Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers

Exercise 1

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov

Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany

WiSe 2018/19
Overview

Repetition
Global stiffnessmatrix
Semi-Bandwidth
Task 1

2 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Element stiffness matrix

Assuming linear-elastic behavior, one can write the equilibrium condition in one
finite element e as
r e = K e ae .

r e: Generalized force vector

ae: Generalized displacement vector
Ke: Element stiffness matrix

The matrix and vectors only consider nodes which belong to element e.

3 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Element stiffness matrix

Example
1 E, A, L 2
F1,x F2,x
a1,x a2,x
We consider a rod under the assumption of Hooke’s law σ = Eε.

4 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Element stiffness matrix

Example
1 E, A, L 2
F1,x F2,x
a1,x a2,x
F
We consider a rod under the assumption of Hooke’s law σ = Eε. With σ = A
and
ε = ∆L
L
follows for the force F inside the rod
EA EA
F = ∆L = (ā2,x − ā1,x).
L L

4 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Element stiffness matrix

Example
1 E, A, L 2
F1,x F2,x
a1,x a2,x
F
We consider a rod under the assumption of Hooke’s law σ = Eε. With σ = A
and
ε = ∆L
L
follows for the force F inside the rod
EA EA
F = ∆L = (ā2,x − ā1,x).
L L
This directly leads to
     
F̄1,x EA 1 −1 ā1,x
r̄ e = , K̄e = , āe = .
F̄2,x L −1 1 ā2,x

4 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Element stiffness matrix

Example
     
F̄1,x EA 1 −1 ā1,x
r̄ e = K̄e = āe =
F̄2,x L −1 1 ā2,x

For further use of the element stiffness matrix it has to be adjusted to 2D.

5 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Element stiffness matrix

Example
     
F̄1,x EA 1 −1 ā1,x
r̄ e = K̄e = āe =
F̄2,x L −1 1 ā2,x

For further use of the element stiffness matrix it has to be adjusted to 2D.
Therefore new rows and columns for the y component are added. This does not
generate any new information, because as of now the rod is aligned along the
x-axis.
     
F̄1,x 1 0 −1 0 ā1,x
e
F̄1,y  e EA  0 0 0 0 e
ā1,y 
r̄ =   K̄ =   ā =  
F̄2,x  L −1 0 1 0
   ā2,x
F̄2,y 0 0 0 0 ā2,y

5 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Element stiffness matrix

Example
In the following step the local element coordinate system has to be adjusted to the
global one. Therefore a transformation matrix, like a rotation, is used. The result of
this transformation is called Ke.

6 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Element stiffness matrix

Example
In the following step the local element coordinate system has to be adjusted to the
global one. Therefore a transformation matrix, like a rotation, is used. The result of
this transformation is called Ke.
We will go into detail in the next exercises.

6 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Assembly procedure

Goal of the assembly is to build a global stiffness matrix for the whole system K
out of many element stiffness matrices Ke, which have been transformed into the
global coordinate system.
m
K = A Ke
e=1
We have to add sub-matrices of the element stiffness matrices at the corresponding
positions in the global stiffness matrix.

7 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Assembly procedure

Example
We consider the following
✗✔ ✗✔ ✗✔
system, which consists of three nodes (1, 2, 3) and three
A , ✖✕
rod elements ( ✖✕ C ).
B , ✖✕
✗✔

2 ✖✕
B 3

✗✔ ✗✔

✖✕A C
✖✕

8 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Assembly procedure

Example
✗✔

2 B
✖✕ 3
Symbolic table representation:
✗✔ ✗✔
Node 1 2 3

A
✖✕ ✖✕
C 1
2
3

1
Global stiffness matrix in symbolic form:
1x 1y 2x 2y 3x 3y

 
0 0 0 0 0 0 1x

 0 0 0 0 0 0 
 1y

 0 0 0 0 0 0 
 2x

 0 0 0 0 0 0 
 2y
 0 0 0 0 0 0  3x
0 0 0 0 0 0 3y

8 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Assembly procedure

Example
✗✔

2 B
✖✕ 3
Symbolic table representation:
✗✔ ✗✔
Node 1 2 3
A❦ A❦
A
✖✕ C 1
✖✕ 2 A❦ A❦
3

1 Global stiffness matrix in symbolic form:

Element stiffness matrix of A❦:
  1x 1y 2x 2y 3x 3y
A1x1x A1x1y A1x2x A1x2y
A1y1x A1y1y A1y2x A1y2y 
   
A2x1x A2x1y A2x2x A2x2y  A1x1x A1x1y A1x2x A1x2y 0 0 1x
A2y1x A2y1y A2y2x A2y2y A1y1x A1y1y A1y2x A1y2y 0 0  1y
 
A2x1x A2x1y A2x2x A2x2y 0 0  2x
 
A2y1x A2y1y A2y2x A2y2y 0 0  2y
 
 0 0 0 0 0 0  3x
0 0 0 0 0 0 3y

8 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Assembly procedure

Example
✗✔

2 B
✖✕ 3
Symbolic table representation:
✗✔ ✗✔
Node 1 2 3
A❦ A❦
A
✖✕ C 1
✖✕ 2 A❦ A❦, B❦ B❦
3 B❦ B❦

1 Global stiffness matrix in symbolic form:

Element stiffness matrix of B❦:
  1x 1y 2x 2y 3x 3y
B2x2x B2x2y B2x3x B2x3y
B2y2x B2y2y B2y3x B2y3y   
A1x1x A1x1y A1x2x A1x2y
 
B3x2x B3x2y B3x3x B3x3y  0 0 1x
B3y2x B3y2y B3y3x B3y3y A1y1x A1y1y A1y2x A1y2y 0 0  1y
 
A2x1x A2x1y A2x2x + B2x2x A2x2y + B2x2y B2x3x B2x3y  2x
 
A2y1x A2y1y A2y2x + B2y2x A2y2y + B2y2y B2y3x B2y3y  2y
 
 0 0 B3x2x B3x2y B3x3x B3x3y  3x
0 0 B3y2x B3y2y B3y3x B3y3y 3y

8 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Assembly procedure

Example
✗✔

2 B
✖✕ 3
Symbolic table representation:
✗✔ ✗✔
Node 1 2 3
A❦, C❦ A❦ C❦
A
✖✕ C 1
✖✕ 2 A❦ A❦, B❦ B❦
3 C❦ B❦ B❦, C❦

1 Global stiffness matrix in symbolic form:

Element stiffness matrix of C❦:
  1x 1y 2x 2y 3x 3y
C1x1x C1x1y C1x3x C1x3y
C1y1x C1y1y C1y3x C1y3y   
A1x1x + C1x1x A1x1y + C1x1y A1x2x A1x2y
 
C3x1x C3x1y C3x3x C3x3y  C1x3x C1x3y 1x
C3y1x C3y1y C3y3x C3y3y A1y1x + C1y1x A1y1y + C1y1y A1y2x A1y2y C1y3x C1y3y  1y
 

 A2x1x A2x1y A2x2x + B2x2x A2x2y + B2x2y B2x3x B2x3y 
 2x

 A2y1x A2y1y A2y2x + B2y2x A2y2y + B2y2y B2y3x B2y3y 
 2y
 C3x1x C3x1y B3x2x B3x2y B3x3x + C3x3x B3x3y + C3x3y  3x
C3y1x C3y1y B3y2x B3y2y B3y3x + C3y3x B3y3y + C3y3y 3y

8 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Semi-Bandwidth

Definition
We define the semi-Bandwidth B as
B = nDOF (∆ + 1)
with the number of degrees of freedom (DOF) at each node nDOF and the
maximal difference in node numbers ∆ in a single element.

The stiffness matrix of a given geometry can have various semi-bandwidths,

dependent on the node numbering.

9 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Semi-Bandwidth

Twice the semi-bandwith is an upper estimate for the bandwidth of the matrix.

10 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Semi-Bandwidth

Twice the semi-bandwith is an upper estimate for the bandwidth of the matrix.

The bandwidth of the stiffness matrix has a big influence on the memory
consumption and the calculation time. Therefore it is useful to pay attention to
node numbering.

10 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Semi-Bandwidth

Twice the semi-bandwith is an upper estimate for the bandwidth of the matrix.

The bandwidth of the stiffness matrix has a big influence on the memory
consumption and the calculation time. Therefore it is useful to pay attention to
node numbering.

The influence of the bandwidth is only numerical. From a mechanical point of view
changing the node numbering has no effect.

10 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Semi-Bandwidth

Example 1a
The nodes have the degrees of freedom ux and uy .
2

✗✔ ✗✔

✖✕
2 ✖✕
3 3
1 ✗✔
6 ✗✔
1
✖✕ 4
✗✔ ✖✕

✖✕
5
5
4

B =?

11 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Semi-Bandwidth

Example 1a
The nodes have the degrees of freedom ux and uy .
2

✗✔ ✗✔

✖✕
2 ✖✕
3 3
1 ✗✔
6 ✗✔
1
✖✕ 4
✗✔ ✖✕

✖✕
5
5
4

B = 2(5 + 1) = 12

11 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Semi-Bandwidth

Example 1a
The nodes have the degrees of freedom ux and uy .
2

✗✔ ✗✔

✖✕
2 ✖✕
3 3 1

1 ✗✔
6
2
✗✔
✖✕
1 4
✗✔ ✖✕
3

✖✕
5
5
4

4
6

1 2 3 4 5 6

B = 2(5 + 1) = 12

11 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Semi-Bandwidth

Example 1b
The nodes have the degrees of freedom ux and uy .
2

✗✔ ✗✔

✖✕
2 ✖✕
3 5
1 ✗✔
4 ✗✔
1
✖✕ 4
✗✔ ✖✕

✖✕
5
3
6

B =?

12 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Semi-Bandwidth

Example 1b
The nodes have the degrees of freedom ux and uy .
2

✗✔ ✗✔

✖✕
2 ✖✕
3 5
1 ✗✔
4 ✗✔
1
✖✕ 4
✗✔ ✖✕

✖✕
5
3
6

B = 2(3 + 1) = 8

12 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Semi-Bandwidth

Example 1b
The nodes have the degrees of freedom ux and uy .
2

✗✔ ✗✔

✖✕
2 ✖✕
3 5 1

1 ✗✔
4
2
✗✔
✖✕
1 4
✗✔ ✖✕
3

✖✕
5
3
4

6
6

1 2 3 4 5 6

B = 2(3 + 1) = 8

12 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Semi-Bandwidth

Example 2
1 2 3 4 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 38 39 40

41 42 43 44 58 59 60

1 4 7 10 52 55 58

2 5 8 11 53 56 59

3 6 9 12 54 57 60

13 58 25 14 12 32 39

53 37 8 18 47 30 55

7 9 52 2 10 28 38

13 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Semi-Bandwidth

Example 2
1 2 3 4 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 38 39 40

41 42 43 44 58 59 60

1 4 7 10 52 55 58

2 5 8 11 53 56 59

3 6 9 12 54 57 60

13 58 25 14 12 32 39

53 37 8 18 47 30 55

7 9 52 2 10 28 38

13 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Semi-Bandwidth

Example 2
1 2 3 4 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 38 39 40

41 42 43 44 58 59 60

1 4 7 10 52 55 58

2 5 8 11 53 56 59

3 6 9 12 54 57 60

13 58 25 14 12 32 39

53 37 8 18 47 30 55

7 9 52 2 10 28 38

13 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Semi-Bandwidth

Example 2
1 2 3 4 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 38 39 40

41 42 43 44 58 59 60

1 4 7 10 52 55 58

2 5 8 11 53 56 59

3 6 9 12 54 57 60

13 58 25 14 12 32 39

53 37 8 18 47 30 55

7 9 52 2 10 28 38

13 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Overview

Repetition
Global stiffnessmatrix
Semi-Bandwidth
Task 1

14 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 1

Create the symbolic table representation of the stiffness matrix and calculate the
semi-bandwidth for the following structures.

The number of degrees of freedom in one element is assumed to be one.

Please note, that besides rod elements some triangle and rectangular elements
have been used.

15 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 1

b) 1 2
a)
1 1❧ 2 2❧ 3❧
1❧
3 5
4❧ 4
3❧
2❧
6❧ 4❧ 5❧
5❧

3 7❧ 4 8❧ 5 6 7 8

1
c) 5 d)
5❧
7 8
3 7
2❧ 3❧
3❧ 4❧
4 5 6
6
1❧ 4 8 4❧
1❧ 2❧

1 2 10 9 9 2 3

16 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 1

Solution a)

1 1❦ 2

4❦
3❦
2❦
6❦ B = 1 · (3 + 1) = 4
5❦

3 7❦ 4 8❦ 5

Node 1 2 3 4 5
1 1❦, 2❦, 3❦ 1❦ 2❦ 3❦
2 1❦ 1❦, 4❦, 5❦, 6❦ 4❦ 5❦ 6❦
3 2❦ 4❦ 2❦, 4❦, 7❦ 7❦
4 3❦ 5❦ 7❦ 3❦, 5❦, 7❦, 8❦ 8❦
5 6❦ 8❦ 6❦, 8❦

17 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 1

Solution b)
1 2

2❦ 3❦
1❦
3 5
4

B = 1 · (4 + 1) = 5
4❦ 5❦

6 7 8

Node 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1❦, 2❦ 2❦ 1❦ 1❦, 2❦
2 2❦ 2❦, 3❦ 2❦ 3❦
3 1❦ 1❦, 4❦ 1❦, 4❦ 4❦ 4❦
4 1❦, 2❦ 2❦ 1❦, 4❦ 1❦, 2❦, 4❦, 5❦ 5❦ 4❦ 4❦, 5❦ 5❦
5 3❦ 5❦ 3❦, 5❦ 5❦ 5❦
6 4❦ 4❦ 4❦ 4❦
7 4❦ 4❦, 5❦ 5❦ 4❦ 4❦, 5❦ 5❦
8 5❦ 5❦ 5❦ 5❦

18 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 1

Solution c)
5

3 7
2❦ 3❦

1❦ 4
6
8 4❦
B = 1 · (3 + 1) = 4

1 2 10 9

Node 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 1❦ 1❦ 1❦ 1❦
2 1❦ 1❦ 1❦ 1❦
3 1❦ 1❦ 1❦, 2❦ 1❦, 2❦ 2❦ 2❦
4 1❦ 1❦ 1❦, 2❦ 1❦, 2❦ 2❦ 2❦
5 2❦ 2❦ 2❦, 3❦ 2❦, 3❦ 3❦ 3❦
6 2❦ 2❦ 2❦, 3❦ 2❦, 3❦ 3❦ 3❦
7 3❦ 3❦ 3❦, 4❦ 3❦, 4❦ 4❦ 4❦
8 3❦ 3❦ 3❦, 4❦ 3❦, 4❦ 4❦ 4❦
9 4❦ 4❦ 4❦ 4❦
10 4❦ 4❦ 4❦ 4❦

19 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Task 1

Solution d)
1

5❦
7 8

3❦ 4❦
4 5 6 B = 1 · (7 + 1) = 8
1❦ 2❦

9 2 3

Node 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 5❦ 5❦ 5❦
2 1❦, 2❦ 2❦ 1❦ 1❦, 2❦ 2❦ 1❦
3 2❦ 2❦ 2❦ 2❦
4 1❦ 1❦, 3❦ 1❦, 3❦ 3❦ 1❦
5 1❦, 2❦ 2❦ 1❦, 3❦ 1❦, 2❦, 3❦, 4❦ 2❦, 4❦ 3❦, 4❦ 4❦ 1❦
6 2❦ 2❦ 2❦, 4❦ 2❦, 4❦ 4❦ 4❦
7 5❦ 3❦ 3❦, 4❦ 4❦ 3❦, 4❦, 5❦ 4❦, 5❦
8 5❦ 4❦ 4❦ 4❦, 5❦ 4❦, 5❦
9 1❦ 1❦ 1❦ 1❦

20 of 21 Advanced Finite Element Methods for Engineers | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mikhail Itskov |
Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany | WiSe
2018/19
Thank you for your attention!

Any questions?