Solutions to LE. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics Volume II Waves . Optics . Modern Physics Second Edition ABHAY KUMAR SINGH irector ‘Abhay's LT. Physics Teaching Centre Patna-6 css CBS PUBLISHERS & DISTRIBUTORS 4596/1A, 11 DARYAGANUJ, NEW DELHI - 110 002 (INDIA)ISBN : 81-239-0486-X First Edition : 1996 Reprint: 1997 Second Edition : 1998 Reprint : 2000 Reprint : 2002 Reprint : 2004 Copyright © Author & Publisher All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system without permission, in writing, from the publisher. Published by S.K. Jain for CBS Publishers & Distributors, 4596/1A, 11 Darya Ganj, New Delhi - 110 002 (India). Printed at : J.S. Offset Printers, Delhi - 110 051In the memory of Late Shri Arvind Kumar (Ex-Director, The Premier Institute, Patna) The man who taught me how to teach.FOREWORD Science, in general, and physics, in particular, have evolved out of man’s quest to know beyond unknowns. Matter, radiation and their mutual interactions are basically studied in physics. Essentially, this is an experimental science. By observing appropriate phenomena in nature one arrives at a set of rules which goes to establish some basic fundamental concepts. Entire physics rests on them. Mere knowledge of them is however not enough. Ability to apply them to real day-to-day problems is required. Prof. Irodov’s book contains one such set of numerical exercises spread over a wide spectrum of physical disciplines. Some of the problems of the book long appeared to be notorious to pose serious challenges to students as well as to their teachers. This book by Prof. Singh on the solutions of problems of Irodov’s book, at the outset, seems to remove the sense of awe which at one time prevailed. Traditionally a difficult exercise to solve continues to draw the attention of concerned persons over a sufficiently long time. Once a logical solution for it becomes available, the difficulties associated with its solutions are forgotten very soon. This statement is not only valid for the solutions of simple physical problems but also to various physical phenomena. ‘Nevertheless, Prof. Singh’s attempt to write a book of this magnitude deserves an all out praise. His ways of solving problems are elegant, straight forward, simple and direct. By writing this book he has definitely contributed to the cause of physics education. A word of advice to its users is however necessary. The solution to a particular problem as given in this book is never to be consulted unless an all out effort in solving it independently has been already made. Only by such judicious uses of this book one would be able to reap better benefits out of it. As a teacher who has taught physics and who has been in touch with physics curricula at LLT., Delhi for over thirty years, I earnestly feel that this book will certainly be of benefit to younger students in their formative years. Dr. Dilip Kumar Roy Professor of Physics Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi New Delhi-110016.FOREWORD A proper understanding of the physical laws and principles that govern nature require solutions of related problems which exemplify the principle in question and leads to a better grasp of the principles involved. It is only through experiments or through solutions of multifarious problem-oriented questions can a student master the intricacies and fall outs of a physical law. According to Ira M. Freeman, professor of physics of the state university of new Jersy at Rutgers and author of ‘“‘physic--principles and Insights” -- “In certain situations mathematical formulation actually promotes intuitive understand- ing....... Sometimes a mathematical formulation is not feasible, so that ordinary language must take the place of mathematics in both roles. However, Mathematics is far more rigorous and its concepts more precise than those of language. Any science that is able to make extensive use of mathematical symbolism and procedures is justly called an exact science’. LE. Irodov’s problems in General Physics fulfills such a need. This book originally published in Russia contains about 1900 problems on mechanics, thermody- namics, molecular physics, electrodynamics, waves and oscillations, optics, atomic and nuclear physics. The book has survived the test of class room for many years as is evident from its number of reprint editions, which have appeared since the first English edition of 1981, including an Indian Edition at affordable price for Indian students. Abhay Kumar Singh’s present book containing solutions to Dr. LE. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics is a welcome attempt to develop a student’s problem solving skills. The book should be very useful for the students studying a general course in physics and also in developing their skills to answer questions normally encountered in national level entrance examinations conducted each year by various bodies for admissions to profes- sional colleges in science and technology. BP. PAL Professor of Physics LLT., DelhiPreface to the Second Edition Perhaps nothing could be more gratifying for an author than seeing his ‘brainchild’ attain wide acclaim. Fortunately, it happes so with ‘Solutions to I. E. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics (Volume-II) authored by me. Since inception, it showed signs of excellence amidst its ‘peer-group’, so much so that it fell victim to Piracy-syndrome. The reported on rush of spurious copies of this volume in the market accelerated the pace of our contemplation for this second edition. Taking advantage of this occassion the book has almost been comptelely vetted to cater to the needs of aspiring students. My heart felt thanks are due to all those who have directly or indirectly engineered the cause of its existing status in the book-world. Patna June 1997 Abhay Kumar SinghPreface This is the second volume of my “Solutions to LE. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics.” It contains solutions to the last three chapters of the problem book ‘‘Problems in General Physics’’. As in the first volume, in this second one also only standard methods have been used to solve the problems, befitting the standard of the problems solved. Nothing succeeds like success, they say. From the way my earlier books have been received by physics loving people all over the country, I can only hope that my present attempt too will be appreciated and made use of at a large scale by the physics fraternity. My special thanks are due to my teacher Dr. (Prof.) J. Thakur, Department of Physics, Patna University, who has been my source of energy and inspiration throughout the preparation of this book. I am also thankful to computer operator Mr. S. Shahab Ahmad and artist Rajeshwar Prasad of my institute (Abhay’s LLT. Physics Teaching Centre, Mahendru, Patna-6) for their pains-taking efforts. I am also thanful to all my well-wishers, friends and family members for their emotional support. Abhay Kumar Singh Patna July, 1996CONTENTS Rijece ee accede cetceeceeaadcecna vii PART FOUR OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES. 4.1 Mechanical Oscillations... ee ee eee 1 4.2. Electric Oscillations . . . 54 4.3 Elastic Waves. Acoustics : «. 82 4.4 Electromagnetic Waves. Radiation . 103 PART FIVE OPTICS 5.1 Photometry and Geometrical Optics ©... 2.0 cc ee ee ee 15 5.2 Interference of Light 149 5.3 Diffraction of Light . . 162 5.4 Polarization of Light 196 5.5. Dispersion and Absorption of Light . 219 5.6 Optics of Moving Sources... .....-..0040% 229 5.7 Thermal Radiation. Quantum Nature of Light 238 PART SIX ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS 6.1 Scattering of Particles. Rutherford-Bohr Atom 259 6.2 Wave Properties of Particles. Schrédinger Equation . . 285 6.3 Properties of Atoms. Spectra . . 310 6.4 Molecules and Crystals 337 6.5 Radioactivity 6.6 Nuclear Reactions . . 6.7 Elementary ParticlesPART FOUR OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES 4.1 MECHANICAL OSCILLATIONS 41 (a) ©) 42 @) Given, x = acos (°-3) -a wsin{ or-4) and w, = ¥ = - a0? cos{ w1-4 a On-the basis of obtained expressions plots x(t), v,(#) and w,(r) can be drawn as shown in the answersheet, (of the problem book ). From Eqn (1) ve> ~aosin(or-Z) So, = eatin? os F) Q) So, vy, = But from the law x = acos(wt-7/4), so, x? = a? cos*(wt-1/4) or, cos?(wt-n/4) = 2/a? or si (wr-n/4) = 1-5 @) Using (3) in (2), t= Pe'(1-5) or vz = ar(a-x") @ Again from Eqn (4),, = -@@* cos(wt-1/4) = - ox From the motion law of the particle x = asin? (wt-n/4) = £| 1-cos{2o1-2 2 2 a. a x). a, a. o, x7 $ ~foue(201-3) = ~$sin2ae = Ssin @wr+x) ; aia. ie. x-$ = Ssin(2ws4n). @ Now compairing this equation with the general equation of harmonic oscillations : X = Asin (wpt+a) ‘Amplitude, A = Sand angular frequency, = 20. ‘Thus the period of one full oscillation, T= 2% = 2 po(b) Differentiating Eqn (1) w.rt. time Vv, =a w cos (21+) or Ven a? a? cos? (2.0 t+) = a? 0° [1 ~ sin? (2.001 + )] 2) 2 2 From Eqn (1) (=-5) = Fsin®(2ot+2) 2 or, 4841 Be sin? Qeot+n) or 1-sin’ Qotene ad @) a aa From Eqns (2) and (3), _y, ror ~)r4exe-n Plot of v,(x) is as shown in the answersheet. 4.3. Let the general equation of S.H.M. be x = acos(wrt+a) a So, vx = -aosin(otta) @) Let us assume that at ¢ = 0, x = x9 and v, = vy. Thus from Eqns (1) and (2) fort = 0, x9 = acosa, and vy = - awsina Vx Therefore tana =-—* and a= = 35.35 cm OX, Under our assumption Eqns (1) and (2) give the sought x and v, if tata 240s,a=Vd+(u/o) anda en! (Se « Putting all the given numerical values, we get : x= - 29cm and v, =~ 8lcm/s 4.4 From the Eqn, vz= w*(a*~x?) (see Eqn. 4 of 4.1) vi= w*(a?=27) and v3 = w*(a?-23) Solving these Eqns simultaneously, we get © = V Wi) /09-4) , a= V (id -viad) (9-4) 4.5 (a) When a particle starts from an extreme position, it is useful to write the motion law as x = acosat ) (However x is the displacement from the equlibrium position) It 4 be the time to cover the distence a/2 then from 2 a a a-$ =f acoson o cosenty = 5 = cost 2 (as ,= (b) In this case, it is easier to write the motion law in the form : x= asinot 2) If t, be the time to cover the distance a/2, then from Eqn (2) See eee sin (a8 = "amt 2% cos 22 dt = SE = m/s 46 (a) Asx = asinot $0, Vg = awcoswt ar 3 Jawcos(2x/T)t de “a 0 2v2ew/(.. 2x Thus =fv,dt/fdt= 5 ipso {nin T. =| 8 (©) In accordance with the problem Ve vit so, |<¥d] =| | 2Wieo|_ 2vZae 3x 3x Hence, using part (a), || = | (©) We have got, v, = a@cos wt So, v = |v,] = awcoswt, for ts 7/4 =-awcst, for T/4sts ar1 31/8 J aecoswrdt+f -aw cos tdt fe eae ra i fa 37/8 Using » = 2/T, and on evaluating the integral we get 2(4-V¥2)aw = eee 3x 4.7 From the motion law, x = a cos w £,, it is obvious that the time taken to cover the distance equal to the amplitude (a), starting from extreme position equals 7/4. Now one can write so at n = 1,3,5 ... or for odd n values it passes through the mean positon’ and for even numbers of n it comes to an extreme position (if fo = 0). I T Gtto, [where t <3 and n= 0,1,2, As the particle moves according to the law, x = a cos wt, t Case (1) when m is an odd number : In this case, from the equation x = = asinwz, if the t is counted from 7/4 and the distance covered in the time interval - de . nn to becomes,s; = asin fo = asinw[t—n7] = asin{ we - Thus the sought distance covered for odd 7 is 2 Case (2), when 7 is even, In this case from the equation ' nn : nx S = nats, = na+asin{ of-~]) = a| nesin{ wf- X = acos«t, the distance covered (s2) in the interval fo, is given by 4 2 or, 5) = a| 1-cos{ or-** ; a= 5 Hence the sought distance for n is even so nats a nese[t-co[or-82)] = [net cu (or-A2) a x a= 5 = a008 Wig = easo(tng = acos (w1-n% a In general ( 7 a} n+1-cos| wt-—=- 2 ‘ nx\] ‘ a} n+sin| ar- JJ" is odd48 49 Obviously the motion law is of the from, x = asinwt. and v, = @a cos wt. Comparing v, = wacoswt with v, = 35 cos xt, we get eee x o Now we can write t= 285= 5x 7403 (were re 53} As n = S is odd, like (4-7), we have to basically find the distance covered by the particle starting from the extreme position in the time interval 0-3 s. Thus from the Eqn. x= acest = Scosx(03) 35 35 35 TOT Fe A(OS) or sy = = {1-cos 03 x} Hence the sought distance 5 = 5x 254351 cos03.x} x x = 35.46 —cos03.x} = 22% 7(6- cos 54°) m 60 em ™ 2 {As the motion is periodic the particle repeatedly passes through any given region in the range as xs a. The probability that it lies in the range (x,x+dx) is defined as the fraction AE (as 1+ =) where Aris the time that the particle lies in the range (r, x +d) out of the total time ¢. Because of periodicity this is dP dt 2dx a dx T vT where the factor 2 is needed to take account of the fact that the particle is in the range (x, x+dx) during both up and down phases of its motion. Now in a harmonic oscillator. vai=wacsot=oVa-x Thus since @ T = 2x(T is the time period) dP-= We get ap = 424, -1_2_ 2 Vax Note that aP dx=1 dx 1 so is properly normalized. Sh ale6 4.10 411 (a) We take a graph paper and choose an axis (X - axis) and an origin. Draw a vector of magnitude 3 inclined at an angle 5 with the X-axis. Draw another vector of magnitude 8 inclined at an angle -5 ip (Since sin (wt +x/6) = cos (wt-x/3)) with the X-~ axis, The magnitude of the resultant of both these vectors (drawn from the origin) obtained using paral- lelogram law is the resultant, amplitude. Clearly Bi 03? 484238: cos 2% 9+ 64-484 = 73 - 24 = 49 Thus R= 7 units (b) One can follow the same graphical method here but the result can be obtained more quickly by breaking into sines and cosines and adding : Resultant +0 (se 7plonmrs(6- 7 sino = Acos (t+) 2 2 5 5 Th Ar =[3 +/6-—= a (+7) ( 7) = 70-15V2 = 70-212 So, A = 6-985 = 7 units Note- In using graphical method convert all oscillations to either sines or cosines but do not use both. Given, x, = acos@t and x) = acos2ot so, the net displacement, X =X +X, = a{coswt+cos2@t} = a{cosws+2cos’wt-1} and vy =x = a{-awsinot-4@coswtsinot} For x to be maximum, ¥ = aa coswt-4a0* cos? wt+4ao*sin?ot = 0 or, 8 cos” wt +cos @t-4 = 0, which is a quadratic equation for cos w t. Solving for acceptable value cos ot = 0-644 thus sinwt = 0-765 and | = +a @ [0-765 + 4x 0-765 x 0644] = +273 aw4.12 We write : acos2-11cos 50-01 = : {cos 52-114 cos 47-9 ¢} Thus the angular frequencies of constituent oscillations are 52187! and 479s"? To get the beat period note that the variable amplitude acos 2-1 becomes maximum (positive or negative), when 21r=nn Thus the interval between two maxima is a = 155 nearly. 4.13 If the frequency of A with respect to K’ is vo and K’ oscillates with frequency ¥ with respect to K, the beat frequency of the point A in the K-frame will be v when Vevey In the present case ¥ = 20 or 24. This means vo = 22. &va2 Thus beats of 2v = 4 will be heard when ¥ = 26 or 18. 4.14 (a) From the Eqn: x = asinot sin?@t = x°/a” or cos’wr = 1- > (1) a And from the equation : y= beoswt cos? at = y*/b? Q) From Eqns (1) and (2), we get : ee aaa S+ oe aisage which is the standard equation of the ellipse shown in the figure. we observe that, at t=0,x=0 and y=bd x and at t-3o,x= +a and y=0 Thus we observe that at t= 0, the point is at point 1 (Fig.) and at the following moments, the co-ordinate y diminishes and x becomes positive. Consequently the motion is clock- wise. (b) Asx =asinwst and y = beoswt So we may write 7°= asinwt 7% bcoswt j” ‘Thus r= Wa- oF415 4.16 (a) From the Eqn. : x = asinwt, we have cost = V1 - (x7/a") and from the Eqn. :y = asin2@r 2 = 2asinwt coswt= 2xV1-(x7/a") or y= 4x? (:-3} (b) From the Eqn. : x = asinot sin’ wt = x°/a7 5 Fromy = acos2t 2 y = a(1-2sin2or) = «(1-25] @ For the plots see the plots of answersheet of the problem book. As U(x) = Ug(1-cos ax) So, = -Upasinax qa or, F, = - Uyaax (because for small angle of oscillations sin ax = ax) or, F, = - Usa’x qa) But we know F, = - mwgx, for small oscillation 2 Use Ve Thus 3 == or a =a Hence the sought time period 2x VE VF T= augae u()= 5-2 then the equilibrium position is x = x9 when U' (x9) = 0 or eu eee x) % b Now write : xamty Then wba (xn ay) U (a) +4 (xa) U" (20) % 2 But U" (x) = 94-28 © (2a/by? (35-25) = bY8A? x \ So finally : U(x) = U(%) +4 reeds4.18 4.19 We neglect remaining terms for small oscillations and compare with the PE. for a harmonic, oscillator : 2 , Lmotyte (se) ous 2 2\8a° Veam v8 Thus Ta 2a Note : Equilibrium position is generally a minimum of the potential energy. Then U' (ap) = 0, U" (x) >0. The equilibrium position can in principle be a maximum but then U" (x9) < 0 and the frequency of oscillations about this equilibrium position will be imaginary. The answer given in the book is incorrect both numerically and dimensionally. Let us locate and depict the forces acting on the ball at the position when it is at a distance x down from the undeformed position of the string. At this position, the unbalanced downward force on the ball = mg-2Fsin® By Newton’s law, mx = mg-2F sin 0 = mg-2F0 (when @is small ) x 4F = mg-2F 752 mg-—- x s 4F _4F (om tous f= gfe» 2 (eB putting x’ = xml We get pe uaemn a ta ml Thus T= «V2 = 025 Let us depict the forces acting on the oscillating ball at an arbitraty angular position 0. (Fig.), relative to equilibrium position where Fy is the force of buoyancy. For the ball from the equation : Nz = I Bz, (where we have taken the positive sense of Z axis in the direction of angular velocity ic. 6 of the ball and passes through the point of suspension of the pendulum O ), we get : -mglsinO+Fxlsin0 = mPO Using m = fara, Fs = fur and sin @ = @ for small 0, in Eqn (1), we get :4.20 4.21 Thus the sought time period Suese) 722 = uarasasasatzesisasiiseseres Ve(1-2 Imo (1-8) Hence T=2aV pay = Ls Obviously for small f the ball execute part of S.H.M. Due io the perfectly elastic collision the velocity of ball simply reversed. As the ball is in S.H.M. (|| < a on the left)its motion law in differential from can be written as 6 = - 0 ~ - ufo @ If we assume that the ball is released from the extreme position, 8 = f att = 0, the solution of differential equation would be taken in the form 0 = Boos wot = BeosV £ 1 @ If t! be the time taken by the ball to go from the extreme position @ = B to the wall ic. @ = - a, then Eqn. (2) can be rewritten as ~a= pen VE eM (8)-VG (moe'g) g 8g ’ ; i “1a Thus the sought time T = 26" = 2Y 2 [x-cos”'E 7 2Ve (Fes) [because sin”! x+cos"!x = x/2] Let the downward acceleration of the elevator car has continued for time ¢', then the sought time r= V2 of +1", where obviously YW 24 is the time of upward acceleration of the elevator. One should ote that if the point of suspension of a mathematical pendulum moves with an acceJeration w’, then the time period of the pendulum becomes 2nV (see 4.30) le- In this problem the time period of the pendulum w! w becomes it is moving upward with acceleration4.22 u axV A and its time period while the elevator moves downward with the same magnitude of acceleration becomes Qn Vv mien g-w As the time of upward acceleration equals W/ ~ aH , the total number of oscillations during this time equals V2n/w 2nV1/(g+w) — Vode a DEERETS ‘Thus the indicated time = -2nVig = V2h/w V (g+w)/e nV I/(g+w) Similarly the indicated time for the time interval t' a = a Vg = t' Vg - w/e aVi(g-w) we demand that Vih/w V(g+wy/e +t'V(g-wi/g = V2h/w +e! or, = Vih/w aa eave (VE oe VE GENES wo oVg-Ve-w aV 24 Vi+B-vV1-B re w 1-V1- If the hydromoter were in equlibrium or floating, its weight will be balanced by the buoyancy force acting on it by the fluid, During its small oscillation, let us locate the hydrometer when it is at a vertically downward distance x from its equilibrium position. Obviously the net unbalanced force on the hycrometer is the excess buoyancy force directed upward and equals xrxpg. Hence for the hydrometer. Hence the sought time , Where B = w/g mi =-xPpgx 2 Hence the sought time period T=2aV —S— =25s. mr pg12 4.23 4.24 At first let us calculate the stiffness x, and x2 of both the parts of the spring. If we subject the original spring of stiffness x having the natural length Ip (say), under the deforming forces F -F (say) to elongate the spring by the amount x, then : Fexx Q) Therefore the elongation per unit length of the spring is x//) . Now let us subject one of the parts of the spring of natural length 1 Jy under the same deforming forces F - F. Then the elongation of the spring will be x nom ax lo Thus F=«, (nx) ® Hence from Eqns (1) and (2) K = NK, or Ky = K/7 @) K Similarl = imilarly "Ty The position of the block m when both the parts of the spring are non-deformed, is its equilibrium position O. Let us displace the block m towards right or in positive x axis by the small distance x. Let us depict the forces acting on the block when it is at a distance x from its equilibrium position (Fig.). From the second law of motion in projection form i.e. F, = mw, eee Lae . gy +Kax o -(Eephy]x= mi a er ae Thus Kae 0 << Hence the sotight time period T=2nVn(12n)m/K = 0-13 Similar to the Soln of 4.23, the net unbalanced force on the block m when it is at a small horizontal distance x from the equilibrium position becomes (Ky + 2) x. From F, = mw, for the block : = (Ky +k) x = me Thus gee (S35) m Hence the sought time period T = 22V Ky +k, Alternate : Let us set the block m in motion to perform small oscillation. Let us locate the block when it is at a distance x from its equilibrium position. As the spring force is restoring conservative force and deformation of both the springs are same, so from the conservation of mechanical energy of oscillation of the spring-block system :425 4.26 4.27 13 2 1n(%) 44 toes am(@] tyme tyme Constant Differentiating with respect to time 1 eo 1 s Zm2kE +5 (Ki +KQ)22z = 0 (41 +2) we: m Hence the sought time period T = 2 xy ace During the vertical oscillation let us locate the block at a vertical down distance x from its equilibrium position. At this moment if x, and x, are the additional or further elongation of the upper & lower springs relative to the equilibrium position, then the net unbalanced force on the block will be Kz.x directed in upward direction, Hence = Kpxy = mi a) We also have xeyty @ As the springs are massless and initially the net force on the spring is also zero so for the spring or, Kia, = Kx @) Solving the Eqns (1), (2) and (3) simultaneously, we get Ki K2 (oy 2/e +12) m ‘Thus x= ( Hence the sought time period T = 27 Ky Ko The force F, acting on the weight deflected from the position of equilibrium is 2 7p sin 0. Since the angle 0 is small, the net restoring force, F = 2 T)7 o, Fu kx, where ee 2h gone nenn ene? [pcan aeeeee eee So, by using the formula, To If the mercury rises in the left arm by x it must fall by a slanting length equal to x in the other arm. Total pressure difference in the two arms will then be pex+pgxcos0 = pgx(1+cos0) This will give rise to a restoring force -pgSx(1+cos0) This must equal mass times acceleration which can be obtained from work energy principle.14 4.28 The KE. of the mercury in the tube is clearly : zm 2 So mass times acceleration must be : mx Hence mx +pgS(1+cos0)x =.0 ‘This is S.H.M. with a time period ae rue nk In the equilibrium position the C.M. of the rod lies nid way between the two rotating wheels. Let us displace the rod horizontally by some small distance and then release it. Let us depict the forces acting on the rod when its C.M. is at distance x from its equilibrium position (Fig.). Since there is no net vertical force acting on the rod, Newton’s second law gives : Lol, Cc Ni +N2 = mg (a) KN, -kN, = mi 2) As the rod experiences no net torque about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the Fig. through the C.M. of the rod. Solving Eqns. (1), (2) and (3) simultaneodsly we ket v2 -e7Br Hence the sought time period Vou wat an T= 20V 55 *V Eg = 1SS15 4.29 (a) The only force acting on the ball is the gravitational force F, of magnitude y $5 pmr, where y is the gravitational constant p, the density of the Earth and r is the distance of the body from the centre of the Earth, But, gy & pR, so the expression for F can be written as, F--mg A bere R is the radius of the Earth and the equation of motion in projection form has the form, or, mi'+ "Ex = 0 (b) The equation, obtained above has the form of an equation of S.H.M. having the time period, Teak 8g Hence the body will reach the other end of the shaft in the time, T_ oR 5 tese = 42 27 "Ve mi (0) From the conditions of S.H.M., the speed of the body at the centre of the Earth will be maximum, having the magnitude, v= Ro=RVQR = VBR = 7-9km/s. 4.30 In the frame of point of suspension the mathematical pendulum of mass m (say) will oscillate. In this frame, the body m will experience the inertial force m(- i") in addition to the real forces during its oscillations. Therefore in equilibrium position m is deviated by some angle say at. In equilibrium position Tycosa = mg+mweos(n-6) and Tysina = mwsin(x-B) So, from these two Eqns tan a = £— O08 B wsinB Vf mw sin? B+ (mg -mweos B)? (ay and cos a= mg —mwoos B431 4.32 Let us displace the bob m from its equilibrium position by some small angle and then release ‘it Now locate the ball at an angular position (a. + @) from vertical as shown in the figure. From the Eqn. : No = 1B, ~ mg Isin (a+ 0) - mw cos (x - B) [sin (0 + 0) + mwssin (m - B) cos (a +0) =m 176 or, g (sin a cos 8 + cos at sin @) — w cos (x — B) (sin a cos @ + cos a sin 8) + w sin B (cos ot cos 6 - sin sin 8) = 10 But for small @, sin@ = 0 cosO = 1 So, ~ g (sin 01 + cos 0: 8) ~ w cos (x B) (sin a + cos 0: 0) + w sin B (cos a - sin a8) =180 or, (tan a+ 0) (00s B—g)+wsin (1 tana 0) = Q) Solving Eqns (1) and (2) simultaneously we get -(g?-2wecosp+w)O= IV g+w-2wecosp O Thus 6 = - le # 8 Hence the sought time period T = & =27V ra g-w| Obviously the sleeve performs small oscillations in the frame of rotating rod. In the rod’s frame let us depict the forces acting on the sleeve along the length of the rod while the sleeve is at a small distance x towards right from its equilibrium position. The free body diagram of block does not contain Coriolis force, because it is perpendicualr to the length of the rod. From F, = mw, for the sleeve in the frame of rod -Kxtmorx = mx opaniarcaaie tga) a A figg™ nw, It is obvious from Eqn (1) that the sleeve will not perform small oscillations if o2V 10 rod/s. When the bar is about to start sliding along the plank, it experiences the maximum restoring force which is being provided by the limiting friction, Thus KN = mapa or, kmg = mugaWwW 2 2 or, rece = 4s. gs 8B\T 4.33 The natural angular frequency of a mathematical pendulum equals @) = V g/I (a) We have the solution of S.H.M. equation in angular form : © = 0,,cos (a+ a) If at the initial moment ic. att = 0, @ = 6, than a = 0. Thus the above equation takes the form © = 0,,.COB Wt i ene 38 @,c0s'V Fr = 3°cos WV 55 Thus 8 = 3° cos3-5 ¢ (b) The S.H.M. equation in angular form : 0 = 0, sin (atta) If at the initial moment 1 = 0, 0 = 0, then a = 0.Then the above equation takes the form @ = 6, sin aot Let vp be the velocity of the lower end of pendulam at 0 = 0, then from conserved of mechanical energy of oscillaton Seeeeicee tear eeaeeeeteee eerie or, dmv} = mgl(1~c0s Oy) Thus Om = cos"! (1-28) » cos? f 1-00-22)" J = gs tee Zl 2x9-8x0-8| ~ ‘Tnus the sought equation becomes 0 = 0, sinwgt = 45° sin35¢ Let 6p and vo be the angular deviation and linear velocity at t = 0. As the mechanical energy of oscillation of the mathematical pendulum is conservation © $ mvj mg i(1 ~c05 0) = mg! (1-005 Om) aa or, J = 1 COs Op ~ COS Op ) 2 2 Thus @, = cos~! | cas 8-2} = cos™? | cos 3° - 0022) ei 2x98 x18 Then from @ = 5.4° sin (3.51 + a), we see that sin a = = and cos a < 0 because 4 2 4 1.0 radians and we get the the velovity is directed towards the centre. Thus a = 2 answer. 4.34 While the body A is at its upper extreme position, the spring is obviously elongated by the amount If we indicate y-axis in vertically downward direction, Newton’s second law of motion in projection form ie. F, = m wy for body A gives : morn (a-78) «mote oox(2-TE = m(wra-g) @) (Because at any extreme position the magnitude of acceleration of an oscillating body equals 7a and is restoring in nature.) I€N be the normal force exerted by the floor on the body B, while the body A is at its upper extreme position, from Newton’s second law for body B Ner(a- if) «me m8 2 ; of, N= mens{a-Ti8) = mg -m,(w' a—g) ( using Eqn. 1 ) HenceN = (m, +m) g- moa When the body A is at its lower extreme position, the spring is compresed by the distance (+) a+ 718), K From Newton’s second law in projeciton fonin ic. F, = mw, for body A at this state: m, g-X ay TE = m,(~ oa) oF, x a8 = m,(g+o%a) @) In this case if N' be the normal force exerted by the floor on the body B, From Newton’s second law my for body B we get: N’ = x( a+ "8 ) ome = m,(g+ 02a) + mg (using Eqn. 3 ) Hence N' = (m+ m)g+m,o7a From Newton’s third law the magnitude of sought forces are N' and N, respectively. 4.35 (a) For the block from Newton’s second law in projection form F, = mw, N-mg=my @ But from y = a(1-coswt)©) 436 (a) 19 We get y =o acoswt Q From Eqns (1) and (2) 2 N=mg 1+ 2 Foose @) From Newtons’s third law the force by which the body m exerts on the block is directed 2 vertically downward and equis_N = mg ( 1 +2 cos o ‘) When the body m starts, falling behind the plank of loosing contact, N = 0, (because the normal reaction is the contact force). Thus from Eqn. (3) 2 mg(1+2 tm or] = 0 for some t Hence Oy, = g/0" = Sem. We observe that the motion takes place about the mean position y = a. At the initial instant y = 0. As shown in (b) the normal reaction vanishes at a height (g/w*) above the position of equilibrium and the body flies off as a free body. The speed of the body at a distance (g/«*) from the equilibrium position is wV a”-(g/w)*, so that the condition of the problem gives Vere P Lea a (ae) Tae 28 Hence solving the resulting quadratic equation and taking the positive roof, a= -£ 4 2he = 20cm. _ o Let y(#) = displacement of the body from the end of the unstreched position of the spring (not the equilibrium position). Then my = -Ky+mg This equation has the solution of the form y = A+Bcos(ott+a) h if =m’ Bcos(wt+a) = -K[A+Bcos(wt+a)}+tmg Then wo =~ and A= 78 m x we have y=0 and y=0 at ¢=0.S0 -oBsina = 0 A+Boosa =0 Since B > 0 and A> 0 we must have a = x BuA~ 78 xand y= ™E(1-cos ws) (b) Tension in the spring is T= Ky = mg(1-coswt) so Tax = 2M8, Trin = 0 4.37 In accordance with the problem = _, F--am7r So, m(x 4 yj) = - am( x74 yj) Thus ¥ =-ax and y=-ay Hence the solution of the differential equation X= -ax becomes x = acos(wot+5), where wp = a So, x = - aapsin(wptta) From the initial conditions of the problem, v, = 0 and x= ro at r= 0 So from Eqn. (2) a = 0, and Eqn takes the form X = TyCOSWgf $0, COS Myf = X/Ty One of the solution of the other differential Eqn) = -ay, becomes y = a’sin(@pt+8"), where w = a From the initial condition, y = 0 at t= 0, so 6' = 0 and Eqn (4) becomes : y = a’ sin «9 (5) Differentiating w.r.t. time we get J = a’ 09 008 Wot But from the initial condition of the problem, j = vo at ¢ = 0, So, from Eqn (6) Vo = a'@ 0%, a! = Vo/i Using it in Eqn (5), we get Yo 5 “oy y ‘ogo! or sin @gt = 0 Squaring and adding Eqns (3) and (7) we get : jaaatant a mae Gdn senSonik ny yy 2 alt = we or, (=) +4(%) U(as a, = a@) Q) Q) @) (4) 6) ” 4.38 (a) As the elevator car is a translating non-inertial frame, therefore the body m will experience an inertial force mw directed downward in addition to the real forces in the elevator’s frame. From the Newton’s second law in projection form F, = mw, for the body in the frame of elevator car: -1{ Sey} +meemw = my @0) 21 ( Because the initial elongation in the spring is mg/x ) . ( "*) 80, my = -Ky+mw = ~K/ y-—— & mw K( mw or, gal? e ) te “H- e | @ Eqn. (1) shows that the motion of the body m is S.H.M. and its solution becomes yMt wasn (VE rea] ® Differentiating Eqn (2) wart. time j00VE a VE rea] ® Using the initial condition y(0) = 0 in Eqn (2), we get : : mw asina = - 2% x and using the other initial condition (0) = 0 in Eqn (3) we get aV ~ cosa=0 Thus a= -0/2 and a= ™™ Hence using these values in Eqn (2), we get mw[y_ * asco Proceed up to Eqn.(1). The solution of this differential Eqn be of the form : ms asinl VE Oe asin ( mite é } or, ~bwasa(VE 14) : yo K/m m or, y- Sh asin (opt +8) (ene o=V =| (4) Wo m From the initial condition that att= 0, y(0)= 0,so0=asind or 8=0 at . Thus Eqn) takes the from :y— Ty = asin it ©) a Differentiating Eqn. (5) we get: 7- = awycos wt ©4.39 4.40 But from the other initial condition y(0) = 0 at t = 0. So, from Eqn.(6) ~S = amy of a= -o/ap @ Putting the value of-a in Eqn. (5), we get the sought y(t). ie. at a. a a y-=z = -Zsin@ot or y = 5(aot-sinwot) 0% @ o There is an important difference between a rubber cord or steel coire and a spring. A spring can be pulled or compressed and in both cases, obey’s Hooke’s law. But a rubber cord becomes lodse when one tries to compress it and does not then obey Hooke’s law. Thus if we suspend a‘ body by a rubber cord it stretches by a distance mg/x in reaching the equilibrium configuration. If we further strech it by a distance A h it will execute harmonic oscillations when released if Ah = mg/« because only in this case will the cord remain taut and obey Hooke’s law. Thus A Pyax = m8/K The energy of oscillation in this case is Jetty hE As the pan is of negligible mass, there is no loss of kinetic energy even though the collision is inelastic. The mechanical energy of the body m in the field generated by the joint action of both the gravity force and the elastic force is conserved ie. AE = 0. During the motion of the body m from the initial to the final (position of maximum compression of the spring) position AT = 0, and therefore AU = AU,,+AU,, = 0 or mg hex)+tex = 0 On solving the quadratic equation : 72 asset eee mg, meh es K As minus sign is not acceptable 3 +o Me, VME, 2mgh « If the body m were at rest on the spring, the corresponding position of m will be its equilibrium position and at this position the resultant force on the body m will be zero. Therefore the equilibrium compression A x (say) due to the body m will be given by KAx = mg or Ax =mg/x Therefore seperation between the equilibrium position and one of the extreme position i.e. the sought amplitude44) 23 The mechanical energy of oscillation which is conserved equals E = Usirene because at the extreme position kinetic energy becomes zero. Although the weight of body m is a conservative force , it is not restoring in this problem, hence Uireme is only concerned with the spring force. Therefore mg E = Vciveme = dna? = mghe Te Unlike the previous (4.40) problem the kinetic energy of body m decreases due to the perfectly inelastic collision with the pan.Obviously the body m comes to strike the pan with velocity vo = V2gh If v be the common velocity of the " body m+ pan " system due to the collision then from the conservation of linear momentum mvy = (M+m)v mvp __ mV2gh Y= (iam) ~ (M+m) » At the moment the body m strikes the pan, the spring is compressed due to the weight of “he pan by the amount Mg/« . If J be the further compressian of the spring due to the \ciwcity acquired by the "pan = body m " system, then from the conservation of mecksnical energy of the said system in the field generatad by the joint action of both the gravity and spring forces or FM mys (Mem) gl - ae(*E+") = dy (Ma) F 1 m2gh 1 (Mg) 1p 1, (Ma i on, 5 M+ m) Ty + (M+ mm) gd r(" }tgeP-Mel-5K : (Using 1) 1 om ght 8 or, zeP-mgl (ae 0 mgeV mg? «28g Thus i= ‘As minus sign is not acceptable pe MEL KK If the oscillating “pan + body m” system were at rest it correspond to their equilbrjum position ive. the spring were compressed by (tem)g therefore the amplitude of oscillation an ie ME. MEy/ 1, 2hK KK my4.42 The mechanical energy of oscillation which is only conserved with the restoring forces becomes E = Uciene = +x a? (Because spring force is the only restoring force not the 2 weight of the body) Altemately cote Fema? 0? 1 a(_x_)_1l o2 thus E=35(M+m)a (aim =ZKa We have F = a(ji® &j’) or, m(X TEST) = a(pirzy) So, mx = ay and my = -ai a) From the initial condition,at ¢ = 0, x = 0 and y = 0 So, integrating Eqn,m i’ = ay : a we get say orem Sy Q) Using Eqn (2) in the Eqn m’ = -aix, we get ae a os a 2 3) ye) ase-(S)y @) one of the solution of differential Eqn (3) is y =A sin(@ot+a), where wp = a/m. As att = 0, y = 0, so the solution takes the form y = A sin wot On differentiating w.rt. time y = A Wp Cos Wot From the initial condition of the problem, at ¢ =.0, y = vo So, Vo = Aw) or A = Vo/W Thus ¥ = (Vo/a@y) sin wt (4) Thus from (2) % = Vo sin wot so integrating p< 5) x=B- op COS Wo t (5) : Yo On using x=Oatr=0,B=— ® Yo Hence finally x= al 1- cos wt) © Hence from Eqns (4) and (6) we get [x-(vo/@9) P + 9 = (vo/09)? which is the equation of a circle of radius (vo/@) with the centre at the point Xo = Vo/@o, Yo = 0zo 4.43 If water has frozen, the system consisting of the light rod and the frozen water in the hollow sphere constitute a compound (physical) pendulum to a very good approximation because we can take the whole system to be rigid. For such systems the time period is given by mcat T,=22V 7 1 a where k? = 2R? is the radius of gyration of the sphere. 5 The situation is different when water is unfrozen. When dissipative forces (viscosity) are neglected, we are dealing with ideal fluids. Such fluids instantaneously respond to (unbalanced) internal stresses. Suppose the sphere with liquid water actually executes small rigid oscillations. Then the portion of the fluid above the centre of the sphere will have a greater acceleration than the portion below the centre because the linear acceleration of any element is in this case, equal to angular acceleration of the clement multiplied by the distance of the clement from the centre of suspension (Recall that we are considering small oscillations). Then, as is obvious in a frame moving with the centre of mass, there will appear an unbalanced couple (not negated by any pseudoforces) which will cause the fluid to move rotationally so as to destroy differences in acceleration. Thus for this case of ideal {uids the pendulum must move in.such a way that the elements of the fluid all undergo the same acceleration. This implies that we have a simple (mathematical) pendulum with the time period : H Sraaciere = g Thus nom Vi+3(7) (One expects that a liquid with very small viscosity will have a time period close Ty while one with high viscosity will have a time period closer to T,.) 4.44 Let us locate the rod at the position when it makes an angle from the vertical. In this problem both, the gravity and spring forces are restoring conservative forces, thus from the conservation of mechanical energy of oscillation of the oscillating system : sae (oP +mgd (1-c080)+ $x (10) = constant Differentiating wart. time, we get : a 7206 + El snobs F 7Kl?200 = Thus for very small Hence,26 4.45 (a) Let us locate the system when the threads are deviated through an angle a’ =< cos? f> = 1/2. Thus = Sml Grime Gh (where w= 3 ¢/2)28 4.48 4.49 Let J = distance between the C.G. (C) of the pendulum and, its point of suspension C Originally the pendulum is in inverted position and its C.G. is above O. When it falls to thi normal (stable) position of equilibrium its C.G. has fallen by a distance 2 J. In the equilibriun position the total energy is equal to KE. = 310? and we have from energy conservation : Zrat = mg2t or r= S08! Angular frequency of oscillation for a physical pendulum is given by 2 = mg 1/I V I Vamglo? 4x Thus To2nV Ty Oe mel 38 Let, moment of inertia of the pendulum, about the axis, concerned is J, then writing N, = [By for the pendulum, -mgxsina0=10 ot, 6-- 78% 6 (or small 6) which is the required equation for S.H.M. So, the frequency of oscillation, z Now, when the mass m is attached to the pendulum, at a distance / below the oscillating axis, ea Ges rego qd) ~Megxsin0'-mglsin0 Umer oe t 2 or, 7 I? ot = TS, (For small 8) +m t which is again the equation of S.H.M., So, the new frequency, ¥V g (Maem!) @ 2 ani) Solving Eqns. (1) and (2), _V 8a) ot+mt) ae (r+ml?) 2 Tar+megl ‘ casera or, I(@3- or) = mgl-moxl? and hence, 1 = mI? (a3- g/l) /(wj-03) = 0-8 g-m?29 4.50 When the two pendulums are joined rigidly and set to oscillate, each exert wryues on the other, these torques are equal and opposite. We write the Jaw of motion for the two pendulums as 1,0 = -03)0+6 6 =-03h0-¢ where + G is the torque of mutual interactions. We have written the restoring forces on each pendulum in the absence of the other as - 71,0 and - w3/, 0 respectively, Then hot + hot 2 a 1G 0 = -o 6 = 0 Hence 4.51 Let us locate the rod when it is at small angular position 0 relative to its equilibrium position. Ifa be the sought distance, then from the conservation of mechanical energy of oscillation mga(1-cos8)+ 4 00: (0) = constant Differentiating w.tts time we get : mgasin06+ S1og208 = 0 2 But los = mee ma? and for small 0, sinO = 0, we get ata 12 Hence the time period of one full osscillation becomes Poe 2_ 4x7 (2 T=2n mr? or T* = g at? ag - d(v For Trin » Obviously ie(iza**] =0 e l So, - +1=0 o a= ° 1a? w3 Hence Ton = 2% VW30 4.52 453 Consider the moment of inertia of the triangular plate about AB. (She dm = ff? pdxdy dx : iia On using the area of the triangle AABC = and m= pA. fe i v3 : Thus KE. 2 PE. = mgt (1-cos0) = Lmgh& Here 0 is the angle that the instantaneous plane of the plate makes with the equilibrium position which is vertical. (The plate rotates as a rigid body) Thus g-inte, 5 meh 228, mgh/ me Hence of = 2k. mgh/ mh So TeanV iE -nV 24. and Inte = h/2. Let us go to the rotating frame, in which the disc is stationary. In this frame the rod is subjected to coriolis and centrifugal forces, Fey and F,s, where Foe = f 2am (vx &%) and Fy = f dmogr, where ris the position of an elemental mass of the rod (Fig.) with respect to point O (disc’s centre) and As r= OP = OA+AP dr _a(AP) _y, dt dt As the rod is vibrating transversely, so v’ is directed perpendicular to the length of the rod. Hence 2 dm ( v'x @) for each elemental mass of the rod is directed along PA. Therefore the net torque of coriolis about A becomes zero. The not torque of centrifulgal force about point A: Now, Zr of Ax dmabr = f ar (7) dr08(0A+AP) } So, (as OA is constant)31 = f apx (7a) boa = f Basabsasino(-k) ™ asi F cee = Fopasin(-k)f sds = mapas sin O(-k) 0 So, Tepe = Epa k= -mohadsind According to the equation of rotational dynamics : tg) = J, az or, or, Thus, for small @, x Initially the system 1s in equilibrium position. Now from the condition of translation equilibrium for the block Ty= mg Q) Similarly for the rotational equilibrium of the pulley KA/R= TR or. To= Al 2)455 from Eqns. (1) and (2) Al= eae @) Now let us disturb the equilibrium of the system no matter in which way to analyse its motion. At an arbitrary position shown in the figure, from Newton’s second law of motion for the block F,= mw, mg-T= mw mi @ Similarly for the pulley N,= IB, TR-xK(Al+x)R= 10 () But w= BR or, Y= RO © from (5) and (6) TR-«(AlsyR= Li ( Solving (4) and (7) using the initial condition of the problem es chxe (me “al or, x--(—* 7|* mes Tae Hence the sought time period, T= a. 2m mee Note : we may solve this problem by using the conservation of mechanical energy also At the equilbrium position, N,, = 0 (Net torque about 0) So, mgR-mgRsina = 0 of my = msina 0) From the equation of rotational dynamics of a solid body about the stationary axis (say z-axis) of rotation i.e. from N, = [B, when the pulley is rotated by the small angular displacement @ in clockwise sense relative to the equilibrium position (Fig.), we get : m,gR-mgRsin(a+0) MR? 2 Using Eqn. (1) mgsin a - mg (sin a.cos 0+ cos asin @) : {ue 2m(1+ male 2 + mR*+ ma]33 But for small @, we may write cos @ = 1 and sin@ = 6 Thus we have a . {MR+2m(1+ sina)R} o mgsina-mg(sina+cosa0) = 2 8 2mgcosa a ~ [MR+ 2m(1+ sina)R] Hence the sought angular frequency w» = VV WRe poets amad 4.56 Let us locate solid cylinder when it is displaced from its stable equilibrium position by the small angle © during its oscillations (Fig.). If'v, be the instantaneous speed of the CM. (C) of the solid cylinder which is in pure rolling, then its angular velocity about its own centre C is o =v/r @ Since C moves in a circle of radius (R - r), the speed of C at the same moment can be written as Hence, 6. ve = O(R-r) Q) Thus from Eqns (1) and (2) o- aon @) As the mechanical energy of oscillation of the solid cylinder is conserved, ie. E = T+U = constant So, Smite blo +mg(R -r) (1-cos 0) = constant (Where m is the mass of solid cylinder and J, is the moment of inertia of the solid cylinder about an axis passing through its C.M. (C) and perpendicular to the plane of Fig. of solid cylinder) 2 PP EE t+ mg (Rr) (10080) = constant (using Eqn (1) and 1 or, y mor 2 I= mr 3, aap Ror +g(R—r)(1~cos 0) = constant, (using Eqn. 3) ? Differentiating war. time 3(R-1)266 +gsin06 =0 So, 6 = 6, (because fer small 0, sina 0) ogee "3(R-r) Thus oy =~ V 28 3(R-r)34 4.57 4.58 Hence the sought time period T= 2h any 2k) @o 2g Let x, and x be the spring constant of left and right sides springs. As the rolling of th solid cylinder is pure its lowest point becomes the instanteneous centre of rotation. If @ be the small angular displacement of its upper most point relative to its equilibrium position, the deformation of each spring becomes (2 @). Since the mechanical energy of oscillation of the solid cylinder is conserved, E = T+U = constant ie. $1, (6)? +50 (2R0)? +342(2R 0)? = constant Differentianting w.rt. time rae! ; 7200 +5 (1 +2) 4R7200 =0 mR? 2 +ma’) i cantco =0 mR? 7 + mR?) (Because Ip = [c+ mR? = Hence 6 =- woo a) m a 8x ee us @p = 57 and sought time period 2" am am T= = 2572" ony In the C.M. frame (which is rigidly attached with the centre of mass of the two cubes) the cubes oscillates. We know that the kinetic energy of two body system equals $n va, where is the reduced mass and vj is the modulus of velocity of any one body particle relative to other. From the conservation of mechanical energy of oscillation : 2 1 1 fd gee ese geen] = constant Here /y is the natural length of the spring. Differenting the above equation wart time, we get : 1 CARED Rereese (+x). ge 2xke ned = of comes SUG? «5 - my m Thus’ = -% x (wie - 7 = my +m, mma m +m Hence the natural frequency of oscillation : oy = © where =35 459 Suppose the balls 1 & 2 are displaced by x,, x; from their initial position. Then the energy is: E= imi + mit + Fee -x) dmv Also total momentum..is : m, xX; + m)X) = m,V; myx, + mx Define xe MAtMM, voy iy my +m Then mye X+—_x, ye x- 7 m +m m +m 1_mm, Ea 5m + me TP at Hence ee Vie m, +m, 22 1 mm L 1 it _mivi (1 mm 2 = sme 4S ka? = omivit 2 m +m,” 2 m+") (®) From the above equation Th TxA 4 mim 2 Weseeo = YE Vv 7 88%, when w= SATE = Se, (b) The energy of oscillation is 1oimm 3 1 2 m +m ving We have x = asin (wf + a) 2x (0.12)? = 48 x 10% = 48 mJ Initially x=Oatt=0s00a=0 Then x= asin wf. Also x =v, att = 0. v So wa = vy and hence a = “b= 22 6 2 om, 4.60 Suppose the disc 1 rotates by angle 0, and the disc 2 by angle 0, in the opposite sense. Then total torsion of the rod = 0; + @ 7 1 2 ind tor I PE. = =x (6, +6, and torsional zn ), + 82 ” ia The KE. of the system (neglecting the moment of inertia of the rod) is 1dr zhO+ she So total energy of the rod ; aan Em Shite d+ 5 «(0,487 We can put the total angular momentum of the rod equal to zero since the frequency associated with the rigid rotation of the whole system must be zero (and is known).461 bor Oe Thus 1,0, = 10, ot Th" Uh So 6, = Tan (8,+6,) and f= Ae at) Lhh ie 1 2 and Em 5 rag (O14 Oa +5 «(01 + 02) The angular oscillation, frequency corresponding to this is LL; ot ae/ w/t and T=2xV where 7 = 7 In the first mode the carbon atom remains fixed and the oxygen atoms move in equal & opposite steps. Then total energy is a) 0 c Oo - —_—rx 2 2my2+ i 2nxr where x is the displacement of one of the 0 atom (say left one). Thus wt = K/my. @ 0 c 0 —_ =_ — x ¥ x In this mode the oxygen atoms move in equal steps in the same direction but the carbon atom. moves in such a way as to keep the centre of mass fixed. 2 Thus 2mpxem,y = 0 ony =— = 2m.) 2m KE= } 2m? +5 am( oat J 22mg 2m a? = poma( 1 2 . 2 2 pew de(1+ 2) 2 be (1e2™) 2 obon (142) 2 2 me 2) mm. 2 mi. 2 2 mo 4 2mo a V1.2 V u Hence, @ = 0, V 1455 eo V > = 1910, Thus abot ) and @) = @; mo4.62, Let, us displace the piston through small distance x, towards right, then from F, = mw, or, (p,-P,)S = me But, the process is adiabatic, so from PV = const. P= Hinee a id pi = pees (Vo-Sx)" (Vo+Sx)" 37 Q@) as the new volumes of the left and the right parts are now (Vo + 5.x) and (Vo ~ S x) respectively. So, the Eqn (1) becomes. PoMS (1 iy (Vo-Sx)" (Vo+Sx)¥ PoVhS | (oss) | m or, m (Vo -S?x?)* or, 22 Neglecting the term ae in the denominator, as it is very small, we get, ‘0 uti? Dy Si gn — 22ST yx m Vo which is the equation for S.H.M. and hence the oscillating frequency. ge sV 2px mVo 4.63 In the absence of the charge, the oscillation period of the ball T=2Vilg when we impart the charge q to the ball, it will be influenced by the induced charges on the conducting plane. From the electric image method the electric force on the ball by the plane 2 q 13 Te Teg (2hY of the ball ——z and is directed downward. Thus in this case the effective acceleration4.64 465 2 , q one fae wawna and the corresponding time period reanVb o2nV 1 — g gt ae From the conditon of the problem Tan?’ So, Tean?t’? ot Lan? g oe Thus on solving q = 4hVxegmg(n?-1) = 2nC Ina magnetic field of induction B the couple on the magnet is - MB sin @ = - MB 0 equating this to 16 we get 16 +MBO =0 2eMB oe ternVt or ot MF ot TH2RV GG Given T, = T/y o vi -Vi lee ° Ks or 2 =n The induction of the field increased 1 times. ‘We have in the circuit at a certain instant of time (¢ ), from Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction : di a& - La 7 NG or Ldi = Bld Asat t=0,x=0, so Lim Bix or i= Stuy ; For the rod from the second law of motion F, = mw, -i1B = mi . Fs PB? 2 Using Eqn. (we get: # = -(F 3 |e mw ~adx 2 where op = 1B/ Vm The solution of-the above differential equation is of the form4.67 39 x = asin(wot+ a) From the initial condition, at t = 0, x = 0, soa = Hence, x = asinagt @) Differentiating w.tt. time, & = a @9 COs wot But from the initial condition of the problem at ¢ = 0, x = vo Thus Vo aa or a = vo/e@ (4) Putting the value of a from Eqn. (4) into Eqn. (3), we obtained oo a @ As the connector moves, an emf is set up in the circuit and a current flows, since the emf is al Bisel 0 § = -B1i, we must hav so, I= BIx/L provided x is measured from the initial position. ‘We then have Blix 2B. L+mg mx = - for by Lenz’s law the induced current will oppose downward sliding. Finally , (BY H+ ene on putting eta tee A:solution of this equation is x= £44 cos (wt+a) cr But x= 0 and x = 0 at ¢ = 0. This gives x= © (1-coswot). Wo We are given x = age~*' sinwt (@) The velocity of the point at ¢ = 0 is obtained from Vo = (X)pn0 = 4 The term "oscillation amplitude at the moment ¢ = 0" is meaningless. Probably the im- plication is the amplitude for ¢ << 7 . Then x = do sin t and amplitude is ay. ' ) x = (-Bapsin w+ wagcoswt)e* = 0when the displacement is an extremum. Then o tan@t = > 8 or ote tan! Penn, m= 041,20 4.68 Given = qye-* coswt 4.69 We write x = age"* we have @ = -Bp-ogoe *sinot © = - PE+Pagoe *sinwt-w7 ge *! cos wt =P pt2poge™sinwt-w'p so (@® ()o = - BG» (Fo = (B°- 07) Go (b) } = -ge7*!(Bcos w t+ w sin wt) becomes maximum (or minimum) when © = go(Br- 0? )e“ 2 2 or tnot = Sa8 2po coswt+2Pagoe*'sinwt = 0 2g? and nat wn SE inn penseaO tsa one ' cos(@t+a). I @) x(0)=02a= spar-F age"* ‘sinwt 5(0) = (t)20 = ¥ way Since ag is + ve, we must choose the upper sign if x(@) <0 and the lower sign if x(0)>0. Thus ag ~ ECL and a = +5 if x(0)<0 5 if t(0)>0 (b) we write x = Re A ePIH°! 4 ow age’? Then x =v, = Re (-B+iw)Ae Pirie! From v, (0) = 0 we get Re (-B+iw)A = 0 This implies A = + i(8+im)B where B is real and positive. Also % = ReA=F OB ‘ol with + signinA if xo <041 ~ signin A if x)>0 So An 2 PSO hal = (Fie s Pll ° © Finally ee (5) Ixol tna = Bg = un? o o a is in the 4 quadrant (- f0 and is in the 2" quadrant (3 2 ‘ Thus ak GUE grap =0 o oe27nR 5, 2 mat! Hence og = 25; and p= zur’ mR481 and angular frequency mR Note :- normally by frequency we mean = : From the law of viscosity, force per unit area = 4 & so when the disc executes torsional oscillations the resistive couple on it is t R = fn-2m. TP er-dr x 2 -15*6 0 (factor 2 for the two sides of the disc; see the figure-in the book) where @ is torsion. The equation of motion is 4 19 +E ote = 0 Comparing with © +2BPH+o9@ = 0 we get B= xR*/2hI Now the logarithmic decrement ) is given by X = BT, T = time period Thus n= 2hAI/nR‘T If p = angle of deviation of the frame from its normal position, then an e.m.f. e= Bao 2: is induced in the frame in the displaced position and a current 7 - og. flows in it. A couple ‘ 26 2 gen Baoan a) then acts on the frame in addition to any elastic restoring couple cp. We write the equation of the frame as 2 4 19 FS orem =0 Bea‘ 2IR Thus B = where B is defined in the book. Amplitude of oscillation die out according to e~*' so time required for the oscillations to i. ' decrease to = of its value is 2IR Ba DI47 482. We shall denote the stiffness constant by x. Suppose the spring is stretched by xo. The bar in then subject to two horizontal forces (1) restoring force - x x and (2) friction kmg opposing motion. If Xp> ad =A the bar will come back. rH (fx) A, the bar will stay put.) The equation of the bar when it is ' moving to the left is mx = -Kx+kmg This equation has the solution x= A+(xp-A) cosV where we have used x = x9, = 0 at ¢ = 0. This solution is only valid till the bar comes to rest. This happens at Jt anal V5 and at that time x = x, = 2A-2p. if x)>2A the tendency of the rod will now be to move to the right .(if A < xq <2 A the rod will stay put now ) Now the equation for rightward motion becomes” mx = -Kx-kmg (the friction force has reversed). We notice that the rod will move to the right only if K(x)-2A)>kmg ie. xy >3.A In this case the solution is x= -A+(%9-34) cosy £ Since x= 2A-x and ie Oat cen na/VE. The rod will next come to rest at tanger VE and at that instant x = x, = x9- 4A. However the'rod will stay put unless x >5 A. Thus @) time period of one full oscillation = 2x/ Fa () There is no oscillation if 0 4 subject to x(0) = x(0) = 0 where F is constant. The solution of this equation will be sought in the form xs EAcos(apt+a), 0s tst x = Bcos(W)(t-t)+B), t>t A and a will be determined from the boundary condition at ¢ = 0. 0 = Fe Acasa 0 = -wpAsina ‘Thus a=Oand4=-= and x = £(1~cosupt) Os t elie Al : and Fy/m Fo/m a - —tem__ . Fo/m Wap ab 46" 2pVas-F 2B h 2 1+{— ipa 2e FoAla(, 4a” mag 2K Anmg|** 2 " ee 7, Since a = V («= 05 + 2B)? + 4B? (09 - B) we must have - 1-08 +2? = - (03-02 +28") ce @} + @; 7 o-2p? = 8 yp, Fy (wh- 07) coswt+2Bosinot xs = Veal ep? Then ye 2Bwcos ot+(w?- ws) sinwt oy s4 par Thus the velocity amplitude is Foo mV (08-07 P +4 Po Yo= This is maximum when and then ie51 2 : @ 2 Now at half maximum Zo | = 128 or w+ 2V3 Bwo-o = 0 ¥F BV3 +V op +3B" where we have rejected a solution with — ve sign before there dical. Writing ow, = Voa+3p?+BV3 , wo, = Vos+3 fp? -BV3 we get (a) @,¢, = @p = Va; @ ( Velocity resonance frequency) o Jo; -@ | @) B= and damped oscillation frequency 7 Vale = V o0,- red 4.88 In general for displacement amplitude 2 ease aaeas Leaeenaetaees ae— m Vda Pea paP epg a teeeeaseeacseetaste) ree titnstetcatetces mV (0 ~ 09 +28") +4 8? ( 0-8) a nee @ of, us me, fiw Yap (ap-B) 26V wp -B 20 But Hence 4.89 The work done in one cycle is r r A= fFdx=fFvd =f Fycoswt(-wasin(wt-@)) dt ° ° T = f Fowa(-cos wesin wt cos @ + cos” wt sin p) de 0 = 5 Fyoatsing = naFosing52 4.90 In the formula x = acos(wt-@p) oF Ociasesaniania gastisissdscose we have a=— = MV (wp-w')+4 Bw 2Bo 7 a - 0 tang = i (09 - 7) tan Thus 6 te : Hence @ = VK7m = 20s, and (a) the quality factor Tas an q-%- a8 -} 4 ot 0 = 21% 6 B (08 - o tan (b) work done is A = xa Fo sin = xma’V (w- 0?) +4" = nma’(wp-w") tang = 6 mJ. sing = xma°x2Bo 4.91 Here as usual tang = 2B& -0 '; where @ is the phase lag of the displacement Fo x = acos(wt-p),a=— ™ V(ab-w) 24 pra? (2) Mean power developed by the force over one oscillation period Foasin® le asi - 7 = 7Foawsing Fo Bat Fob 1 ™ (ap—or yp +4 pro m 2 : i" oo +4p? (o (for the denominator iS then minimur (b) Mean power < P > is maximum when w = Also bi 4mB 4.92. Given B = o/n. Then from the previous problem F009 1 SEE ym FI 2 (2-°} +428 o

=At displacement resonance w = V wg - 2B” F2

, = 20 —_,.- nm 4p 40 z piacere @ - 2 SF ie 4nmay while

max Thus . . N, 493 The equation of the disc is @ +2B@+aRq = Then as before © = Gm Cos (wt=a) where om = Nm aaa = 28%, ™ TE (aa - 07)? +4207)?” oo (a) Work performed by frictional forces 53 r = -fN,do where N, = -21B@ = ~f 2BIq? de = -2nBwlg, 0 =~ x1 @8[( 03-07) +4 Bw? ] sina = —2Ny Pq Sino (b) The quality factor 2 onto _Vab-B Vag 8 at dora 4B wo? AmeDs 2B (5-0? )tna = tana | (aw) (@p-a")? wn 40 wo P Gy Nn wt FO OO em tanta — since wf = w+ cosa 2tana | N2 cos*a me v2 1 ae wal = fe sin Tsina we ' 1 1 40° Pgh (2 Ny cosa ; : "rena | aE (Ot Ig, tt 2 ll 210m N, / wo —— +casa} -1 2 254 4.2 ELECTRIC OSCILLATIONS 4.94 4.95 If the electron (charge of each electron = -¢ ) are shifted by a sinau distance x, a net + ve charge density (per unit area) is induced on the surface. This will result in an electric field E = nex/eg in the direction of x and a restoring force on an electron of ex £0 2 nex Thus mi =- £0 or This gives as the plasma frequency for the problem. Since there are no sources of emf in the circuit, Ohm’s 1 law reads a, ,4! iste where q = change on the capacitor, [ = “4 = current through the coil. Then & Peasy Shr o0da = 0, of = re. The solution fo this equation is 7 = Gm C08 (Wot +a) From the problem Vq = = . Then I = ~ aC V,, sin (gt +a) and V = V,,cos (wt-a) P 2 V2 4-5 = V2 pC 2 ar vet -v2. By energy conservation $L P+ £ = constant ‘When the PD. across the capacitor takes its maximum value V,, the current J must be zero. Thus “constant” = ze v, V? = V2 once again. some Le,55 4.96 After the switch was closed, the circuit am By A é uo or fascia san ae crams where we have used the fact that when the switch is closed we must have -4. meds 2 Veda Vm tm a0 ate = 0. Thus (a) 1 = TH «CV copsin ot = - Va € sinagt L (b) The electrical energy of the capacitor is x cos? Wt and of the inductor is aL Pasin® aot. The two are equal when x oot = 5 At that instant the emf of the oe inductance is -15 = Vycoagt = Vn IVv2 497 In the oscillating circuit, let d = Im COS WE be the change on the condenser where o? = 1. and C is the instantaneous capacity of the. condenser (S = area of plates) LC S ce y y = distance between the plates. Since the oscillation frequency increases 7 fold, the quantity Spengnsaiyanet or OSL changes 1 fold and so does y ie. changes from yo initially to 1° yo finally. Now the PD. across the condenser is Im Y Im Va Gooswt= ase and hence the electric field between the plates is Im E= 295 SOF498 Thus, the charge on the plate being qq cos a f, the force on the plate is 2 F=—cos*wt eS Since this force is always positive and the plate is pulled slowly we can use the average force 7. F- 5; : Fen 21) 4m¥0 and work done is A = F(? yo-yo) = (17-1) 2 tS TaYo Gn ae But Ja% = 315 = W the intl stored energy. Thus. A= (P-1)W. The equations of the L ~C circuit are C,V-fidt C,V-fid 14 page ef ne vf a qi Cr Differentiating again «= L(+) «-1h--14 G G ¢, 1 2 Then hegighh ae Teh+th so L(Cy+C,)I+I = 0 or I= Iysin (apt +a) 2 1 where 0" Teac) (Part a ) (Hence T = 2% = 0,7 ms) Wo At 1=0,l=0s0a=0 T= Iysinogt The peak value of the current is Jp and it is related to the voltage V by the first equation LI=V-fldt(C,+C2) ' 1 : or +Laplocosagt = V- GG, J Jasin ootat (The PD. across the inductance is V at t = 0) 1h VFS oy (cms out 1) af G6, Hence Ty = (Cy +p) VV = V = 8.05 A. L57 499 Initially q, = CVp and q> = 0. After the switch is closed change flows and we get N+2 = CV 4,40 49 | Bid Leo Q Also I = q, = -q. Thus I enn : 4 Por 2 2 +41 + Hence F+upl= 0 a = 7%, C Cc 4, The soloution of this equation subject to -4, “Yo T=Oatr=0 Sw is I= Ipsinaot. Integrating 91 = A- 7 cos aot Finally substituting in (1) A-B_ 21 c Gap C08 M0# +L Ip 0 COS ot =0 cy, Thus A= B= rand CV Ip cee CM so 41 = Ze +008 91) cv 92 = "(1-008 wt) 4.100 The flux in the coil is (1) = {$ <0 0 £>0 : fla The equation of the current is opel (a) dime 2 This mean that ico} +1=0 or with b= f5 I = Ipsin( 1+ a)4.101 4.102 I Putting in (1) ~L Ip Wp 008 ( 9 t+) = ~ T° [€08 (wot +a) ~ cos a] 0 This implies cosa = 0 +. J = * Iycos wot . From Faraday’s law de dI a a =-L9 or integrating from t = - € to - € where ¢ + 0 ® = LJy with + sign in J so, I= 2 COS Wot. Given V = V,, e7*! coswmt (a) The phrase ‘peak values’ is not clear. The answer is obtained on taking |cos wt| = 1 mn o ie te (b) For extrema 2Y = 0 - Booswr- wsinwt = 0 or tanwt = - B/o ie. ot = n+ tan’ The equation of the circuit is OQ ,p42,2. Letra +S -0 where Q = charge on the capacitor, This has the solution Q=Q, e7*' sin(wr+ a) where B=, 0=Vop- BP, of =e. Now 1-42.20 attr =0 $0, QO, 28! (- Bsin(wt+ a)+mcos(wt+a))=0 att=0 Thus cosa = Bsina or a = tan7! 5 Now vq = 2 and Vo = D.atr= 0 = 2 sina v, z yo 7 sina = Gate = Oe eisai Meee ‘mn orp %59 4103 We write 2 rote ™ sinwe = Brie ior = gm I, (gm means imaginary part) (B+ iw)en Bit ier = gm I, SP gm In ee =[e# Bsinwt+ w coswt = P+ o -prsin(wi+d) igo V B+ wo 8 ( An arbitrary constant of integration has been put equal to zero.) Thus =Ine v-2-1, Vv z e7 * sin(wtt 8) V(0) = V% sind = 1, VE ws o + C(1+ 6/0") 4104 f= J, e7* sinwt £ Vv 1 anne fogs Ie’ o = VoR- 8 I= - 4, q = charge on the capacitor Then qa Ine Pt SOLD) tango 2, Vo'+ p 6 Thus Wu = £11 eo? sin? or e728! sin? (wet 8) LER 26 = ot gee ee a sin? (wt+ 3) w+ B*60 Current is maximum when 4 sino = 0 Thus - Bsinwt+ wcoswt = 0 o or wn ot = 2 = tnd 8 ie. orenn+d ‘a? in? and hence Wigaretenas (tien eneinsOuraeee le We sin?(wt+ 3) sin?28 — 4cos?d 1 ip seeeeL Ser, REEL. se Se ee ees 4B'70g 4p? LCR? cr? (Wy is the magnetic energy of the inductance coil and We is the electric enengy of 1 capacitor.) 4.105 Clearly L=L,+1y,R=R,+R 4106 Q = Fe or B-a5 Now Br=inn sore "or = 2101 - 05 ms mv 4.107 Current decreases ¢ fold in time te 2d gee uw 2k caccttations ~2L o R 2x re 1 R? 1 V 4L _ "ERY LG7 4p "2a ¥ Rig 1 7 159 oscillations x _o 4108 Q = FE 35 . - pee “+ @= 282, Baao. a wy oVis—-y or oS eS 1+ 42 oo Por | £100 % « 15x 100% = 05% 9 804.109 4110 4111 Att = 0 current through the coil = £ Rer PD. across the condenser = =~ Rer (a) Ate = 0, energy stored = Wo 2 2 -34(x5) 1 (at) = 52 ESRD. 20 ee (Re ry? -1R2 -1R/L (b) The current and the change stored decrease as e~'””*" so energy decreases as e 2 We We = 0.10 mI. Vo} - B 28 ©, or Ber Vie 49? or B= Now W= We 7 Thus energy decreases 1 times in ot sec. = Inn Vis 49" | Qinn oo = 1.033 ms Yao” 224 In a leaky condenser 4aly_7 rade Gee 1-1! where I’ =p = leak current ~22-,%._,4(4,¥ Now v-Z--17 =-L5 [eR - 124. 4a di? RC dt eee d Oe . +geatiet~° Then = Ime *'sin(wmt+ a)62 4.112 Given V = V,e7*' sinwt, @ = @ BT << Energy loss per cycle Power loss = T ad cvax 26 (energy decreases as Wy e~ 7°! so loss per cycle is Wox 2BT) Thus

= z cv2« £ 2

L or R- v2 a Hence o-ivi -VE x Feb 7 100 on putting the vales. 4.113. Energy is lost across the resistance and the mean power lass is

= R = 5 R12 = 02 mW. This power should be fed to the circuit to maintain undamped oscillations. 2 RCV, 4114

= 57 28 in (4.112). We get

= 5 mW. 4.115 Given q = 41+ a iT h--@h--% = eres Lh=Rh= 4, Thus CL 91+ (q+ @) = 0 RC H+ N+ =0 Putting gq) = Ae’®! qo = Beti®! (1- wLC)A+B=0 tle63 A+(1+ i@RC)B = 0 A solution exists only if (1- wLC)(14+ i@RC) = 1 or iwRC- w LC-iw LRC? =0 or LRCo*-iwLC-RC =0 Thus G1 = (A, cos wot + Az sin wy t) e7** etc. 2p is the oscillation frequency. Oscillations are possible only if 3 > 0 ic. +1 .¢ ce 4p? L° 4116 We have ; Ly h+ Ril = 1, h+ Rh sia ¢c RyLt I=lh+h Then differentiating we have the equations L,CT,;+R,Ch + (+h) =0 1,C 14 RpCh + (h+h) =0 Look for a solution =A, e", b= Ape Then (14 07? L,C+ aR,C) Ai+ Ap = 0 A, + (14+ 0? L,C+#aR,C) A, = 0 This set of simultaneous equations has a nontrivial solution only if (1+ 72, C+ aR\C)(1+ 07L,C+#aRC)=1 3. 2 L:Ro+1pR, Ly+Lp+ Ri RoC Ry+ Rp or a teeeerrerarees ta eee ers caeeet TT ce This cubic equation has one zeal root which we ignore and two complex conjugate roots. We require the condition that this pair of complex conjugate roots is identical with the roots of the equation a?LC+aRC+1=04.117 The general solution of this problem is not easy.We look for special cases. If Ry = Ry = 0, tha Lk 12 | If L;=L2=0, then 2 R=0 and LTS L=0 and R =R,Ry/(R,+Rz) These are the quoted solution but they are misleading. We shall give the solution for small R, Ry . Then we put a = -6 +i when B is small We get (1-071, C-2iB@l,C-B,C+ioR,C) (1-071, C- 2iBwL,C- Bfac+ iwR,C)=1 (we neglect B* & BR,, BR, ). Then L,+ L,; 2 2 2 title (1- @C)(1-aLgC) = te oh PS a ne This is identical with ow Ie if L Tel, also (2BLy- Ry) (1- @L,C)+ (2BL2- R,)(1- wL,C) = 0 R RL? + Rol? RL} + RL? This gi B = Op = aT Teg) 7 Ra 4,,4 =+4 on otlL G+ Ri ta+F on RK “ti Vi For the critical case R = 2V Thus LC G+ 2VIC g+q=0 Sw Look for a solution with q a e*' An independent solution is te*' . Thus pe se : At t=0q=CVo thus A =CVy Also at t=0qg=-1=0 0=B-AT B= VE vic4118 ‘Thus finally 1-4.yVE elie VE eT The current has been defined to increase the charge. Hence the minus sign. The current is maximum when a a& This gives t = VEC and the magnitude of the maximum current is Ye JE Mol = 2VE. The equation of the circuit is (J is the current) Vo it t --Té 1- ye}? dl LG + RI = Vue ot From the theory of differential equations T= Iptle where Jp is a particular integral and Ic is the complementary function (Solution of the differential equation with the RHS = 0 ). Now Te * Ico 7" and for Ip we write Ip = Iq cos (wt-@) Substituting we get v, L-——*{=—, 9 tan? 24 Vrs wh? R Vin RL ‘Thus i, cos (wt- @) + Ieoe” VR es Lt Now in an inductive circuit] = 0 at t= 0 because a current cannot change suddenly. ee) Vw Veea [cos (woe - @p)- cos pe +066 4.119 4.120 Here the equation is (Q is charge, on the capacitor) Q,rzd2. ct R dt Vn cos@t A solution subject to Q = 0 at t = 0 is of the form (as in the previous problem) 2 = O,[ cos (wt- F)- cospe™*°] Substituting back oe cos (at - @)- ORQ,sin(wt- P) = V_ COS OE = V,,{ cos G cos (wt - F) = sinGsin(wr- F)} so Qn = C Vy, COs F ORQ, = V_sin® This leads to cy, ia Qu = F—————, an F = ORC V1+(@RC) Hence a= Is [- since w+ SEE ereme a 3 sin V R24 (ze) oc The solution given in the book satisfies J = 0 at t = 0. Then Q = 0 att = 0 but this will not satisfy the equation at ¢ = 0, Thus J# 0, ( Equation will be satisfied with J = 0 only if Q# 0 at ¢ = 0) y, Wi =0)-—2 ith our J, I(t20) =z The current lags behind the voltage by the phase angle -1 @L = ta — oman eR Now L = yn? xa71, 1 = length of the solenoid Ru bc2xanl sy , 2b = diameter of the wire xb 1 But 2bn=1 2s bagy 2pm a? 1 Won? Ina?-2nv 1 ‘Then oo wi! aaa * Gat -1 Ho ay meses = tai apn4121 4.122 67 HereV = V,,cos ot I = 1,,cos(wt+ @) where Now Vn axe iss Tala Thus the current is ahead of the voltage by eaeee = fs : p= un aa = tant (we) - = 60 ' Side Hee Va IR+ > or weeramenne YO aa Ignoring transients, a solution has the form Tehpsin(wt-a) 9 ee Ty OR Ip cos(wt- a) + 7 sin(@t- a) = - wVp sinwt = — @Vo{sin(wt- a) cosa+ cos(wt- a)sina} so Rly = - Vosina —=-Vcsa a=2+ tan™'(@RC) I= Igsin(or— tan“? @RC-2) = - Iysin(wr- tan“! @RC) Then Q- [rae 20+ “eos (w1-ten"! oR) It satisfies Vo(1+ coswr) = REZ 2if Vo(1+ coswr) = - Rigsin(wt- tan7'@RC) Qo, to 1 + ot G gem (@r- tan aRC) Thus Qo = CV 7 SunauEee and ah = vo/Vis(oRcy VooRC checks Rh = — Vi+(@RCY Vo lence ee Vi+(oRCY © 2- Vi+ (oRCY or W-1 = 0 (RCP or RC =Vre-1/0 = 22 ms. fauee Va__ Vir Voltage Va. MAR current Voltage V @) ©) =~ as 4124 @ I, = (b) tng = 2S, 9 w - 60° Current lags behind the voltage V by p69 Vo = 2 w 0665 KV O fe oc” Vin = InV R24 wh? = 0-SKV V, ee V R24 (2+- se) oc ————_k. —____ Vine V(oRCh+(@Le-iy Vf 2 2 (3 1} + toto ©}70 4.126. 4.127 Vi = Iq V R24 wl? Vn VR? + wb? V r+ (oz- a) oc for a given @,L,R, this is maximum when 1 1 aot Ob © C= >= 2 UF VV R74 oL? For that C, Vi = JA - VV 1+ (ole? ~ 0540 EV Va ol At this C Vo = ee AO L509 Vv ocoa 0000 © Poor Condo|—= ©0000 2000 1! ‘We use the complex voltage V = V,, e'®'. Then the voltage across the capacitor is , 1 U- TYG and that across the resistance RJ’ and both equal V . Thus , Vin ior ' ; ioe SMa ata eecae a eeaae Hence Vn ; ioe I= (1+ iwRC) e The actual voltage is obtained by taking the real part. Then = Vis (orc? cos (wt+ p) Where tang = oRC Note —> A condenser with poorly conducting material (dielectric of high resistance) be the plates is equvalent to an an ideal condenser with a high resistance joined in p between its plates.aT 4128, ah Sha ah Maer oe 7 tae dh dl, Ly 2-1, at Oat ¢ from the second equation Lnh = -Lyh By kh Then [ati ee Thus the current oscillates with frequency 1 Ly cj LL.- >= * E| 4.129 Given V = V,,cos wt I = I,cos(@t~@) L,R where T Vin ews Vv 2 eee rs(at-gh] Idt I,sin(wt-@) Then, ve GS _ esntate) Vin - sin (or- 9) V(1- wLCy+ (RCP ‘As resonance the voltage amplitude across the capacitor See eel ae a ek 1 CR RC Vic L 2 Se =n : cr N/a casei meer Now Q= CGR? 4 nara 4.130 For maximum current amplitude1 Vn Sig ind then Ino = R Now So 4.131 At resonance and Now Then oyb- = VAI wae VFT (assuming «> ©;) mc «3 o _ yaak or oy- Gee = aye VATE Pe or 01+ = SE (y+ @) > wy = VOrO, and o-oo Vea & R_ %-o 6-20 2Vn-1 and o- V8 _ 1 LV OP Dom 1 ae 4 (m= oF 473 o : 4132 Q = = FE for low damping. Now 2% ow 2 v2 or Thus s Aw = 2p and Q = 0 o = 2B and Q =<. 4133 At resonance © = Vn Im (9) = RE Then J, (10) = 4.134 The a.c. current must be T= I) V2 sinwt Then D.C. component of the rectified current is 12 = 5 f V2 sinwtdr T 0 ie ~ V2 5, f snoao _ ov2 x Since the charge deposited must be the same 2 Int) = 21 The answer is incorrect.74 4135 (a) my =ht Ost pfhparh tea 4n Then I, = 2h since =. Now mean square current | r 2 2 21 44h =48 rr an 2h so effective current = a (b) In this case J = I, |sinwt| r 1 « and y= FS hlsinor |ae ° 2s * 1 . Le. 2h = aah |sin@[d0 = ete -= al So te r wig page elon ey Then, mean square current = = 7 ie word as wig 2 wip “3 x tf swtoao = = 0 I so effective current = . v2 4136 ree Pic ™ Vo R es Pe. § R?+ aL? VR?+ aL? 16($2) n R4.137 4.138 4.139 75 Thus Sb ow Vq=1 R or o=7Vn-1 R Y= agEYI~) @ 2 KH of on putting the values. Z = VR?+X2 ot Ry = V27- X? The tan = ae we So oe SEV (3) wt 9 = cos"! 1- (2) = 37. The current lags by @ behind the voltage. 2 v 2 2 also P= VI cosp = —V2? ~ X? = .160 kW. z 2 oe Vva(Ra tn) (Re rh + ol? This is maximum when R+ r = wL for 2 2 P-— Fe 7 oly L Reve Viggo Rer a VR+r v2 Thus R = @L ~ r for maximum power and Pra = 7 7 + Substituting the values, we get R = 200 and Pyar = .114 kW. V?R -_— *_, R’+ (X,- Xe) Varying the capacitor does not change R so if P increases n times Z =VR?+ (X,-Xc)* must decreases V7 times Thus cos = g increases Vin times % increase in cos @ = (vn - 1)x 100 % = 30.4%. P76 4.140 4.141 ae V?R R24(X_YP R?+ (X,~ Xe) At resonance X, = Xc => @ = NICH Power generated will decrease n times when 2 2 peeks erage 2 (%- Xe} (2-32) (ek 2 or o- Bae Vanit Bae Vani 28. Thus ow ¥ 2Vn- 1 Bo- (oF Vane 1 8) = wp + (n- 1) Bp? or 2 Vig (= 1) Bag 2 Via T B/oy 0 (taking only the positive sign in the first term to ensure positive value for = ) 0 Now var ere =V14 49? Thus eee aera * +407) For large Q == = Hot, 100% = 05% ®o oe 30 We have Ke VR Vy = VY Ris Xe V(R+ Ri) + XP V(R+ RP + XP 2 2 V)R so crenreate (Gi). neat (1) yy Yi Hence Re RR = 5 (V7 ve) Ry = 5 (V?- v2 - v2 or 1 a a- Vi)77 v?R, ve Ve gan ft ea” ag2 (V?- v2- ¥,) 1 Heat generated in the coil = ————}—_, = (Ri+ Ry + Xp R? v?- ve- v2 = oR t 30 W 4.142 Here Ip = zg , V=. effective voltage I v ,-——— VR?+ x? R ts EERE : as Re+ XP Ra L 2 I, Regis the impedance of the coil & the resistance in parallel. aif Rs ann (1) 2RR, EB Rp + XP DL)” R?+ x? P-H-12 2RR, 2 Re Now mean power consumed in the coil Vv? RR: P-R-R 1 epee -2 Aa) 2 R(I?- I?- 3) = 25 W. et ae rn 2 ee Zz R z R R ioc = = 409 |Z |= V14(@RCY 4.144 (a) For the resistance, the voltage and the current are in phase. For the coil the voltage is ahead of the current by less than 90°. The current is obtained by addition because the elements are in parallel. qa axis of Voltage To ir I, ® o Ur oO78 (>) Ic is ahead of the voltage by 90°. (©) The coil has no resistance so J, is 90° behind the voltage. ST Ir To I, © 4.145 When the coil and the condenser are in parallel, the equation is di, In dt Ler ee = Vq_ COS WE Teh+h R Using complex voltages V=Vin currént v, ef@! R+iol’ he = ioCV, e* and Rziwks imc (Ris wh? ) jae vino) dm = [Feindeiogia 1 i: (a iol Thus, taking real parts cos(wmt- p) Vn | 12) 1 _ [R74 {wC(R?+ wL?)- oL PY] Zz (@) (R?4+0°L”) wL- C(R?+ ow’ L”) tang = R where and (a) To get the frequency of resonance we must define what we mean by resouance. One definition requires the extremum (maximum or minimum) of current amplitude. The other definition requires rapid change of phase with @ passing through zero at resonance. For the series circuit.79 both definitions give @ = i at resonance. In the present case the two definitions do not agree (except when R = 0 ). The definition that has been adopted in the answer given in the book is the vanishing of phase. This requires C(R?+ WL?) = L 2. 1 R? oe see) . 3 or w= TEn TT Whey Ome = 316 x 10? rad/s. Note that for small R, @ rapidly changes from ~ — > to +5 as w passes through Dyes {OM < Wye 10 > Dyes - VaR CR (b) At resonance In = i ne ‘ CR 80 I = effective value of total current = V —~ = 3.1 mA. similarly ie =v ve = 0.98 A. Vi7e Note :- The vanishing of phase (its passing through zero) is considered a more basic definition of resonance. 4.146 We use the method of complex voltage ZR Vn Vel : ter Te Then Ie = ew iw Cpe"! Cc n Ic = “2 — = iwC Ve Vv LR ToC eVoeaun LR” Reiol : . 23,2 I= let ha y, Rriwbsiwcen +0°L?) jive Then taking the real part VoWR?+{0C(R?+07L?)-oL}? R* 407k? @wL-wC(R?2+07L?) R Te cos(@t-p) where tang =80 4.147 From the previous problem R?4 07k? Vr?+(wc(R?+ @L?)- ol} R?+ wk? Ze (R24 @7L7)(1- 207LC)+ w?C?(R 2+ w7L?)? R?+ w*L? VR? + 07k? V (1- 207LC)+ @7C7(R?+ wb?) V (1- @?LC)2+ (wR)? 4.148 (a) We have e=- ae. © Osinot = Li+ RI Put Taian (are) eThen @Oysinwt = @Oo{sin(wr- @) cos p+ cos (wt-q) sing} = LI,wcos(wt- 9) + RI,sin(wt- @) so RIy = Oy c08q and LI, = Dosing w & or i aieiaeeeiese eee ead tape VR 20k? R (b) Mean mechanical power required to maintain rotation = energy loss per unit time r a ety Lp. 102 08R Hau eel py bree ee Oa TLR d = Rim RT GT? 4.149 We consider the force Fix that a citcuit 1 exerts on another closed circuit 2 :- FaeP nal i, Here By, = magnetic field at the site of the current element dZ due to the current J; flowing in 1. wo f hahx mp "an Pa where 73) = 7)- 7 = vector,from current element d/, to the current element d 1, Now > > > = o> > 7,- dh x(diyx 7p) Ho ff dl (dh: ra)- (dh: db)ip Fy = LL = AL; woe Sn A) BF i, “e In the first term, we carry out the integration over di, first. Then81 ai, dh > ai, mh > > Sf ee ba Fa) -farg 33 aaa fang aip-v, + a0 2 because ” peneb fed curl (rs)* Thus Fa=- 22 ffan diy. di, ns The integral involved will depend on the vector @’that defines the separation of the (suitably chosen centre of the coils. Let C; and C; be the centres of the two coil suitably defined. Write ™mon- A= - te pepraree : aA? >. => where py (p2) is the distance of dl; (d1) from C, (C) and @°stands for the vector C; Cp « ae Then Pate gr 2 ™ poate Ho di-dh and Fy = Vi. [as wo ff care The bracket defines the mutual inductance Ly). Thus noting the definition of x aly = 52 where < > denotes time average. Now I, = Incoswt = Real part of le!®! : Z , adh ah The current in the coil 2 satisfies Rlp+ Lo"? = - LaZr -iwly or h = Reial, 2° Ipe'®" ( in the complex case pl taking the real part olyk L ieee eae (@L,c0swt-R sinwt) = - ete Iycos(wt+@) Ri+ wl, VR*+ w7L? Where tan p = —7~. Taking time average, we get 2 aly oLyly @LyLyh aly = I 1 0 FSP = Te ey ax VR ew 2 2(R?+w°Li) Ox The repulsive nature of the force is also consistent with Lenz’s law, assuming, of comse, that Lyp decreases with x.4.3 ELASTIC WAVES. ACOUSTICS 4.150 4.151 Since the temperature varies linearly we can write the temperature as a function of x, which is, the distance from the point A towards B. ie., Ta 7+ 222, [ocxl] hence, dT= ( | a @ In order to travel an elemental distance of dx which is at a distance of x from A it will take a time dx dt = 2) alr. Q From Eqns (1) and (2), expressing dx in terms of dT, we get 1_ (tat d= Al “aI Which on integration gives f Achs Je- sai lB ao VT ay (VB - VR) or, a a( = +VTy ) Equation of plane wave is given by E (r,t) = acos(wt-K'F), where R= On called the wave vector Hence the sought time ¢ = and 7 is the unit vector normal to the wave surface in the direction of the propagation of wave. F a Poayz) afi Q x4.152 4.153 4.154 or, &(x,y,z) = acos(wt-kx-ky-kz) = acos(wt—kx cos a — ky cos B - kz cos y) Thus §(41,91,%t) = acos(wt-kx; cos a- ky, cos B-kz, cosy) and (22,92,%,t) = acos(wt-kx,.cos a-ky2 cos B- kz cosy) Hence the sought wave phase difference 2-1 =k [ (a1~#2) 008+ (91 ~y2) 608 B+ (21-22) 2087 or Ap = [o2- ail = & | [(x1-22) 608 0+ (9-92) 008 B+ (21-22) 008] | =F | [C21 72) c08 0 + Cra yn) e058 B + (21-22) cos] | The phase of the oscillation can be written as ® = ot-Fr” When the wave moves along the x-axis ® = wt-k,x (On putting k, = k, = 0). Since the velocity associated with this wave is v, We have =f ‘1 as © o Similarly k= 2 and k= > wn wn wa Thus Bm Pet Othe The wave equation propagating in the direction of +ve x axis in medium K is give as & = acos(wt-kx) So, & = acosk(vt-x), where k= and, v ‘is the wave velocity In the refrence frame K’ , the wave velocity will be (v~V) propagating in the direction of +ve x axis and x will be x’. Thus the sought wave equation. § = acosk{(v-V)t-x'] 7 v or, $+ ecm (of ~kx | = acos[or(1-7) 4x1] This follows on actually putting B= f(t+ax) A , VE 108 th equati = in the wave equation oa (We have written the one dimensional form of the wave equation.) Then Apr (rsax) = of" (r+a2)4.155 4.156 so the wave equation is satisfied if aeet v That is the physical meaning of the constant ot . The given wave equation & = 60 cos (1800 r- 53x) is of the type & = acos(wt- kx), where a = 60x10~*m @ = 1800 per sec and k = 5:3 per metre 2x 2 As ka, oka DO and also k=2, so v= 2% = 340 m/s v k (@) Sought ratio = 5 = gk = 541x107 (b) Since = acos(wt-kx) a -awsin(wt-kx) So velocity oscillation amplitude (3), OF Vm = 4 = O-ll m/s @ and the sought ratio of velocity oscillation amplitude to the wave propagation velocity 32x 107* (©) Relative deformation = a = ak sin(ot-kx) So, relative deformation amplitude ax From Eqns (1) and (2) (se) sre Poe (FE) ax var -(3] = ak = (60x 107°x5-3)m = 321074 m Q Thus (3) - 2 (3) , where v = 340 m/s is the wave velocity. (a) The given equation is, & = acos(wt-kx)4,157 4.158 85 So at teo, § = acoskx Now, #8. _awsin(wt-kx) dt and 48 . awsinkx, at t= 0. dt Also, & = +aksin(wt-kx) and at feo, ay ~aksinkx. dx Hence all the graphs are similar having different amplitudes, as shown in the answer- sheet of the problem book. (b) At the points, where & = 0, the velocity direction is positive, i.c., along + ve x - axis in ag the case of longitudinal and + ve y-axis in the case of transverse waves, where dt is positive and vice versa. For sought plots see the answer-shcet of the problem book. In the given wave equation the particle’s displacement amplitude = a e~"* Let two points x, and x, , between which the displacement amplitude differ by = 1% So, ae" — ae"? = nae"™ or evA(1-n) =e or In (1-q)- yx = - YX ce ee 2Omu) In(1-n) So path difference = - “1S and phase differenci = 2x path difference a 28 n(1 29) 289 2 3 a a 7 hy Let S be the source whose position vector relative to the reference point O is 7” Since intensities are inversely proportional to the square of distances,Intensity at P(1,) & Intensity at Q(z) ~ # where d, = PS and d, = QS. But intensity is proportional to the square of amplitude. 2 a So, Ss 4 or a;d; = ad; = k(say) 7) AL k k q iaceeatttaee ene nariag leaden $ p= band = t P Let ‘1 be the unit vector along PQ directed from P to Q. > Peer ay <> Then PS -dn-+n = ea Oh y i SB -ah ka an pees a From the triangle law of vector addition. ° Siaceettttnmetitiiar aca prnetiate OP + PS =08 o tkhe? a or aritkn = ar q) Similarly men =F oot ai-kn= ai” Q a Adding (1) and (2), penis - a, 77+ a,7} = (a,-a)7 es = UA+ 7 Hence r= a+ ay 4.159 (a) We know that the equation of a spherical wave in a homogencous absorbing medium of wave damping coefficient y is : aye" e- r Thus particle’s displacement amplitude equals cos (wt-kr) aye" r According to the conditions of the problem, aden" @) at r= 1, a= vo and when rer, Da Q) n0) 4.160 (a) or, 87 Thus from Eqns (1) and (2) rar) 2 e a> or, Y(r=m) = In(ym)=Inr I - a or, Inn+InromInr _ In3+inS-in10 _ p99 -1 r=7 3 a'ge 7?” AsE = cos (wt-kr) aa So, as : wsin(ot-kr) dye 7 a'ge” But at point A, : or So, (28) = 22% . 902% _ 50x10 4g, 22 1.45% 10? = 15 m/s ae} am 7 3 7 Equation of the resultant wave, k(xt Bobi = 20cmk/ $ Joos {or - + om {or ACE, where a’ = 2acosk Now, the equation of wave pattern is, x+y =k, (a Const.) For sought plots see the answer-sheet of the problem book. For antinodes, i.e. maximum intensity cos EO=2) 2 1=cosnx or, # (x-y) = 248 =nh or, yexsnh,n=0,1,2,.. Hence, the particles of the medium at the points, lying on the solid straight lines (y =x nh), oscillate with maximum amplitude. For nodes, i.e. minimum intensity, cas EL k(y-x) © x oe (2n41)For, yaxs (2n+1)N2, and hence the particles at the points, lying on dotted lines do not oscillate. (6) When the waves are longitudinal, For sought plots see the answer-sheet of the problem book. a 18 @ k(y-x) = cost cos or, Bo coset Sven] 3 cos k(y—x)-sink(y 2) sin (co = Beosk(y-x)-sink(y-) @) from (1), if sink(y-x) = 0 sin(nx) & = & C1)" thus, the particles of the medium at the points lying on the straight lines, y = x ax will oscillate along those lines (even 7), or at right angles to them (odd n). Also from (1), if cos k(y-x) = 0 = cos(2n+1)F x 2 = 1-82/0, a circle. Thus the particles, at the points, where y = x+ (m+ 1/4), will oscillate along circles. In general, all other particles will move along ellipses. 4.161 The displacement of oscillations is given by § = a.cos(wt-kx) Without loss of generality, we confine ourselves to x = 0. Then the displacement maxima occur at tf = nx. Concentrate at @¢ = 0. Now the energy density is given by w=pa'w’sin'ot atx =0 7/6 time later (where T = 2n is the time period) than ¢ = 0. 2 ote 2% 3 202 w= paro’sin’ = = paw = 2 Thus .= Spat? 7 =4.162 4.163 4.164 The power output of the source much be 4xP Ip = Q Watt. The required flux of accoustic power is then: Q = 2 [\, Where Q is the solid angle subtended by the disc enclosed by the ring at S. This solid angle is Q = 2x (1 - cosa) 1 So flux O=hh{i- 2nP fo Pe) Substitution gives ® = 211 x 30 (1-——_) uw ~ 1.99 pw. Viet 4 Eqn. (1) is a well known result stich is derived as follows; Let SO be the polar axis. Then the required solid angle is the area of that part of the surface a sphere of much radius whose colatitude is s a. a Thus a= f 2xsinodo = 250 - cosa. 0 From the result of 4.162 power flowing out through anyone of the opening Py Az 21.) setae | VR?4(h/2) offy. 4 2\ Varta As total power output equals P, so the power reaching the lateral surface must be. 4 rae] 2h ow 2\0 Var?+n?} Var?+h? We are given & = acoskxort s0 28 _aksinkxcosot and 25 ~ -awcoskxsinor ax or Thus (E)-0 = aooskx, (E)- 22 = -acoskx (3 = akanke. (33) = gkanke ax t=O ax t= T/2(a) The graphs of (&) and (33) are as shown in Fig. (35) of the book (p.332). (b) We can calculate the density as follows : Take a parallelopiped of cross section unity and length dx with its edges at x and x4dx. After the oscillation the edge at x goes to x+&(x) and the edge at x+dx goes to xt+dx+E(x+dr) = x4dx+8(x) +38 ar, Thus the volume of the element (originally dx) becomes (+8) ex ax Po Omteag es 1428 ax and hence the density becomes ! On substituting we get for the density p(x) the curves shown in Fig.(35). referred to above. | (©) The velocity v(x) at time t = 7/4 is ( 3) = -awooskx ar t= 1/4 On plotting we get the figure (36). 4.165 Given & = acoskxcos wt (a) The potential energy density (per unit volume) is the energy of longitudinal strain. This 2 1, (88 ag, vradi . 2*( al es is the longitudinal strain = Sea? R sin? kx cos? wt 2 ech ere But == of Ek’ = po oP f Thus w= Fp 02? sin? kx cos? ws (b) The kinetic energy density is 2 1 (28) 2 1 Ge cos? kx sin? 2(§ ) zPeo cos” kx sin? wt.91 On plotting we get Fig. 37 given in the book (p. 332). For example at ¢ = 0 Wom Wet We = > pa? wo sin kx i 2 and the displacement nodes are at x = + OE so we do get the figure. 4.166 Let us denote the displacement of the elements of the string by § = asinkx cost since the string is 120 cm long we must have &120 = nx If x, is the distance at which the displacement amplitude first equals 3-5 mm then asinkx, = 35 = asin(kx,+15k) Then kxy+1Sk = x-kx, or kx, = HB One can convince ourself that the string has the form shown below 1 It shows that kx120 = 42, 80 k= on” Thus we are dealing with the third overtone Also ka G so a= 35V2mm ~ 4949 mm. 4167 We haven = 2 VE 1 V2! Where af = total mass of the wire. When the wire 21 Vm "214M is stretched, total mass of the wire remains constant. For the first wire the new length = [+ mil and for the record wire, the length is 1 + npl. Also T, = a (1; /) where a is a constant and 7, = 0 (72/). Substituting in the above formula. 1 viem) +m!) “1 a * 2(eml) M ye 1 vy (om!) +m!) 2° 2 (T+!) M va dtm afm Ltn Mo 1+tm mm ltm uly m+ m) Vv 0-04(1+ 0-02) 44 M m+ mm) ~ © 0-02(1+ 0-04) ~92 4.168 4.169 4.170 Let initial length and tension be / and T respectively. 1 So, “37 In accordance with the problem, the new length 1x35 300 7 65! and new tension, T’ = T+ Thus the new frequency «+ r ate VEE fi ‘ae 2x0-657 Me re 13° M7 065 7 065 Hence =2 Obviously in this case the velocityof sound propagation v=2v(h-h) where Ip and J; are consecutive lengths at which resonance occur In our problem, ()-) = 1 So v = 2vI = 2x 2000 x85 cm/s = 0-34 km/s. (@) When the tube is closed at one end ve qi (2m41), where m= 0,1,2,... = eee lanet) = 100(2n+1) Thus for n= 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,..., we get my = 1001H,, my = 3001H,, ns = 5001H,, m, = 7001H,, ns = 9001H,, mg = 11001H,, m = 13001H, Since v should be 50k Hz. Hence the sought number of frequencies between 20 to 50k Hz equals 4. Let two waves &, = acos(wr-kx) and & = acos(wt+kx), superpose and as a result, we have a standing wave (the resultant wave ) in the string of the form & = 2acos kx cos wt. According to the problem 2.4 = dy,4.173 Hence the standing wave excited in the string is & = a, cos kx cos wt (a) ag or, nO COs kx sin wt (2) So the kinetic energy confined in the string element of length dr, is given by : a-4(ta)(] or, Ce ee sin? ot ae ae dT= nae sin? ot cos? 22 x de Hence the kinetic energy confined in the string corresponding to the fundamental tone w forte Because, for the fundamental tone, length of the string 7 = * 2 +} Integrating we get, T im @0? sin? ot Hence the sought maximum kinetic energy equals, Tas = im ao, because for Tinax » Sin? ot = 1 (ii) Mean kinetic energy averaged over one oscillation period axe jn? S sin? wt de Td = imazar. We have a standing wave given by the equation § = asinkx coswr So, 28 oe a inks dat @) and 23 » akeoskx cosot @95 ‘The kinetic energy confined in an element of length dx of the rod 2 dTs p(esas)( HF) - dpsao sin? cot sin? kx de So total kinetic energy confined into rod Te fat -Fosdotsin? “fates 2S a’ p sin? ot or, T. i @) The potential energy in the above rod element ? au = fau- ~ fase where Fy = (osaey2§ or, Fy = - (pSdt)w& zg 50, au = at psd f $e 0 2 Dot SS ay . pots? cos’ ot sin’kx de or, Thus the total potential energy stored in the rod U = s du wa or, te ton f i AE de 0 Ss _ zpSa? w cos” wt °» 4k To find the potential energy stored in the rod element we may adopt an easier way. We know that the potential energy density confined in a rod under elastic force equals : Up = J (stress x strain) = hoe = hye 122 1 pO 7 2f 985 eee : a ee = $9070? cos? wt cos?kx96 4.174 4.175 Hence the total potential energy stored in the rod if 1 U=fUpdv=f 5 para’ cos wt cos*kx S dx cj 2 iaitea = EpSa*o* cos’ wt m 4k @ Hence the sought mechanical energy confined in the rod between the two adjacent nodes 2 42 Eas = SPOS 4k Receiver R; registers the beating, due to the sound waves reaching directly to it from source and the other due to the reflection from the wall. Frequency of sound reaching directly from Sto Ry vy Veen, = Yor When S moves towards Ry and v's-cz, = Yo when S moves towards the wall v+ Now frequency reaching to R, after reflection from wall v Vw, = Yor, > When S moves towards Ry wn tee eo - yp 8 R, and Viy+z, = Yo a , when S moves towards the wall ‘Thus the sought beat frequency Av = (Ysen-Yworn,) Of, (Vwnn,- Ysa.) v__ 2vovu 2uvy -¥ => =1Hz woven yee uy? v aaaea Oar Let the velocity of tuning fork is u. Thus frequency reaching to the observer due to the tuning fork that approaches the observer : v v= Toy = velocity of sound } Frequency reaching the observer due to the tunning fork that recedes from the observer v veu v" = vo So, Beat frequency v-v" = v = vov 2vovu or, ve vu? So, vur+(2vv)u-v2v =04.176 4.177 97 we L2Y MOF V 4vav744vv? 2 Hence the sought value of u, on simplifying and noting that u > 0 ; va (3) -1) Obviously the maximum, frequency will be heard when the source is moving with maximum velocity towards the receiver and minimum frequency will be heard when the source recedes with maximum velocity. As the source swing harmonically its maximum velocity equals aq. Hence Hence Vmax = Yo So the frequency band width AV = Viax- Vin = | or, (Ava?) w+ (2vova)o- Avv? =0 So, o- -2vovae V 4vev7a2+ Ava’v? 2Ava" On simplifying (and taking + sign as > 0 if Av > 0) eee (v 1+(42) -1) Ava It should be noted that the frequency emitted by the source at time ¢ could not be received at the same moment by the receiver, becouse till that time the source will cover the distance dw 1? and the sound wave will take the further time Swit to reach the receiver. Therefore the frequency noted by the receiver at time ¢ should be emitted by the source at the time ty0-63 km no sound will be héard. 4.184 We treat the fork as a point source. In the absence of damping the oscillation has the form Const. r cos (wt-kr) Because of the damping of the fork the amplitude of oscillation decreases exponentially with the retarded time (i.e. the time at which the wave started from the source.). Thus we write for the wave amplitude. go Samt o-8(*-5) calort) alot) PO] ee This means that —_ = vs ' x xtde101 (++) in vd) oo, p ‘Thus e® a4 orp = —4_ 012.57 "a aan v4 BoA v 4.185 (a) Let us consider the motion of an clement of the medium of thickness dr and unit area of cross-section. Let § = displacement of the particles of the medium at location x. Then by the equation of motion pdx =-dp where dp is the pressure increment over the length dr Recalling the wave equation =v 7 ax we can write the foregoing equation as 2 208 dx=-d Pv oe iP Integrating this equation, we get Ap = surplus pressure = - ove, Const. In the absence of a deformation (a wave), the surplus pressure is Ap = 0, So ’Const? = 0 and (b) We have found earlier that w = W,+W, = total energy density v-e(B)--A() Ee) ot 2 ax ax It is easy * see that the space-time average of both densities is the same and the space time average of total energy density is then 2 a The intensity of the wave is ; (apy Tavera ae AP ym Using < (APE > = F(A we get 1. GP) .102 4.186 4.187 4.188 ‘The intensity of the sound wave is (API | (AP Yn 2pv — 2pva Using v = vA, pis the density of air. Thus the mean energy flow reaching the ball is 2 2 2(AP mn uR°I="R 2pve aR? being the effective area (area of cross section) of the ball. Substitution gives 10.9 mW. date CY 4 We have 5 = intensity = “3 or (AP )m = gee 2ar 1 oY 1293 kg/m x 340 m/s x080w _ 4/1293 %340% 8 ( kgkgm?s~?ms"!\)? 2ax15x15 5 2nx 15x15 m? = 49877 (kgm7*s7? = SPa. (AP mn P = 5x107* a (b) We have Ap = -pve (AP )m = PV KEq = PVITVEn (AP )m S: Bao Braye ” 20% 1-293 x 340 x 600 Ey 3x107* _ 1800 2% = ~— 340/600 340 =3pm x107* = 5x10~* Express L in bels. (ie. L = 5 bels). Then the intensity at the relevant point (at a distance r from the source) is : Jo:10° Had there been no damping the intensity would have been : e?"” I-10 Now this must equal the quantity reat where P = sonic power of the source. mr Thus batts 4ar? or P= 4nr7e7"" fy10’ = 1.39 W. 297 Ty10t103 4.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES. RADIATION 4.189 The velocity of light in a medium of relative permittivity © is KE € wavelength of light (from its value in vaccum to its value in the medium) is Thus the change in “Ans clve ele iaaaGaguEE vov 4.190 From the data of the problem the relative permittivity of the medium varies as (x) = ee Hence the local velocity of light VO) = as ee 1 4191 Conduction current density = 0, Displacement current density = ae ereeat a = iweeE Ratio of magnitudes = ae = 2, on puting the valucs. £9 412 so OB aH Wx Fe - 28. 4, 8 = V cos(wt-E°7}x Eq = EXE, sin(wt-F:7") At r= 0 aH ERE, > =- — snot at Ho 1 So integrating (ignoring a constant) and using ¢ = Ve Bo or RKE, 1 9 RX Em H = —— coscktx— Ho pees ng k cosckt104 4.193 As in the previous problem o> oe at kxEy He 7 cos (wt - FF}105 so S-ExH- = Ex (Rx Ey) 5 008? (wt F275 = V2 BB Feo (or FF <> -iVe iF 4197 E = E,,cos(2xvt-kx) @) jas = ap = - 2meqvE,sin(wt-kx) Thus Cia me = << iis >? = V2 megvEy = 0.20 mA/m?, 1 0) = 5 7 EZ as in (196). Thus = 3.3 » W/m? 4.198. For the Poynting vector we can derive as in (196) = 3 i E2 along the direction of propagation. Hence in time ¢ (which is much longer than the time period T of the wave), the energy reaching the ball is mR? x E2xt=5\. 4199 Here E = Ecos kx cost = From div E = 0 we getE,, = 0 so E, is in the y~z plane. Also SF TB = - VeaskxxE, cos ot = E&E,sin kx cos wt so Ba a sinkxsinwt = B,sinkxsin wt Where |B] = AE and Hy 4 Ey in the yz plane At t=0,B = 0, E = E,coskx At t= 7/4 E=0,B = B,sinkx4.201 E- E, cos kx wt a EKER, : He sin kxsin wt (exactly as in 199) =< =» we Ex En Fo Beit = EXE) 1 5 sin2kx sin 201 Wo 1 : : 1 Thus S.= | %0cEm sin2kxsin2ot (+ we") <5,> = 0 Inside the condenser the peak electrical energy W, = 3 Cyn Lip XR? mi 2nd, (d = separation between the plates, ™R? = area of each plate.). V = V,, sin wt, V,, is the maximum voltage Changing electric field causes a displacement current jaa ae = t9E_ © cos wt Vin = OO cos wt This gives rise to a magnetic field B(r) (at a radial distance r from the centre of the plate) soo, ‘m cos wt B(r)-2mr = pom? jas = Wo? B= Lemelvaarer Energy associated with this field is 2 =far om : 1Buy Si an [ Prarnaxv cos? «wt Deer itat ah Rast gies, 7g TEOMO Gg Vm cos wt Thus the maximum magnetic energy i five (o apse *y2 ‘nm 1 iid (foot 15 Hence Wr 7g Mo(OR) aot =5 x 10 ‘The approximation are valid only if @ R < (for r >) Thus S= radially outward from the axis e940 r? This is the Poynting vector. Within the solenoid B = ypnJ and the rate of change of magnetic energy ot py seene ati sLrontred paar ogi) sitesee tia y Wn = 3, (Eur aR ‘) Hon? eR? UT where R = radius of cross section of the solenoid / = length. Also H = B/jip = nI along the axis within the solenoid. By Faraday’s law, the induced electric field is Ey 2mr= nr? B= nr? pont or = Svonir109 so at the edge Ey (R) = $0 nIR (circuital) Then S, = Ey H, (radially inward) and Wy = Svor TR x2RI = Hon’ R71IT as before. 4.207 Given @> 91 The electric field is as shown by the dashed lines (--—>-—---). % The magnetic field is as shown Oo O Oo (©) emerging out of the paper. 5” = E’x His parallel to the wires % and towards right. Hence source must be on the left. 4.208 The electric field (----—>) and the magnetic field (H —>) are as shown. The electric field by Gauss’s theorem is like ga4 r r, Integrating g-Aln eS 0 so A= (n> n) "2 In 2 n Then eee y "2 rin n Magnetic field is igtetee=s oe °" Qnr The Poynting vector $ is along the Z axis and non zero between the two wires (n< 7 < 72). The total power flux is jf 2Qurdr=1V Qn? in 4.209 As in the previous problem Vg t Ty t- g, = OOHOF oy gy. oelas-v) a 2aur rin— nh Hence time averaged power flux ( along the z axis ) = 4 Vo1y cos @110 4.210 4.211 4.212 4.213 214 On using = Loose - Let in” be along the z axis. Then Sin = Fiz Miy-Eiy Mix and Soy = En Hzy Ezy Hox Using the boundary condition E,, = Ez, , Hy, = Hz, at the boundary (t = x or y) we see that Sin = San- 242 P- a [p') when if a But ape m;7; = 0 for a closed system Hence P=#0. Spee? (pide Ane, 30° => 2 IP’ l = (e022) cos? ot 2a b, ew ra? 4s This

= alewaPx == 59456 51x 10 w Amey 3 2 12me9c Here 2 eee ~~ 1 Pia GX fomee = OT aaa 22 Tous Pr eieeractes (eos eee (4mxe9)° (mR?) 3¢ Most of the radiation occurs when the moving particle is closest to the stationary particle. In that region, we can write R? = b+ v70? and apply the previous problem’s formula dt ( be +V 2 1 y? (the integral can be taken between * o with little error.) iaaieaie (idee Thi AW = — es aaa ™4.215 4.216 111 Nog. f dt a f dx aia ai (Biav ity (beta Ube 204 Hence, swe—t ct a (429)? 30° mvb>" For the semicircular path on the right 2 MY Bev ot v= Bek. R m 2 2p? Thus KE. = T= my? -2 2 = 2m : 122: evs Power rained = = 55 ( R ) Hence energy radiated = AW 2 12 (=) xR B’e*R? ” Fee 3c3| im? ) BeR” ~ Gegmic? AW Be* -18 So fe = Ss = 206 x 10. T —3e9c°m (neglecting the change in v due to radiation, correct if AW/T << 1). my Ree 12 fev?) 1 2 (etBy Then Pte 3 R ) ” ane ral m ) 1 aa “3 3 3 megc? \ m This is the radiated power so aT Be* at 3negm*c? Integrating, T = Ty e~'* 1 = 3E0 mc? Bre 1 is (1836 )° ‘» 107° times Jess for an electron than for a proton so electrons radiate away their energy much faster in a magnetic field.112 4.217 P is a fixed point at a distance | from the equilibrium position of the particle. Because 4.218 1 > a, to first order in the distance between P and the instantaneous position of the particle is still For the first case y= 0 so t= 7/4 The corresponding retarded time ist’ = ZL Now FU =- cPacosolF 2) a et asin 2 c ¢ For the second case y = a at f = 0 so at the retarded time t’ = — --2 Thus ya)« ~ aPacos 24 ‘The radiation fluxes in the two cases are proportional to (j" (2) )* so S, tS tan? 2! © 3.06 on substitution. S; c Note : The radiation received at P at time ¢ depends on the acceleration of the charge at the retarded time. Along the circle x = Rsinwt, y = Reos wt where @ = 5. If t is the parameter in x(t),y(¢) and 1 1” is the observer time then lwe> tlm te ft b~\ P where we have neglected the effect of the y--cordinate which is of second order. The observed cordinate are x'(t') = x(t), y(t") = y(t) dy' dy dt dy -oRsinwot | _-ox | -vx/R Then Gat dd 7 oR 1-— sat € ee d?y'! _ dt d(-vx/R vy 1- oR This is the observed acceleration.4219 4.220 4.221 4.222 113 (b) Energy flow density of EM radiation Sis proportional to the square of the y- projection “teal af G4) We know that Sy (r) «2, 7 20° of the observed accéleration of the particle (i« S| : ole At other angles S(r,0) « sin? 6=M/2 Thus S(7,0) = Sp(r)sin*O = Sosin’6 So Average power radiated pk 2 5 5 Sor = Sox 4ar?x (avense of sin?@ over whole sphere is From the previous problem. 8mSor? Py» — 3 or So= Sr S. Thus = te, (Poynting flux vector is the energy contained is a box of unit cross section and length c). The rotating dispole has moments Py = PCoswt, py = psinwr 2 af Thus ee bee aean a meeaeue Ane 3c 6xegc If the electric field of the wave is . E = E, cost then this induces a dipole moment whose second derivative is Hence radiated mean power.

= ————";114 4.223 4.224 On the other hand the mean Poynting flux of the incident radiation is fe yt = Pa x7 Fo 2 Be eet 2 en le a) Thus eee (S a £0 é m For the elastically bound electron. mP+mogr'= eE,cos wt This equation has the particular integral (ie. neglecting the part which does not have the frequency of the impressed force) E 2B ey? 7 Ea => Ey coswt = Fe —O SSP soand 5 = -—3— m w-o (@3- 0") m P cos wt Hence P = mean radiated power 2 1 2 ew? 1,2 Fre 3c>\ m(wp—or)} 2° The mean incident poynting flux is Thus Ox Let r = radius of the ball R = distance between the ball & the Sun (r< = 1B. (b) The sphere subtends a solid angle 2x (1-cosa) = 24[1-—7 at the point source and therefore receives a total flux of VP-R Sear ei ccttebetesieritt 50-8 The area irradiated is : aan f sinoao = 20 R*(1-sina) = aan -1) ° Thus = 50 lux.117 54 Luminance L is the light energy emitted per unit area of the emitting surface in a given direction per unit solid angle divided by cos 0. Luminosity M is simply energy emitted per unit area, Thus Mm f-coso-aa Where the integration must be in the forward hemisphere of the emitting surface (assuming Tight is being emitted in only one direction say outward direction of the surface.) But L = Locos 0 mm wef P73 5.5 (a) Fora Lambert source L = Const The flux emitted into the cone is ® = LAScosadQ tanO = V3 Then the maximum illuminance is 3V3 pES 16m R? This illuminance is obtained at a distance Rcot@ = R/V3 from the ceiling. Substitution gives the value 0-21 lux119 5.9 From the definition of luminance, the energy emitted in the radial direction by an element dS of the surface of the dome is d®=LdsdQ Here L = constant. The solid angle dQ is given by «| dQ = GAcos8 R 0 where dA is the area of an element on the plane illuminated by the radial light. Then do ~ LAS 4A A, 9 The illuminance at 0 is then w ; E - fe ~ ff Hanntsinodoeee9 22nd [xdx= xk dA R 4 0 5.10 Consider an element of area dS at point P. Tt emits light of flux d® = LdSdQcos0 dA # sec? 0 LdSdA ~ EdSdA =Lds +cos?@ os" 0 in the direction of the surface element dA at O. The total illuminance at O is then B= f 1Scos'o But dS = 2nrdr = 2nhtanOd(htan0) = 2h? sec” 0 tan 0d 0 x2 Substitution gives E- 2nLf sind cos0d0 =aL 0 5.11 Consider an angular clement of area Quxdx = 20h tanOsec’0d0 Light emitted from this ring is d® = LdQ(2nh’ tan O sec? 0d 0) + cos 8120 dA cos @ 1? sec? 8 where dA = an element of area of the table just below the untre of the illuminant. Then the illuminance at the element dA will be Now dQ-= Ey ~ f 2xtsinocesoao e-0 R where sina = Finally using luminosity M = 1 Vit +R? R Eo = Msin?a = M : eR 2 or M=£, ( +a) = 700 im/1u? t 1x = 11 dimensionally } m See the figure below. The light emitted by an element of the illuminant towards the point O under consideration is a® = LdSdQ0os (a+) The clement dS has the area dS = 2xR’sinada The distance v2 OA = [#+R?-2AReosal we also have OA h R sina sin(a+B) — sinp From the disgram hcos a-R cos (a+ p) = “SEE cos p = bz Reese HOA IC we imagine a small area dE at O then d2cs8 49 OA Hence, the illuminance at O is fe = f 220 R? sincad a HOSEA) Ros a) (oa)121 The limit of a is a = 0 to that value for which a+ = 90°, for then light is emitted tangentially. Thus = cos Oax he AR Gas Thus e-f L2nRsineda A=Reos a) (heos aR J (+R? -2.AR cos a) we put y = +R-2hR cosa So, dy = 2hRsinada R-# wt R oy +R -y oe 2h 2R 2_dy a J 2 WURR ¥ e-Ry K _ L2aR We ene R?-y) ” 8 R 2 Ry -K @-RY aL [_@-RY ae S [wes ‘lo -% ieee = 2 [G+ RP - 0-9) - PR?) + (h- RY] anLR* 7 SE [ai e2e-2 +2] = Ri Substitution gives : E = 25-1 lux 5.13 We see from the diagram that because of the law of reflection, the component of the incident unit vector 2”along: changes sign on reflection while the component || to the mirror remains unchanged. Writing "= ey + er é where @, = nen) q- eae) we see that the reflected unit vector is ‘7 2 = Gat = e271) Sy Xy122 5.14 5.15 5.16 ‘We choose the unit vectors perpendicular to the mirror as the x, y,z axes in space. Then after reflection from the mirror with normal along x axis a" = eh21(Fe) = -Eite, re k where 1, }, & are the basic unit vectors. After a second reflection from the 2nd mirror say along y axis. a" =e -2 5 (je) = -e Ie hee, & Finally after the third reflection >" Netuehe-# 2" 2-6, 1-0 }-ek=-& Let PQ be the surface of water and n be the RI. of water. Let AO is the shaft of light with incident angle ©, and OB and OC are the reflected and refracted light rays at angles , and 0, respectively (Fig.). From the figure 8) = 7 ~ 0, From the law of refraction at the interface PQ sin 0, sin 0, a sinO, ~ (x _ sn[-0) sin 0, or, n tan 0, * cos 8; Hence @, = tan“'n Let two optical mediums of RI. m, and nz respectively be such that 7, >”, . In the case when angle of incidence is N ©; (Fig), from the law of refraction ny sin Oe, = My q Ne Q In the case , when the angle of incidence is ,, from the P 7, law of refraction at the interface of mediums 1 and 2. n, sin ®, = nsin 0, Sron But in accordance with the problem 0, = (/2-0,) so, 1, sin 0, = 1 cos 0 (2) Dividing Eqn (1) by (2) sinOy, 1 sin®, — cos 0; (3) so cos 0, = 7 and sin, = my _ cos Oy But en m ~ Sind;5.17 5.18 123 m 1 i So, a_it_1_ 3) 6, Ses (Using 3) Thus m1 _ m nL From the Fig. the sought lateral shift ' x = OM sin(0-B) =dsec B sin (0 - B) = dec B (sin 0 cos f - cos @ sin B) = d(sin @ - cos 0 tan B) @) But from the law of refraction sin® sin@ = nsin® or, sinB = So, cos B = and tanB = V n?—sin?0 Thus x = d(sin 6 -cos OtanB) = d{ sin @-cos @ —=2i8.2__ V n?—sin?@ 1~sin?@ ~ asino|1-V i= | n?—sin’@ From the Fig. : MN cosa sinda = OM ~ hsec(a+da) As dais very small, so MN cosa. _ MN cos’ dam seca h ® Similarly 2 ao = MNeos Q) From Eqns (1) and (2) da _ h'cos'a hoos*® da 40 hos’ cosa 40 From the law of refraction @) nsing. = sin® (A)124 5.19 5.20 sina = 28, so, cosa = @) Differentiating Eqn.(A) da cos 8 noosada=cosOd@ or, Fe = (4) Using (4) in (3), we get , _ heos? => () neos' a 3 2d Hence ft = hos © ___, _w hos" 0 sing Bgn.(B) J sae) (»?-sin?@) The figure shows the passage of a monochromatic ray through the given prism, placed in air medium. From the figure, we have © = Bit Br @) anda = (a +2) -( Br + Ba) a= (aj+a)-0 ® From the Snell’s law sin = sin B, or oy = 7; (for small angles) @ and sing = nsin By or, 1, = "B (for small angles) 8) From Eqns (1), (2) and (3), we get a = (By, +By)-8 So, a = n(0)-0 = (m-1)0 [Using Eqn.A} (a) In the general case, for the passage of a monochromatic ray through a prism as shown in the figure of the soln. of 5.19, a = (a, +0,)-0 Q And from the Snell’s law, sinc = nsinB, or oy = sin~!(nsin B,) |" Similarly o2=sin7! (sin B,) = sin™! [sin (0 -B,)] (As O= B, +B.) Using (2) in (1) a= [ sin” (resin By ) + sin“? (msin (0-8) ]- 05.21 125 da For a to be minimum, —— = 0 4B, = noosB __ _ncos(O-Fi) __g Vi-n?sin?B, V1 n?sin?(0- By) a cos”Bi____ cos” (@- Bi) e (1-n?sin?B,) 1-n?sin?(@-8,) or, 0s? By (1—n7sin?(@- By )) = cos?(O-B1) (1-7 sin” By ) or, (1 ~ sin? By) (1? sin? (0 - B,)) = (1-sin?(-B1)) (1-7 sin” By ) or, 1-1? sin? (0 - B,) - sin” B, + sin? B, n” sin” (0 - By) = 1-7’ sin” B, - sin’ (6 - B, ) + sin” B, n?sin? (0 - B,) or, sin? (@-B,)-n? sin?(@-B,) = sin” By (1-77) or, sin?(@-B,)(1-m7) = sin? B,(1-n7) or, 0-6, =f, or B, = 0/2 But Bi +B, = 6, so, f) = 0/2 = By which is the case of symmetric passage of ray. In the case of symmetric passage of ray a, = @ = a! (say) and B, = Bp = B = 0/2 Thus the total deviation a = (a,;+a,)-4@ a=2a'-@ or But from the Snell’s law sina = msinB 248 asin? 2 2 So, sin Im this case we have sin 222 © nsin® (ee soln. of 5.20) 2 2 In our problem a = @ So, sin® = nsin(@/2) or 2sin (8/2) cos (0/2) = sin (0/2) Hence cos (0/2) = 7 or @ = 2cos~1(n/2) = 83°, where n = 15126 5.22 5.23 5.24 In the case of minimum deviation a+0 v4 sin = nsin 7 ~ 2 So, a = 2ain"'{ nang |-0 = 37°, for n= 15 Passage of ray for grazing incidence and grazing imergence is the condition for maximum deviation (Fig.). From Fig. a= x-0= 2-20, (where 0,, is the critical angle) So, a = x~2sin(1/n) = 58°, for n = 15 = RI. of glass. The least deflection angle is given by the formula, 8 = 20-0, where a is the angle of incidence at first surface and 0 is the prism angle. Also from Snell’s law, m sina = nm, sin (8/2), as the angle of refraction at first surface is equal to half the angle of prism for least deflection sin 30° = 5639 33 or, a = sin~!(-5639) = 34-3259° Substituting in the above (1), we get, 8 = 865° 80, sing. = sin(@/2) = ny From the Cauchy’s formula, and also experimentally the R.I. of a medium depends upon the wavelength of the mochromatic ray ie. n = f(2). In the case of least deviation of a monochromatic ray the passage a prism, we have: . ae 1 a+ nsin= = sin () 2 2 ig The above equation tales us that we have n = n(c.), so we may write dn dn= faa @ From Eqn. (1) dnsin® = dogs 228 2 2 2 con 228 dn 2 or, = @) do asin’ From Eqns (2) and (3) a+0 An=— sa127 .2(a+0 auc ( 2 } V 1-n? sin? or, | An = ha. = ———2—Aa ( Using Eqn. 1.) aio 8 dsin > 2sin> Thus Fermat’s principle : “ The actual path of propagation of light (trajectory of a light ray ) is the path which can be followed by light with in the lest time, in comparison with all other hypothetical paths between the same two points. ” “Above statement is the original wordings of Fermat ( A famous French scientist of 17th century)” Deduction of the law of refraction from Fermat’s principle : Let the plane S be the interface between medium 1 and medium 2 with the refractive indices m, = c/v, and m = c/vp Fig. (a). Assume, as usual, that ny <7. Two points are given— one above the plane S (point A ), the other under plane S (point B ). The various distances are : AA, =h,, BB, = hy, A,B, = 1. We must find the path from A to B which can be covered by light faster than it can cover any other hypothetical path. Clearly, this path must consist of two straight lines, viz, AO in medium 1 and OB in medium 2; the point O in the plane S has to be found. First of all, it follows fom Fermat’s priniciple that the point O must lie on the intersection of S and a plane P, which is perpendicular to S and passes through A and B. A Indeed, let us assume that this point does not lie in the plane P; let this be point O in Fig. (b). Drop the perpendicular 0; O, from O, onto P. Since AO, 0, s < 0 so we get 5.30 All rays focusing at a point must have traversed the same optical path. Thus f= VP 46-27 xP anf or (nf-x? = WP 4 (f-xP or, vP = oe = (nf-x+nf-nx)(nf-x-nf+nx) = x(1-1)2nf-(n4+1)x) = 2n(n-1)fx-(n+1)(n- 1) Thus, (n+1) (4-1)? -2n(n-1frtw? = 0 fz Vr n-1PP-wP (tt) n-1) Ray must move forward so x f for small r, so sign. (Also x -» 0 as r + 0) (x >f means ray turning back in the direction of incidence. (see Fig.) Hence xe tli vi wiz | n+l n-1f? For the maximum value of r, 2 Vinee 1- =0 A) n-1 ft @ because the expression under the radical sign must be non-negative, which gives the maximum value of r. Hence from Eqn. (A), Tmax = f V (a-D/n+1)132 5.31 As the given lense has significant thickness, the thin lense, formula cannote be used. For refraction at the front surface from the formula ~~ = 7—" On simplifying we get, s’ = 30cm. Thus the image J’ produced by the front surface behaves as a virtual source for the rear surface at distance 25 cm from it, because the thickness of the lense is 5 cm. Again from the refraction formula at cerve surface nen wen L Wi 25e a5 On simplifying, s’ = + 6-25 cm Thus we get a real image J at a distance 6-25 cm beyond the rear surface (Fig.). 5.32 (a) The formation of the image of a source S, placed at a distance u from the pole of the convex surface of plano-convex lens of thickness d is shown in the fig- ure. On applying the formula for refraction through spheri- \ cal surface, we get \ 2 La(n-1y/R, (bere men and n, = 1) TA 0 o oo ele G ie ole 5 5 d sj {n (n=) ' . poe G- —S 4 Sada But in this case optical path of the light, corresponding to the distance v in the medium is v/n, so the magnification produced will be, = 8 fa_@-i)) 1d fn_@-)_ 1 _d@-) aa 7a aa i “AR Substituting the values, we get magnification B = - 0-20. © If the transverse area of the object is A (assumed small), the area of the image is B°A. 2 > A. Then light falling on the Jens is : LA ree We shall assume that 2”133 from the definition of luminance (See Eqn. (5.1c) of the book; here cos 0 ~ 1 if D? << s? and dQ = = Then the illuminance of the image is LA 2A | BPA = Lina D*/4d? Substitution gives 42 1x. 5.33 (a) Optical power of a thin lens of RI. n in a medium with RI. ng is given by : 11 @=(n-m0) (5-7 | @ From Eqn.(A), when the lens is placed in air : 1 p= (n- Dm zm) @ Similarly from Eqn.(A), when the lens is placed in liquid : 1 ® = (n- mi zm) @) Thus from Eqns (1) and (2) nom o- al Po = 2D The second focal length, is given by fe > » where n' is the RI. of the medium in which it is placed. f= B= 50m (0) Optical power of a thin lens of RI. n placed in a medium of RI. mg is given by : ® = (n- mom “e} @ For a biconvex lens placed in air‘medium from Eqn. (A) % = (9-1) ( Ro aa 2a) @ where R is the radius of each curve surface of the lens Optical power of a spherical refractive surface is given by : a=" ®) For the rear surface of the lens which divides air and glass medium ® = ao (Here n is the RI. (2) of glass)134 5.34 (a) (a) Convex lens (b) Figure 5.5 (a) & (b) with lens Similarly for the front surface which divides wate- -nd glass medium non _n-M% aria 2) Hence the optical power of the given optical system een mol," re, hme @ = © = 0,40, = R From Eqns (1) and (4) Focal length in and focal length in water = 3° = 20 cm for mp = 4. Clearly the media on the sides are different. The front focus F is the position of the object (virtual or real) for which the image is formated at infinity. The rear focus F’ is the position of the image (virtual or real) of the object at infinity. (a) Figures 5.7 (a) & (b). This geometrical construction ensines that the second of the equations (5.1g) is obeyed. (a) Convex lens (©) Concave lens (P is the object)5.35 5.36 135 (c) Figure (5.8) (a) & (b). Clearly, the important case is that when the rays (1) & (2) are not symmetric about the principal axis, otherwise the figure can be completed by reflection in the principal axis. Knowing one path we know the path of all rays connecting the two points. For a different object. We proceed as shown below, we use the fact that a ray incident at a given height above the optic centre suffers a definite deviation. The concave lens can be discussed similarly. Since the image is formed on the screen, it is real, so for a conversing lens object is in the incident side. Let s, and s, be the magnitudes of the object distance in the first and second case respectively. We have the lens formula 1 = ® SIF In the first case from Eqn. (1) 1 ie at Ouee CED ap) ete ne Similarly from Eqn.(1) in the second case 11 a if W=an” Gay 5 C-al-F Thus the sought distance Ax = 52-5, = 0-Smm ~ Alf?/(I-f?) or, 5) = = 26-36cm. The distance between the object and the image is /. Let x = distance between the object and the lens. Then, since the image is real, we have in our convention, u = -x, v = [-x : ete : Pa ar ea or x(l-xy)= Uf or? -xl+ f=0 Solving we get the roots ead [le vP ay] (We must have ! > 4f for real roots.) (a) If the distance between the two positions of the lens is AJ, then clearly Al = x)-x; = difference between roots = VP - 4if : +0 pe Feel Ln om,136 5.37 5.39 The two roots are conjugate in the sense that if one gives the object distance the other yjuga i i gives the corresponding image distance (in both cases). Thus the magnifications are _ levi - 4if 1-VF-4 1- VP - af (enlarged) and - [evecare (diminished). The ratio of these magnification being 1 we have 1-VP aap WF 4f vy -1 or ——— = 1-ve-ap*" vy +i or oe (+ vay Z Hence fn SS = 20 om We know from the previous problem that the two magnifications are reciprocals of each other (B' B" = 1). If A is the size of the object then h’ = B’ h and i’ = Bh Hence h= Vi". Refer to problem 5.32 (b). If A is the area of the object, then provided the angular diameter of the object at the lens is much smaller than other relevant angles like = we calculate the f xD? light falling on the lens as LA 2 where u? is the object distance squared. If B is the transverse magnification (B = ‘) then the area of the image is B”A. Hence the illuminance of the image (also taking account of the light lost in the lens) aD? 1 | (i-a)aD*L 43° BA 4f? since s' = f for a distant object. Substitution gives E = 15 1x. E=(1-a)LA (a) If s = object distance, s' = averagé distance, L = luminance of the sounce, AS = area of the source as- sumed to be a plane surface held normal to the prin- cipal axis, then we find for the flux A ® incident on the lens A= [LAS cosodaQ fe 2 ~ LAS fcos 02 xsin0d0 = LASmsin?a « taste , 4s5.40 5.41 137 Here we are assuming D << s, and ignoring the variation of L since a is small 2 Then if L’ is the luminance of the image, and AS! = (5) AS is the area of the image then similarly pe PB as eres tsg | 4s" 4s? —) or = L imrespective of D. 7 $s Ss (b) In this case the image on the white screen from a Lambert source. Then if its luminance is Lo its luminosity will be the Lo and 2 2 sf D nly Sy AS = LAS2 5x oe 4? or Ly « D* since s' depends on f, s but not on D. Focal length of the converging lens, when it is submerged in water of RI. mp (say) : 1_(™ 11) 2@-%) ape (eee 1 io (etl) ea ° Similarly, the focal length of diverging lens in water. g°(B-)(Se- i) 2(m- M9) Q) fr \% RR mR Now, when they are put together in the water, the focal length of the system, ieee Sehieals 20 =m) _2lm=M9) _ 2(m-m) 7R 7%)R mR aR © 2(m =m) or, = 35cm C is the centre of curvature of the silvered surface and O is the effective centre of the equivalent mirror in the sence that an object at O forms a coincident image. From the figure, using the formula for refraction at a spherical surface, we have Cc 0 mii n-i ene R ReoaueR of" Fan) Gn our convention f is - ve). Substitution gives f = - 10 om.138 5.42 (a) Path of a ray, as it passes through the lens system is as shown below. Focal length of all the three lenses, fe in = 10cm, neglecting their signs. Applying lens formula for the first lens, considering a ray coming from infinity, 11.1 ae preg mS =f = 10cm, and so the position of the image is 5 cm to the right of the second lens, when only the first one is present, but the ray again gets refracted while passing through the second, so, 11 a 1 sy 5" fF" =10 or, s’ = 10cm, which is now 5 cm left to the third lens so for this lens, quia 1 1 = vs" % "10 or, s" = 10/3 = 3-33 cm. from the last lens. (b) This means that if the object is x cm to be left of the first lens on the axis OO’ then the image is x on to the right of the 3rd (last) lens. Call the lenses 1,2,3 from the left and let O be the object, O, its image by the first lens, O, the image of O; by the 2nd lens and Os, the image of O, by 0, and Oy must be symmetrically located with respect to the lens Ly and since this lens is ° our 0; concave, QO, must be at a distance 2 | f, | to be the right of Ly and Oz must be 2|f9| to be the left of L. One can check that this satisfies lens () equation for the third lens L; u = -(2|f| + 5) = -25 cm. si=x, fy=10 cm Hence i i= + = + so x = 16,67 cm. 5.43 (a) Angular magnification for Galilean telescope in normal adjustment is given as. T = fo/fe or, 10 =f,Yfe or f, = 10f, @5.44 5.45 139 The length of the telescope in this case. l=f,-f = 45cm. given, So, using (1), we get, fe = +5 and f, = +50cm. (b) Using lens formula for the objective, Alle gy 2 ef So So fo’ ° Seth From the figure, it is clear that, s'g= "+ fe, where 1! is the new tube length. or, I= vo-fe = 505-5 = 45:5 cm. So, the displacement of ocular is, al = ou'S cm = 455-45 = 05cm In the Keplerian telescope, in normal adjustment, the distance between the objective and eyepiece is fy + f,. The image of the mounting produced by the eyepiece is formed at a distance v to the right where 1 1 itt But s=-(o +f, elireey Dh gervess Leeeteateeeee l0.szaes S fe forth feo + fd The linear magnification produced by the eyepiece of the mounting is, in magnitude, l= 121-£ so s sf This equals & according to the problem so fae: eh d It is clear from the figure that a parallel beam of light, originally of intensity Jy has, on emerging from the telescope, an intensity. 2 fo! Ish i) because it is concentrated over a section whose diameter is f-/fy of the diameter of the cross section of the incident beam.140 5.46 5.47 Thus So Now Hence YW = W'/Vy = 0.6’ on substitution. When a glass lens is immersed in water its focal length increases approximately four times. We check this as follows as : 1 1 1 p70 Olea a n 1 EG bk Now back to the problem. Originally in air pleas ane n-th ma-Dh r= fais so l=fpth= f+ In water, fia ee = 7% and the focal length of the replaced objective is given by the condition fil tfial=C+dft or fl=-C+0R-K Hence ie pee) carey Substitution gives (n = 1.5, mg = 1.33), I’ = 3.09 If L is the luminance of the object, A is its area, s = distance of the object then light falling on the objective is La pe Z 48 The area of the image formed by the telescope (assuming that the image coincides with the object) is 1? A and the area of the final image on the retina is 6 ra Where f = focal length of the eye lens. Thus the illuminance of the image on the retin (when the object is observed through the telescope) is5.48 5.49 141 LDA | LxD? 2 re 22 4pr ae ra “f a ic When the object is viewed directly, the illuminance is, similarly, - LxD? | Lxd ‘We want = apr” af? So, T s a = 20 on substitution of the values. Obviously, f,=+1cm and f,=+5om Now, we know that, magnification of a microscope, T= (f-)2 i? for distinct vision or, of, Vo = lem. Since distance between objective and ocular has increased by 2 cm, hence it will cause the increase of tube length by 2cm. 50, s=8'n42 = 1B fo fe It is implied in the problem that final image of the object is at infinity (otherwise light coming out of the eyepiece will not have a definite diameter). and hence, : r= ( in = 60 (a) We see that s’92B = |so|2c., then p- lle Then, from the figure d= 27,8 = 20 / 7 = 268-240 / i sol But when the final image is at infinity, the magnification I’ in a microscope is given by La = least distance of distinct vision) Sod = 2/a/T fe See cee greece eee acne eee ae ea dy142 (b) IFT is the magnification produced by the microscope, then the area of the image produced on the retina (when we observe an object through a microscope) is : I? (4 A ‘Where u = distance of the image produced by the microscope from the eye lens, f = focal length of the eye lens and A = area of the object. If @ = luminous flux reaching the objective from the object and d < dp so that the entire flux is admitted into the eye), then the illuminance of the final image“on the retina D “72 WsyA But if d = d&, then only a fraction (dp | d)* of light is admitted into the eye and the illuminance becomes v6) a4 — A ( Te d independent of I’. The condition for this is then dzd o Ts Ty= 15. ed 2 A ( Qtay 5.50 The primary and secondary focal length of a thick lens are given as, f= -(@/®)|1-(@/n') &} and f= + @"/®)(1-(@/n') O}, where © is the lens power n, n' and n" are the refractive indices of first medium, lens material and the second medium beyond the lens. , and ®, are the powers of first and second spherical surface of the lens. Here, n= 1, forlens, 1! = n, for air and n" = no, for water. So, le d=0, and f = +19/® Now, power of a thin lens, = 94%, where, and So, © = (2n-m-1/R From equations (1) and (2), we get, petieeece ears @n-n-1) f = -11.2cm (yy @and mR f* Gn-m=D = +149cm. 143 Since the distance between the primary principal point and primary nodal point is given as, So, x =f {(n"-n/n"} in this case, X= (1o/®) (M9 = 1)/119 = (tg - 1)/® Mm 1 2 = Old pep = 3-710. 2 5.51 See the answersheet of problem book. 5.52 (a) ©) © Draw P’X parallel to the axis OO’ and let PF interest it at X. That determines the principal point H. As the medium on both sides of the system is the same, the principal point coincides with the nodal point. Draw: a ray parallel to PH through P’. That determines H'. Draw a ray PX’ parallel to the axis and join P’X’. That gives F. We let H stand for the principal point (on the axis). Determine H" by drawing a ray P’ H' passing through P’ and parallel to PH. One ray (conjugate to SH) can be obtained from this. To get the other ray one needs to know F or F’. This is easy because P and P’ are known. Finally we get S’. From the incident ray we determine Q. A line parallel to OO’ through Q determines Q and hence H’: H and Hi are then also the nodal points. A ray parallet ° to the incident ray through H will emerge parallel to itself through H’, That determines F’. Similarly a ray parallel to the emergent ray through H determines F. (c) 5.53 Here we do not assume that the media on the two sides of the system are the same. ' 1 ==144 5.54 (a) Optical power of the system of combination of two lenses, © = 0,+6,-d,%, on putting the values, ®=4D or, fq $ = 25cm Now, the position of primary principal plane with respect to the vertex of converging lens, x= 22. 10 ~ Geo 10cm Similarly, the distance of secondary principal plane with respect to the vertex of diverging lens. ox = — 221. 100m, ie. 10 cm left to it ® (b) The distance between the rear principal focal point F’ and the vertex of converging lens, do, teas )eaon = Seer | ® 1)/@d 4% 1 and falx (3) eo’ BINS = 1/dd-do, = 1/d(®,+0,-d®,)-d, = 1/d%,-¢ , 6, Now, if f/1 is maximum for certain value of d then 1/f will be minimum for the same value of d. And for minimum 1/f, d(V/f/dd= ©,-24%,%,= 0 or, d= 0/2, = 1/20,= Som or, So, the required maximum ratio of f/I = 4/3. 5.55. The optical power of first convex surface is, Paras dee Sree Peer eT Poy R and the optical power of second concave surface is, (i-n) a, = OF 10D So, the optical power of the system,145 ®= ®,+0,-20, 0, =-4D Now, the distance of the primary principal plane from the vertex of convex surface is given as, | [nn] 22> bere ms = 1 and my » m. de, "On" Som and the distance of secondary principal plane from the vertex of second concave surface, , (1) (a) 9. 2% ee ee The optical power of the system of two thin lenses placed in air is given as, © = b,+0,-dd,o, Llijl la i i or, FO RTT F Ae Mie fis the equivalent focal length 1 _fh+h-d fe The ae or, f- ith @ This equivalent focal length of the'system of two lenses is measured from the primary principal plane. As clear from the figure, the distance of the primary principal plane from the optical centre of the first is O,H= x = +(n/®) (d/n') ®, af A _ (4)(_fh li) lesn=a| eee fith Now, if we place the equivalent lens at the primary principal plane of the lens system, it will provide the same transverse magnification as the system. So, the distance of equivalent lens from the vertex of the first lens is, ah re Ath-4146 5.57 The plane mirror forms the image of the lens, and water, filled in the space between the two, behind the mirror, as shown in the figure. So, the whole optical system is equivalent to two similar lenses, seperated by a distance 2/ and thus, the power of this system, 4®, @, Oud, 4+,- 7 2 where ®, == 0; = optical power of individual lens and ny = RL. of water. t Now, ©’ = optical power of first convex surface + eptical power of second concave surface. - ee» 7O=” nis the refractive index of glass. (Qn-m-1) Cnzme) @ and so, the optical power of whole system, 2 ®=20'- a = 3.0, substituting the values. 0 5.58 (a) A telescope in normal adjustment is a zero power conbination of lenses. Thus we require ©-0-%+%-40,% 2-1) Ro+ AR 1 But @, = Power of the convex surface = , = Power of the concave surface = — (a-1)AR .d_(n-1) Thus, O = Ry + AR) * mR (Ro + AR) So = 45 cm. on putting the values. 5 5 d 5x5 () Here, @ = -1 6 5 - Get ie pas 35-20, 4x2, 5x W_ 5, 200d EME) 3 ato 200d _ 2 =< or d= (3/100)m = 3 cm.5.60 147 The principal planes are located on the side of the convex surface at a distance d from each other, with the front principal plane being removed from the convex surface of the lens by a distance R/(n - 1). n+1,R-Ri(n-1y OO Piece cee are eae (@- 1) (R- Ry) n-1 San [+S] Rr aie /aaiel len scunesteviitat'| RseitiReg jist Ro Both principal planes pass through the common centre of curvature of the surfaces of the lens. Let the optical powers of the first and second surfaces of the ball of radius R, be and 4, then ’ yr (n - 1) O = (0-1/R, and Y= (1m) / (-R) = oe This ball may be treated as a thick spherical lens of thickness 2 R;. So the optical power of this sphere is, ae b= a- Pha Similarly, the optical power of second ball, , = 2(n-1)/nR, If the distance between the centres of these balls be d. Then the optical power of whole system, = 2(n-1)/nR, @ © = 9,+0)-dd,% _ 2@- (2-1) 4d(m-1 nRy nRy WR, Ra _ 2@-1) _2d(n-1) aR, | +R) a). Now, since this system serves as telescope, the optical power of the system must be equal to zero. 2d(n-1) 2(n-1) +R) ~ 260-0, aR,” 9° n (Ri +R.) or, a= saop 7m Since the diameter D of the objective is 2, and that of the eye-piece is d = 2 Ry So, the magnification, 2K, Tn Diam FRR R= 5.148 5.61 5.62 5.63 Optical powers of the two surfaces of the lens are ®, = (n-1)/R and ® = (1-n)/-R = So, the power of the lens of thickness d, : d®O n-1 n-1 d(n-1)/R’ ® = O4+0,- a eR and optical power of the combination of these two thick lenses, We consider a ray QPR in a medium of gradually varying refractive index n. At P, the gradient of n is a vector with the given direction while is nearly the same at neighbouring points Q, R. The arc length QR is ds. We apply Snell’s formula sin = constant where @ is to be measured from the direction Vn. The refractive indices at Q,R whose mid point is P are ned |vnlao cos 8 so tn - $1 ¥.n|d0 cos 6) (sin + $ cos @ do) =(m+ ; |'V n|d0 cos @) (sin ® - 5 cos d6) or ncos0 dd = |Vn|ds cos 0 sind (we have used here sin (9 = $40) = sinO * cos © do) Now using the definition of the radius of curvature ; = 2 LLL val sine ep 7 The quantity | Vn|sin@ can be called be i.e. the derivative of n along the normal N to 1 6 the ray, Then saya From the above problem ie 1bVn = pVn=|Vn| = 3x10 m (since p|| Vn both being vertical ). So p = 33x 107m For the ray of light to propagate all the way round the earth we must have p = R = 6400km = 64x10°m Thus |Vn| = 16x1077m"!149 5.2 INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT 5.64 (a) In this case the ‘net vibration is given by X = a;Cos @1+ a cos (wt+d) where 5 is the phase difference between the two vibrations which varies rapidly and randomly in the interval (0 , 27). (This is what is meant by incoherence.) Then X = (a, +4;.C0s5) cos wt + asin dsinwt The total energy will be taken to be proportional to the time average of the square of the displacement. Thus E = < (a, +a,0085)+a3sin'b > = al+a3 as = O and we have put = = J and has been absorbed in the overall constant of proportionality. In the same units the energies of the two oscillations are a7 and a3 respectively so the proposition is proved. (b) Here 77= a; cosw rita, cos (wt+8)) and the mean square displacement is a a7 + a3 if 6 is fixed but arbitrary. Then as in (a) we see that E = E,+Ep. 5.65 It is easier to do it analytically. &, = acoswt, & = 2asinwr & = 2a cos Z cos w1—sin sin wt sna? 3 3 Resultant vibration is a= owote 4 (2-232 Jano V 494(8-3V3) = 1890 Then the amplitudes are Ay = aei(N-18 This has an amplitude = 5.66 We use the method of complex amplitude: Al=a,4,=4 and the resultant complex amplitude is Am Ay+Agt nn tAy = a(LeePeetFe ig el(¥-Dey150 The corresponding ordinary amplitude is 5.67 (a) With dipole moment 1” to plane there is no variation with 0 of individual radiation amplitude. Then the in- P tensity variation is due to interference only. In the direction given by angle 9 the phase difference is 4 2x 2% (dcos0)+p = 2kx for maxima b » 4 S4e080 Thus cos 0= (35) 20 ke 0,21,22,.. 2 2 We have added @ to x d cos @ because the extra path that the wave from 2 has to travel in going to P (as compared to 1) makes it lag more than it already is (due to ¢). © Maximum for 0 = x gives -d= (#2) a defatereeeeeseati/ cyrest set L Minimum for © = 0 gives d = (K-32 +5) Adding we get (tre -Z+5}a~0 x2 This can be true only if R= -ko-5 since O ~ in the formula for A x of the last example. b+r)r x Hs a a SUGzeteeutgeperesses=eee (A plane wave is like light emitted from a point source at ©). Then d= 2aAx = 064um. 5.73 ge + $ (aaa SS SSE f a (@) We show the upper half or the lens. The emergent light is at an angle 35 from the axis. Thus the divergence angle of the two incident light beams is a eee5.74 5.75 153 When they interfere the fringes produced have a width axe ke YL 015mm. ya The patch on the screen illuminated by both light has a width b y and this contains A ed - a fringes = 13 fringes (iE we ignore 1 in comparison to oy (£5.71 (@)) (b) We follow the logic of (5.71 c). From one edge of the slit to the other edge the distance is of magnitude 8 (i$ to 5+} 2 If we imagine the edge to shift by this distance, the angle 1p/2 will increase by oe . ¥ and the light will shift = oe : : ao ob The fringe pattern will therefore shift by eno eee LR gn Equating this to 2 24 We get Saux Jab 375 um. In ax- i l= a+b d=2(n-1)0a d d= (n-1)0 d= 26a n= RI. of glass Thus gw BUDGE oggum. atb It will be assumed that the space between the biprism and the glass plate filled with benzene constitutes complementary prisms as shown, Then the two prisms being oppositely placed, the net deviation produced by them is 3 = (n-1)0-(n'-1)0 = (n-n')0 Hence as in the previous problem d= 20d =2a0(n-n') Sy Ax = -(a+b)a * 2a0(n-n')154 For plane incident wave we let a—> so R Ax = Secqcwy 7 ORM. 5.76 Extra phase difference introduced by the glass plate is ile. by teat bd 2 mm, The fringes move down if the lower slit is covered by the plate to compensate for the extra phase shift introduced by the plate. 5.77 No. of fringes shifted = (v-mt =N so ve neh. 1000377 . 5.78 (a) Suppose the vector E, E’, E” correspond to the incident, reflected and the transmitted wave. Due to the continuity of the tangential component of the electric field across the interface, it follows that © E,+E, = E", @) where the subscript + means tangential. The energy flux density is ExH = 5”. Since Now S. nE? or so HV up = EVe 8 watVE Va enVEE and since the light is incident normally mEp = mET+mE,” ® ny (Ey-E7) = mE,” m (E,- Ey) = mE," ® » 2m B= ak Since E,” and E, have the same sign, there is no phase change involved in this case. From (1) & (3) or (tm) Ed + (m-m)E, = 05.79 5.80 155 If m,>m,, then E,’ & E, have opposite signs. Thus the reflected wave has an abrupt change of phase by x if m)>m, i.e. on reflection from the interface between two media when light is incident from the rarer to denser medium. Path difference between (1) & (2) is 2nd sec 0, - 2d tan ®, sin 0, n sin? 0, = 2d———*—_ = 2aV in? 8, Vs me For bright fringes this must equal (e+ 3)» wos 3 comes from the phase change of x for qd). Here k=0,1,2,.. Thus 4dV sin’, = (2k+1)0 7 d= (42k) = 014(1+20)pm.. 4V 12 — sin? 0, Given 2aVn 1/4 = (#25) 064m ¢ wit fringe) 2dVn'-1/4= kh x0-40nm (dark fringe) where k, K ate integers. Thus 64, k+ 40K or 4(2k+1) = 5K 2 This means, for the smallest integer solutions ka2,k a4 Hence d156 5.81 When the glass surface is coated with a material of RI. n' = Vn (n= RI. of glass) of appropriate thickness, reflection is zero because of interference betwcen various multiply reflected waves. We show this below. Let a wave of unit amplitude be normally incident from the left. The reflected amplitude is -r where Incident =1 r ee Its phase is -ve so we write the reflected wave as - Tr. -r<4 The transmitted wave has amplitude t 1-— ~tey ltVan This wave is reflected at the second face and has amplitude -tr Pan ee tnd eee nt¥n Vatl The emergent wave has amplitude - f/f’ r. We prove below that ~1/’ =1-r7. There is also a reflected part of emplitude trr’=—tr?, where r’ is the reflection coefficient for a ray incident from the coating towards air, After reflection from the second face a wave of amplitude ttf =4(1-r?)r? emerges. Let 8 be the phase of the wave after traversing the coating both ways. Then the complete reflected wave is -r-(1-r?)re® (1-17) re2!? =(1-77) re = -r-(1-r*)re® ( ) 1+r7e”? 2 Of 2) oid 1 wrfttre a (ire re 1+e’® 1tre®® =-r This vanishes if 8 = (2k+1)x. But be 23 2Vnd so a 4Vn d- (2k+1)We now deduce tf’ = 1~r? and r= +r. This follows from the principle of reversibitity of light path as shown in the figure below. therrad -rttrt=0 5 tt = 1-r? r=. (- r is the reflection ratio for the wave entering a denser medium ), 5.82 We have the condition for maxima 24V n?— sin? 0, ~(#+3)a This must hold for angle 0 + se with successive values of k. Thus V vtcan®[o 88) = (4-2 2d n?-sit'(0+5?) (« 2) ay 2dVn sit (0-52) (+3) Thus a = 24{ Vn? sin? 0+ 8 0 sin 0 cos © -Vn?—sin? 08 Osin 0 cos 6 | =2d 5 sin 0 cos 8 n?— sin’ @ n*~sin’0% Thus ~sin2060 7 7H For small angles @ we write for dark fringes 2 7] 2dV n°-sin?0 = 2a(n- oa | Tt RtO)A For the first dark fringe © « 0 and 2dn = (kg+0)A For the i™ dark fringe a? sin? 0; : 2a{n- = ) = Garten 2 een ee ni nO, = "* (i-1) = or sin? = Ti) =158 Egasstid Gussatggertt Lato 2 2 Finally TC d(-re) "aE n(i-k) 5.84 We have the usual equation for maxima 2haV we —sin®O, = (e+z}a Here Ay = distance of the fringe from top hyo. w dy = thickness of the film Thus on the screen placed at right angles to the reflected light hk Ax = (My- hy) 008 8; cos O, 2aV 7 sin? Oy 5.85 (a) For normal incidence we have using the above formula are ag so a= A = 3 on putting the values (b) Ina distance / on the wedge there are WE einges. If the fringes disappear there, it must be due to the fact that the maxima duc to the component of wavelength 2 coincide with the mainima due to the component of wavelength +A A. Thus a 1 Ni= (¥-z}a+am or Ak= ay AR 1 Ax 021, 2 7" 2N 7 217 30 The answer given in the book is off by a factor 2. so 0-007.5.86 5.87 5.88 5.89 5.90 159 We have 12a SEAR So for k differing by 1(Ak = 1) 1 1 2rAr= SAAR = SAR or ar = AR, 4r The path traveresed in air film of the wave constituting the k* ring is 2 pout wake when the lens is moved a distance Ah the ring radius changes to r’ and the path length becomes a F+2an= der Thus r= V7r?-2RAh = 15mm. rok In this case the path difference is ———" for r>rg and zero for r= ro. This must equals (k- 1/2) (where k = 6 for the six” bright ring.) Thus r = From the formula for Newton’s rings we derive for dark rings a? az 7" k,Rd, cain kR ap - dp 4(kg-k)R Substituting the values, 4 = 05pm. so Path difference between waves reflected by the two convex surfaces is afd “(atm) Taking account of the phase change at the 2™ surface we write the condition of bright rings as 2(1 1). 2k+1, RR 2 k = 4 for the fifth bright ring. r5.91 5.92 Thus Now so ee Here n = RL of gla Here ® = (m-ay/ oo RR,” 2(n-1)" As in the previous example, for the dark rings we have irs (aisat is) jatene Dees * IR R,| ~ 2(n-1) k = 0 is dark spot; excluding it, we take k = 10 hre. re = kh Then (b) Path difference in water film will be where F = new radius of the ring. Thus 2 eee or F=r/Vny = 303mm. Where ng = RI. of water = 1:33. The condition for minima are femmes) R™ 2iau (There occur phase changes at both surfaces on reflection, hence minima when path difference is half integer multiple of A). In this case k = 4 for the fifth dark ring (Counting from k = 0 for the first dark ring). Thus, we can write r= V(2K-1)KR/2m ,K=5 Substituting we get r = 117mm. 5.93 Sharpness of the fringe pattem is the worst when the maxima and minima intermingle :- mh = (m-3)%5.94 5.95 5.96 161 or putting And, ye AtAR we get mAh x M4 a or “FAX Tp tip 7 Interference pattern vanishes wnen the maxima due to one wavelength mingle with the minima due to the other. Thus 2Ah = khy = (k+1) where Ah = displacement of the mirror between the sharpest pattems of rings Thus kQg-) = or So Ah= The path difference between (1) & (2) can be seen to be A = 2dsec0-2dtanOsin 0 = 2dcos0 = kd for maxima. Here k = half-integer. The order of interference decreases as @ increases i.e. as the radius of the rings increases. (b) Differentiating 2dsin080 =A on putting Ok = -1. Thus x 00 Fasind 30 decreases as 0 increases. (a) We have kas * 24. for 0 = 0.= 10% (b) We must have 2dcos® = kX = (k-1)(A+AK) a Ricans d 1 ‘ Thus f= 7q° and AR =F = 53 = Spm. on putting the values.162 5.3 DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT 5.97 5.98 5.99 5.100 The radius of the periphery of the N™ Fresnel zone is ty = VNbK Then by conservation of energy Inx(VNbXKY = f 2xrdrI(r) 0 Here r is the distance from the point P. 2 Thus fo= Non f rari). By definition abr eR eh for the periphery of the k" zone. Then arj+bnR = kabr eee Iaeeead aus kahk-m kad-? on putting the values. (It is given that r = r,) for k = 3). So b = 2metre. Suppose maximum intensity is obtained when the aperture contains k zones. Then a minimum will be obtained for k +1 zones. Another maximum will be obtained for k +2 zones. Hence ab eae ab ne (e+ 2). a+b Thus d= 39! A-r) = 0598 ym On putting the values. (a) When the aperture is equal to the first Fresnel Zone :- The amplitude is A, and should be compared with the amplitude 4 when the aperture is very wide. If Ip is the intensity in the second case the intensity in the first case will be 4p ‘When the aperture is equal to the internal half of the first zone :- Suppose Aj, and Ayy are the amplitudes due to the two halves of the first Fresnel zone. Clearly Aj, and Ag differ in phase by > because only half the Fresnel zone in involved. Also in magnitude lal = |Aoue |. Then163 a At=2|A,P so |4aP = z Hence following the argument of the first case. Ij, = 2 Jy (>) The aperture was made equal to the first Fresnel zone and then half of it was closed along a diameter. In this case the amplitude of vibration is 4 Thus I=h. 5.101 (a) Suppose the disc does not obstruct light at all. Then (because the disc covers the first Fresnel zone only). 1 SOApemsinte = ~ 5 Adie Hence the amplitude when half of the disc is removed along a diameter 1 1 1 = Adie + Aromainder * Adie 7 Adie ~ 0 Hence J = 0. (b) In this case We write Where Aig (Agu) stands £07 Aiwena! (Acsena )- The factor i takes account of the 5 phase difference between two halves of the first Fresnel zone. Thus 1 ia Aw-f4q and T= TAL On the other hand pe FUR + Ade) = yAL 1 so t=kh. 5.102 a When the screen is fully transparent, the amplitude of vibrations is =A, (with intensity 2 a h- gai ) 2: : 3 : 9 (@) (1) In this case A = 3(34) so squaring I = 1g164 5.103, (2) In this case 4 of the plane is blacked out so 2 1/1 1 A= 3(341] and I= ho . 1 i @) In this case A = 4 (41/2) and I = eh. 1 : 1 . 1 I (4) In this case A = 2(24) again and = iy 80 ty = E 2x where @ is the total angle blocked out by the screen. (b) (5) Here A = a{34 a In general'we get I(@) = 4(1-(35)) 1 :) +gAt A, being the contribution of the first Fresnel zone. 5 25 Thus Aa ZA, and = 2h 1/1 = a > 4-5 pA}+ga = jm and T= 3h 1/1 3 1 49 MA=5 oa} ea = Ar and I= elo 1(1 1 3 9 @) A= z[z4i]+7A1 = Gr andl = Zhe Ue = Je) In 5 to 8 the first term in the expression for the amplitude is the contribution of the plane part and the second term gives the expression for the Fresnel zone part. In general in (5) to 2 I= ( 1+ (%)) when @ is the angle covered by the screen. We would require the contribution to the amplitude of a wave at a point from half a Fresnel zone. For this we P proceed directly from the Fresnel Huyghens principle. The complex amplitude is written as E=fK(q) Seas 6 Here K(@) is a factor which depends on the angle @ between a normal 7’to the area dS and the direction from dS to the point P and r is the distance from the element ds wP. ‘We see that for the first Fresnal zone165 2 (ung rw Bo $5 (tn Vere )) Vox Ea® f 0 For the first Fresnel zone r = b+2/2 so 7° = b*+bXand p* = bA ikb-ik'26 x dp (K() #1) a0 -ikb € i =p 2ne b CT 4m. wine = G2nie °(-2) = - Fide ee AY For the next half zone Hh _ yma) : Poni en (414i) = If we calculate the contribution of the full 2™ Fresnel zone we will get - A;. If we take A, (1+i) a account of the factors K (@) and 2 which decrease monotonically we expect the contribution to change to - Ap. Thus we write for the contribution of the half zones in the 2™ Fresnel zone as - G2) a - a) ‘The part lying in the recess has an extra phase difference equal to - 6 = - Zon = 1)h. Thus the full amplitude is (note that the correct form is e~‘*”) A; A; (4-Fusojes 7 FU -i)+As-Aat ~ (Fa-aje"-Fa-o-FA Ay A: -(Fo-0 et iby iF (as Az » Ay» Ay) and Az—Ag+ As... =F The corresponding intensity is At ayetit, d yeio_ | re Glade + ]lartde -i] + lo[3-2005+2sin8] = o[3+2V2 in(8 - 3) (@) For maximum intensity sin(0 -8)e41 x x or 0 -F a 2kae5, b= 01,2, 3x _2n 0 = 2kne =F = SE (n-1)h a 3 . w= By(e3) (b) For minimum intensity sins) = x 3x Tn bp Fn2kne or b= Qkne Ft a Ix 50 na (# r ) (©) ForI = Ip, cos 8 = 0) or f sind =0 sin 3 = -1 cos 5 = +1 Thus b= 2kn he SX n-1 3x a 3x or on ake SE, he (ee 2) 5.104 The contribution to the wave amplitude of the inner half-zone is pV OM? 2nage* nie 8 f eH Ab ody 0 hle ike DMA 2 2x age te inter — o J 2nage~! b5.105 167 2miae!*” AL ; i 1)= + F(14i) A - With phase factor this becomes (1+ i) e!* where 8 = 2a n—1)h, The contribution of A the remaining aperture is Fu-!) (so that the sum of the two parts when 8 = 0 is A, ) Thus the complete amplitude is 5 Aig Ale 7 (ite +7 U-i) and the intensity is Tm h[(1+i)e!+(1-i)][(1-i)e7 + (14i)) = Ig[24+24+(1-iPe + (1+i Pet] = Ig[4-2ie7!)+2:e'?] = 19(4-4sind) At 4 an aperture of infinite extent (and no recess). Now J is maximum when sind = -1 Here Ip = is the intensity of the incident light which is the same as the intensity due to 3x or b+ 2kae a 3 50 ee 4| and (6) Imax = 81p- We follow the argument of 5.103. we find that the contribution of the first Fresnel zone is ani i Ay = -=fi ae id A For the next half zone it is -F0 1+i) A (The contribution of the remaining part of the 2 Fresnel zone will be - "(1 - 9) If the disc has a thickness h, the extra phase difference suffered by the light wave in passing througit the disc will be 2x b= SE (n-1)h. Thus the amplitude at P will be A; is 4 Ben (A1- Fs) BOI ths AeA i (AP en = Fra siy168 5.106 5.107 5.108 The corresponding intensity will be I = In(3-2cos8-2sind) = to(3-2¥2 sin( +7) ‘ The intensity will be a maximum when sin(8+3) --1 or ben = 2k 3 ie 3. (#+g)-2 neat ats s0 hed ie) ameeee Note :- It is not clear why k = 2 for hyiq-The normal choice will be k = 0. If we take k = 0 we get Mpin = 0°59 pm. Here the focal point acts as a virtual source of light. This means that we can take spherical waves converging towards F. Let us divide these waves into Fresnel zones just after they emerge from the stop. We write r= f?-(f-h)=(b- md/2)' - (b- hy | Here r is the radius of the m fresnel zone and h is the P distance to the left of the foot of the perpendicular. Thus h Pw 2fh = —bmh+2bh So h = bmd/2(b-f) and P = fomd/(b-f). The intensity maxima are observed when an odd number of Fresnel zones are exposed by the stop. Thus mn ne a where k = 1,3,5,... For the radius of the periphery of the k” zone we have 7 neV en eb =VERD ifa=o. If the aperture diameter is reduced 1 times it will produce a similar deffraction pattem (reduced 1 times) if the radii of the Fresnel zones are also 1 times less. Thus ree” This requires b’ = b/n?. (a) Ifa point source is placecd before an opaque ball, the diffraction pattern consists of a bright spot inside a dark disc followed by fringes. The bright spot is on the line joining the point source and the centre of the ball. When the object is a finite source of transverse