:. ]TBP-]T@TMJ—]t`tmj
]TBP-]T@TMJ—]t`tmj 2/8’ (2.=mi) ergi mut ldol, `f
22-]CLLUL -M,D Hlegrl p`ff`fo tg ebhr`m, prlss t`ssul pbttlrf w`tj b wbri d`rlmt`gf ge brrgws; (]jgwf gfcy `f tjl e`rst `ccustrbt`gf).
?. FGTMJL];
FGTMJL]; Ibtmj fgtmjls. dry `rgf tg rligvl mrlbsls.
28-^BFT] EXGFT -L :. M\TT@FO C@FL];
C@FL]; Iuct` pbttlrfs jbvl d`eelrlft mutt`fo CBPLX@FO — Tr`i slbi bccgwbfml `f cbylrs.
2=-^BFT] HBMA -L c`fls egr d`eelrlft s`zls. 20.Cbylr lfmcgsld slbis
B 24-LCB]T@M O\@DL -L 8>.Tr`i mgrflrs
M D L 0. TB@CGX-TBMA]; _`tj dguhcl tjrlbd ibal twg cggsl 82.Mc`p `fflr murvls
st`tmjls egri`fo cggp tjrguoj ebhr`m cbylrs bfd pbttlrf 88.Fgtmj gutlr murvls
clbv`fo cgfo lfds. Mut cggp tg rligvl pbttlrf. ]f`p
tjrlbd hltwllf ebhr`m cbylrs. Clbvl tuets. 8=. \FDLX]T@TMJ —^rlss
\FDLX]T@TMJ —^rlss ebm`fo bwby ergi obrilft1
prlss slbi tgwbrd ebm`fo. Ebm`fo s`dl up, ufdlrst`tmj
mcgsl tg slbi tjrguoj ebm`fo bfd slbi bccgwbfmls.
Lspbògc
Mutt`fo Cbyguts @FTLXEBM@FO D TGDG] CG] IGDLCG] LF IBCCB] L]T@XBHCL]
]GCBILFTL
BCC U@L_] BXL ]@[LD EGX ]TXLTMJ AF@T] GFCP \]L ^@LML] = 4 \]L ^@LML] : 0 2> 22
B \]L CB] ^@L[B]
^@L[B] 2 8 = 4 < 5 ?
B ]LCUBOL] MGXTL \FB ^@L[B 5
\]L ^@LML] 2 8 = 4 < 5 ?
2B <:" 5>" (2<>MI ) MGF ^LC\]B
M\T GFL GE ^@LML 5 0 22
4 <:" 5>" (2<>MI)
8H 8>" TG 8<" (<2MI TG 54MI) E\]@HCL _@TJ FB^
]LCUBOL] LFTXLTLCB \]L CB] ^@L[B]
^@L[B] =4
? ]LCUBOL : 2H 8>" B 8<" (<2MI B 54MI)
< 2> BDJL]@UB
4 ]
2B <:" 5>" (2<>MI) ]
L ☌ EGCD
_@TJ FB^ 2
L F
C A 4 = H \]L CB] ^@L[B]
^@L[B] 2 8 = 4 < 5 ?
= = 8
O M
F @ = MGXTL \FB ^@L[B 5
@ J
5 ] T 8B <:" 5>" (2<>MI) MGF ^LC\]B
EGCD ]LCUBOL
LFTXLTLCB \]L CB] ^@L[B]
^@L[B] =4
@FTLXEBM@FO L- _GXF 2 2/8" (=.:MI) HLCG_ _B@]T 8H 8>" B 8<" (<2MI B 54MI) BDJL]@UB
\]L ^@LML] = 4 ]LCUBOL
]
]
M \]L ^@LML] 28 2= M \]L CB] ^@L[B]
^@L[B] : 0 2> 22
2H 8>" TG 8<" (<2MI TG 54MI) L \]L ^@LML] : 0 2> 22 = <:" 5>" (2<>MI) MGF ^LC\]B
E\]@HCL L F
4 ^@LML 24 @] M\T GE LCB]T@M
C A =
O
F
M
@
@ J = D \]L CB] ^@L[B]
^@L[B] : 0 2> 22
] T ]LCUBOL] < <:" 5>" (2<>MI) 4 <:" 5>" (2<>MI) MGF ^LC\]B
]LCUBOL _@TJ FB^
= <:" 5>" (2<>MI) 22
0 ]LCUBOL]
H ]LCUBOL]
_@TJ FB^ L- ]L CCLUB 2 2/8" (=.:MI) DLHBKG DL CB M@FT\XB
\]L CB] ^@L[B]
^@L[B] 28 2=
\]L ^@LML] 2 8 = 4 < 5 ? 28
? MGXTL CB ^@L[B 24 LF LCB]T@MG
M\T GFL GE ^@LML 5 4 < : 2>
< <:" 5>" (2<>MI) MGF ^LC\]B
☌ EGCD
2 2= ]lcvbol (s) 9 Gr`ccg(s)
8B <:" 5>" (2<>MI) = = Egcd 9 Dghclz
_@TJ FB^ 8
5 EGCD ]`focl Tj`maflss9 Lsplsgr ]lfm`ccg
EGCD
Lfoc`sj/]pbf`sj
FLLDCL]
• \sl b hbcc pg`ft gr strltmj flldcl `f b ild`ui-wl`ojt s`zl.
IBMJ@FL ]LTT@FO]
• Fbrrgw z`ozbo st`tmj gr b strltmj st`tmj. ?. Turf ebm`fo tg @F]@DL, turf`fo hbma flma slbi tgwbrd mgccbr1
• Dlmrlbsl prlssurl gf prlsslr eggt egr jlbvy swlbtlr af`ts1 prlss. ]t`tmj prlssld ldol ge mgccbr gvlr flma slbi. Tg allp
`fmrlbsl prlssurl egr c`folr`l af`ts. tjl ebm`fo `f pcbml, tbma ebm`fo tg sjgucdlr slbi bccgwbfmls
hy jbfd gr w`tj b sibcc p`lml ge eus`hcl wlh.
]LBI]
• ]trltmj af`ts flld slbis tjbt brl suppcl lfguoj tg –o`vl’
w`tj tjl ebhr`m. Pgu mbf slw tjli w `tj strb`ojt st`tmjls,
]TBP-]T@TMJ@FO
z`ozbo st`tmjls gr gfl ge tjl strltmj st`tmjls hu`ct `ftg ibfy
2 mgfvlft`gfbc ibmj`fls, gr gf ygur slrolr.
MBXD@OBF B, H
2. ]TBP-]T@TMJ flma ldols ge ergft bfd hbma.
5 <. Turf mgccbr1 prlss. Tgp-st`tmj mgccbr 2/4’ (5ii) ergi flf`sjld
< ldol. Mc`p hbma flma ldol ge obrilft tg stby-st`tmj`fo. Gf
G\T]@DL, p`f mgccbr (ebm`fo s`dl) tg flma ldol, ibtmj`fo
mlftlrs hbma, cbrol dgts bfd pcbm`fo sibcc dgt bt sjgucdlr
slbi. Hbstl hgtj mgccbr bfd ebm`fo slmt`gfs tg ergft flma 22
ldol bs ebr bs sibcc dgt. Hbstl gfcy tjl mgccbr ebm`fo slmt`gf
tg rlib`f`fo flma ldol hltwllf sibcc dgts. 22. Turf ebm`fo tg @F]@DL1 prlss, prlss`fo up jli. ]t`tmj GX z`o-
zbo 2/4" (5ii) ergi rbw ldol, mgft`fu`fo tg ergft ldols.
.
28. Dghcl cb hbfdb pbrb cbs prls`ccbs pgr cb i`tbd y pgr su cbrog, DLXLMJG MGF ?. Mgsb kuftgs cgs lxtrligs dlc lcâst`mg flrililftl. M`lrrl cb bhlrturb mgs`àfdgcb.
DLXLMJG. Mgsb cgs hgrdls cbrogs mgf ufb mgsturb dl 2/4’ (5ii). D`str`huyb cb bipc`tud uf`egrililftl. Ru`tl lc j`cvâf.
MGF]LKG; ^brb bslourbr lc lcâst`mg dl tbc ibflrb qul fg sl lfrgccl mgf lc usg,
2=. Uulcvb bc DLXLMJG1 pcbfmjl. Mgrtl cb hbfdb pgr cb i`tbd. Uulcvb jbm`b dlftrg mgsb pgr tgdgs cgs lsplsgrls dl cb kbrltb, lf cb jlfd`durb dl mbdb mgsturb.
2/8’ (2.=mi) lf cgs lxtrligs dl cbs prls`ccbs. Lf lc LZTLX@GX, mgcgqul cb
prls`ccb lf cb mgsturb dlc cbdg, mgcgmbfdg cgs lxtrligs vulctgs lf cgs puftgs
plqulògs. :. Ibrqul lc cbrog. ^cbfmjl lc dghcbd`ccg b cg cbrog dl cb ibrmb. Ibrqul lc bfm jg
:
dlc dghcbd`ccg1 rlmgrtl uf`egrililftl. Mgsb mgf puftbdbs rlmtbs G dl z`o-zbo b
24. Ru`tl cgs bcflclrls dl cb prls`ccb y mgsb pgr dlhbkg, b 2/8’ (2.=mi) dlc lxtrlig fg 2/4" (5ii) dlc hgrdl fg tlri`fbdg.
tlri`fbdg, mgig sl iulstrb. Mgsb lc lxtrlig rlstbftl dl cb i`sib ibflrb
vgcv`àfdgcg jbm`b bhbkg pbrb mgslr ibs eâm`cilftl.
:. Ibra clfotj. ^rlss up jli bcgfo ibra`fo. Ibra dlptj ge
jli1 tr`i lvlfcy. ]t`tmj GX z`o-zbo 2/4" (5ii) ergi rbw 2<. Mgsb kuftgs cgs lxtrligs dlc m`fturýf dl cbzg mgf ufb mgsturb dl =/:" (2mi).
ldol. Dghcl lc m`fturýf dl cbzg pgr cb i`tbd y pgr su cbrog, DLXLMJG MGF
DLXLMJG. Mgsb mgf ufb mgsturb dl =/:" (2mi) dlkbfdg ufb bhlrturb pbrb
vgcvlr. Xlmgrtl cb mgsturb y slsoul cbs lsqu`fbs.
25. Uulcvb lc m`fturýf dl cbzg1 pcbfmjl. Mgsb kuftgs cgs hgrdls dl cb bhlrturb mgf
puftbdbs ebcsbs.