The calculating method leads us by its

will
Closer and closer to the answer and all
downhill.

Lecture 13. The derivative of an implicit function.

y= y ( x 1 , x 2 ,. . ., x n )
If the dependent
variable  can not be
y=f ( x 1 , x 2 , . .. , x n ) ,
expressed in explicit form  i.,e. it  is given by
the equation
F( x 1 , x 2 ,. . ., x n , y)=0 , (8.1)
not solved with respect to y then it is said to be an implicit
function of n variables
x 1 ,x 2 ,..., x n
.
If the function F and its partial derivatives
F'x1 , F'x 2 , . .. , F'x n , F 'y
are defined and continuous at some point
M 0 x 0 , x 0 ,. .. , x 0 , y 0
( )
1 2 n and its neighbourhood and at that
F( M 0 )=0 , and F ′ ( M 0 ) ≠0
y , then equation (8.1) defines
y as continuous and differentiable function of
x 1 ,x 2 ,..., x n at
point
M 0 and near M 0 .
Then the derivatives of the implicit function
y ( x1 , x 2 , .. . , xn )
are found by the formulas:
' ' '
∂y F x1 ∂ y F x2 ∂y F xn
=− ' , =− ' , .. . , =− ' .
∂ x1 F y ∂ x2 Fy ∂ xn Fy
E.g., if y is an implicit function of one variable x
and is given by the formula F ( x , y )=0 , then
 '
dy Fx
=− '
dx Fy .
⊳ Example. Find the derivative of the implicit function
x
e sin y− y ln x=0 .
x ' '
S o l u t i o n. Here F ( x , y )=e sin y− y ln x . Find F x , F y :
No human study can be called a true
science if it has not passed through
mathematical proofs.
Leonardo da Vinci.
y
F x =e x sin y− ,
'
x
' x
F y=e cos y−ln x .
Then
' dy F'x y−xe x sin y
y = =− ' =−
dx Fy x ( e x cos y−ln x ) .►
⊳ Example. Find the second derivative of the implicit function
x y
e sin y−e cos x=0 .
S o l u t i o n. First we’ll find the first order partial derivatives of the
x y
function F ( x , y )=e sin y−e cos x :
' x y ' x y
F x =e sin y +e sin x , F y =e cos y −e cos x .
' F 'x e x sin y+ e y sin x
y =− =− .
F 'y e x cos y −e y cos x ►

Exercises.
Find the derivatives of the implicit functions:
y y x
ln x 2 + y 2 −arctg
√ =0 . −tg 2 =0 .
1.
1 x2 2. x1 y
 2
e
x1 y
−arctan x 2 y =0 . 4. ( x 2 + y 2 ) −4 ( x 2 − y 2 ) =0 .
3.

Oh, how many wonderful discoveries

The education spirit gives us all !
Both an experience – a son of tough mistakes,
And genius –paradoxes’ friend … Pushkin
A.S.
Etwas Gutes zu lernen ist es nie zu spät.
It is never late to learn.
German proverb

Differentiation of complex functions.

function of n variables u=F (v 1 , v 2 ,..., v n ) where
Let us be given a
the variables
v 1 , v 2 ,..., v n themselves are in turn functions of m
x ,x ,. .., x m :
variables 1 2
v 1=f 1 ( x 1 ,x 2 ,..., x m) ,
v 2=f 2 ( x 1 , x2 ,..., x m ) ,
..................................
v n=f n ( x 1 , x 2 ,...,x m ) .
Then the function u is a complex function of the independent
variables 1 2
x ,x ,..., x
m :
u=F (v 1 , v 2 ,. . ., v n )=F( f 1 ( x 1 , x 2 ,. . ., x m ) , f 2 ( x 1 , x 2 , .. . , x m ) , .. . , f n ( x1 , x 2 , .. . , x m ) )=
¿ g ( x 1 , x 2 , . .. , xm ).
u=F ( v 1 , v 2 )=cos v1 +e
v2 v 1 =x 2 +2 x 2
Example. Let where 1
and v 2 =tan x 1 −sin x 2 . So, v 1 =f 1 ( x 1 , x 2 ) , v 2 =f 2 ( x 1 , x 2 ) ,
and,
v2
therefore, our given function u=F ( v 1 , v 2 )=cos v1 +e is a
complex function of 2 independent variables x 1 ,x 2 :
tan x 1−sin x 2
u=g ( x 1 , x 2 )=cos ( x 2 +2 x2 )+e
1 .
The variables
v 1 , v 2 ,..., v n are called the intermediate arguments.
∂u
Partial derivative
∂ x i of a complex function with respect to one of
∂ u ∂ vk
⋅
the independent variables is equal to the sum of products ∂v k ∂ x i
∂ u ∂ u ∂ v 1 ∂u ∂v 2 ∂u ∂ v n
= ⋅ + ⋅ +. . .+ ⋅ ,
∂ x 1 ∂v 1 ∂ x 1 ∂ v 2 ∂ x1 ∂ vn ∂ x1
∂u ∂ u ∂ v 1 ∂u ∂ v 2 ∂ u ∂ vn
= ⋅ + ⋅ +.. .+ ⋅ ,
∂ x 2 ∂ v1 ∂ x 2 ∂ v 2 ∂ x 2 ∂ v n ∂ x2

................................................................ .........
∂u ∂u ∂ v 1 ∂ u ∂ v 2 ∂ u ∂ vn
= ⋅ + ⋅ +...+ ⋅ .
∂ x m ∂v 1 ∂ x m ∂ v 2 ∂ x m ∂ v n ∂ xm

Having solved a problem on your own you

will first touch the heart secrets of your
stranger. And having solved all the problems
you will gain a friend.

m=1, u=u ( v 1 , v 2 )
For example, if n=2 and i.e. and
v 1 =v1 ( t ) , v 2 =v 2 ( t ) then:
 du ∂ u dv 1 ∂u dv 2
= ⋅ + ⋅
dt ∂v 1 dt ∂ v 2 dt .
(9.1)
du
⊳ Example. Find dt , if u=ln( x 2 + y 2 ) , where
2
x=t , y=t .
S o l u t i o n. The function u=ln( x 2 + y 2 ) depends on two
intermediate arguments v 1 =x , v 2= y which, in turn, depend only
on one independent variable t . Applying the formula (9.1) , we
obtain
du ∂u dx ∂u dy
= ⋅ + ⋅
dt ∂ x dt ∂ y dt .
We find the partial derivatives:
∂u 2x ∂u 2y dx dy
= 2 2, = 2 2, =1 , =2t .
∂ x x + y ∂ y x + y dt dt
Substituting we obtain
3
du 2x 2y 2 x + 4 yt 2 t+ 4 t
= 2 2 + 2 2⋅2t= 2 2 = 2 4
dt x + y x + y x +y t +t .►
Exercises.
du
x−2 y 2
1. Find dt , if u=e , where x=sin t , y=t .
du
z 2− y2
2. Find dx , if u=e , where z=cos x , y=sin x .
∂u ∂u
4 4
3. Find ∂ ρ and ∂ϕ , if u=x + y , where x=ρ cos ϕ ,
y=ρ sin ϕ .
 Gradient
Consider a function of two variables u=f (x , y) is
differentiable directly at some point M ( x , y ).
Definition 6. Gradient of the function u=f (x , y) at the point
∂u ∂u
M (x , y ) is called the vector ( ,
∂x ∂y )
whose coordinates are,
∂u ∂u
respectively , the partial derivatives , at this point.
∂x ∂ y
To indicate the gradient of the function we use the symbol
grad u:
∂u ∂u
grad u= ( ,
∂x ∂y ) (8.11)

( x0 , y0 )

The gradient of a function characterizes the direction and magnitude

of the maximum rate of increase of the function at the point
( x0 , y0 ) :

grad u= ( ∂∂ux , ∂∂uy )

Consider a function of three variables u=f ( x , y , z ) is
differentiable directly at some point M (x , y , z).
Definition 6. Gradient of the function u=f ( x , y , z ) at the point
∂u ∂u ∂u
(
M (x , y , z) is called the vector ,
∂x ∂y ∂z
, )
whose coordinates are,
∂ u ∂ u ∂u
respectively , the partial derivatives , , at this point.
∂x ∂ y ∂ z
To indicate the gradient of the function and use the symbol grad u:
 grad u= ( ∂∂ux , ∂∂uy , ∂∂ uz ) (8.11)
To determine the geometric meaning of the gradient we
introduce a concept of the level surface. This concept is similar to
the notion of whether a level line considered.
Definition 7. A level surface of u=f ( x , y , z ) is called the surface on
which this function has a constant value
f ( x, y , z) = C = const. (8.13)
In the course of mathematical analysis it is proved that the gradient at
a given point is orthogonal to the surface.
In the case of a function of two variables, everything said previously
remains valid, just instead of the level surface will appear the level
line. Consider some examples.
Example 9. Find the gradient and its modulus for function
xy
z= at the point M (0 , 1).
x+ y+1
S o l u t i o n. By ( 8.12 ) we have for the function of two variables
∂z ∂ z y ( y+1) x (x+1)
grad z=( ,
∂x ∂y )( = ,
( x + y +1) ( x+ y +1)2
2 . )
Example 10 . Find level surface of u=x2 −2 x + y 2 +2 y−z .
S o l u t i o n. By the definition of the level surface (8.13 ), we have
2 2
x 2−2 x+ y 2 +2 y−z=c , where z=(x−1) +( y +1) −C , where C = c
+ 2. Consequently, the level surfaces of this function are the
paraboloids of rotation with axis x= 1, y = -1, parallel to the axis 0z
whose vertices lie at the points with coordinates ( 1, -1, - C).
Exercises.
2
1.Find the gradient of function f ( x; y )=x y at the point
A ( 1;1 )
2.Find grad f ( x; y ) at point A ( 2;1 ) , if
3 3
f ( x ; y )=x + y −3 xy
3.Find gradf ( x ; y ) at point A ( 1;2;3 ) , if
f ( x; y ; z )=xyz
Higher-order derivatives
First order partial derivatives of functions of two or more variables
are also a function of several variables , and they can also be
differentiated , lie, find the partial derivatives ¬ water from these
functions. Thus, for a function of two variables of the form z = f( x,
y) may be four types of partial second row :
∂2 z ∂ ∂ z ∂2 z ∂ ∂z ∂2 z ∂ ∂ z ∂2 z ∂ ∂z
2
= ( ) , = ( ) , =( )
∂x ∂ x ∂ x ∂ y∂ x ∂ y ∂ x ∂x ∂ y ∂x ∂ y ∂ y ∂ y ∂ y
, 2
= ( )
Partial derivatives, in which differentiation is made on different
variables are called mixed derivatives . Analogical manner for
functions of several variables determined partial derivatives of
higher orders.
Consider two examples of finding the partial derivatives of the
second order for the function of two variables.
Example 11. z=x 3−xy 2 + x + y + y 4
Solution. Consistently differentiating , we obtain :
∂z ∂z
=3 x 2− y 2 +1 , =−2 xy+ 1+ 4 y 3 ,
∂x ∂y
∂2 z ∂2 z ∂2 z ∂2 z 2
2
=6 x , =−2 y , =−2 y , 2
=12 y −2 x
∂x ∂ x∂ y ∂ y ∂x ∂y
Example 12 . z=e x sin 2 y .
Solution. Under the rules of differentiation of a product , we have:
∂z x ∂z x ∂2 z x
=e sin 2 y , =2e cos 2 y , 2 =e sin 2 y ,
∂x ∂y ∂x
2
∂ z x
2
∂ z x ∂2 z x
=2 e cos 2 y , =2 e cos 2 y, 2
=−4 e sin 2 y
∂x ∂ y ∂ y∂x ∂y
In these examples, the mixed derivatives were equal to each other,
although this is not always the case. Asked about the independence
of mixed second-order derivatives of the differential tion function of
two variables gives the following theorem.
Theorem 8.1. If z=f(x,y) is twice differentiable at M (x 0 , y 0 ) then
the mixed derivatives are equal at this point.

Example. Find the derivatives of the implicit function:

y
ln x 2 + y 2 −arctg
√ =0 .
1 x2
Solution. So, y is an implicit function of two variables x 1 , x 2 :
y= y ( x 1 , x 2 ) .
We have to find partial derivatives
' '
∂y F x1 ∂ y F x2
=− ' , =− ' ,
∂ x1 F y ∂ x2 Fy
y
F( y , x 1 , x 2 )=ln x 2 + y 2−arctg
√ .
where 1 x2
' ' '
F x1 F x2
So, we must find , , Fy :
 y
1 (
F'x = ln √ x 1 + y 2 −arctg 2
x2 )
x1
=( ln √ x 1 + y 2 )x =2
1

1 1
y2 =
2
=( ln u ) ' (√ x 2+ ) (√ x 1
2 +y ) = ( √ v ) ' ( x1 + y 2) x =
2
1 x1 u x1
√x 2 +y 2 1
1

1 1 1 1 x1
= ( 2 x 1 ) = x 1=
√ x 2+ y 2 2 √ v x 2+ y 2 x 2+ y 2
√ x 2 + y2 √
1 1 1 1
y
'
( ) =(−arctan xy ) =−( arctan u) ' ( xy ) =
F x2 = ln √ x 1 + y −arctan 2
2
x2 x2 2 x2 2 x2

y 1 1
1 y ( x ) =− ( x ) =− ( x ) =
y y −
2 x2 2 x2
2
2

1+u ( x )
=− =− 2 2 2 2
y y y
1+
(x ) (x ) (x )
1+2 x2
1+
2 2 2
y
x22 y
= =
x 22 + y 2 x 22 + y 2
x22 .
'
F y=
1 ¿ 1 1
( √ v ) '= v ( )
2 1 2 −1 1 − 2 1
= v = v =
2 2 2 √v .