3-24032017 Bottom Ash As Partial Sand Replacement in Concrete - A Review - Docx Word

ISSN: 2347-6540
BOTTOM ASH AS PARTIAL SAND

REPLACEMENT IN CONCRETE- A REVIEW
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Concrete, the second mostly used engineering material in the
world after water and addition of some other materials may
change the concrete properties. It is the composite material
most used for the construction of high rise buildings and
various Infrastructure developments area particularly in the
developing countries like India is more. Concrete is a form of
mixing cement, fine and coarse aggregate in addition to water.
In general, the fine aggregate used in the production of
concrete was Natural River sand. Now days, these natural
sources like river sand are exhausting gradually around the
world. So, the protection of environment and saving of natural
resources the construction industry is look for the alternative
constituent material for making concrete. So, there is a need
for Replacement of sand. In India, major portion of electricity
generated by burning of coal resulting as formed as ash. The
ash contents comes from the burning of coal has to be
disposed as either in dry state or in wet state to available open
areas nearer the plant or both the bottom ash and bottom ash
grounding and mixing with water and send into lagoons.
These are open to atmosphere causes environmental pollution
and loss of productive land. Bottom ash is obtaining from
bottom of the furnace with burning coal at thermal power
plants. The use of bottom ash in high strength concrete is a
new dimension in concrete mix design. The chemical
Copyright ' IJLREC 13
International Journal of Latest Research in Engineering and Computing, volume 5,Issue 2, March-April 2017
composition of bottom ash is similar to bottom ash but it

contains more carbon quantity than bottom ash. CBA is a
coarser angular material having porous surface texture and
distributed the particle size nearly equal to the sand. It exhibits
the engineering properties like high shear strength and low
compressibility that makes as used in construction
applications. It has not only a constructability benefits and
also proved to be an economical. So, Government should
encourage the bottom ash usage and its related products as a
large amount of quantities for many civil engineering
construction purposes.
1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF BOTTOM ASH

USE IN CONCRETE
Use of bottom ash in concrete imparts several environmental
benefits and thus it is ecofriendly. It saves the cement
requirement for the same strength thus saving of raw materials
such as limestone, coal etc. required for manufacture of
cement. Manufacture of cement is high-energy intensive
industry. In the manufacturing of one tonne of cement, about
1 tonne of CO is emitted and goes to atmosphere. Less
requirement of cement means less emission of result in
reduction in green house gas emission. Due to low calorific
value and high ash content in Indian Coal, thermal power
plants in India, are producing huge quantity of bottom ash.
This huge quantity is being stored / disposed off in ash pond
areas. The ash ponds acquire large areas of agricultural land.
Use of bottom ash reduces area requirement for pond, thus
saving of good agricultural land.

1.2 NEED FOR THE USE OF COAL ASH IN

CONSTRUCTION
Energy is the main backbone of modern civilization of the
world over, and the electric power from thermal power
stations is a dominant source of energy, in the order of
electricity. In India, over 70% of electricity generated is by
combustion of fossil fuels, out of which approximately 61% is
contrived by coal-fired plants. This results in the origination
of around 100 ton of ash. Most of the ash has to be disposed of
either dry, or wet to an open area serviceable near the plant or
by grounding both the bottom ash and bottom ash and mixing
it with suitable amount of water and pumping into artificial
lagoon or dumping yards this brings out the pollution in water
bodies and ruin of productive land. The untiring slackening of
natural resources and the environmental imperils posed by the
disposal of coal ash has approached appalling proportion such
that the use of coal ash in manufacturing of concrete is
imperative than a desire.
Factor Affecting the Utilization of Coal ash

Some of the factors due to which, utilization of coal ash is not
increasing at desired rate are:
 Lack of awareness of coal ash properties.

 High transportation cost.
 Non-availability of dry bottom ash and bottom ash.
 Lack of proper co-ordination.
 Easy availability of top soil.
 Variations in the quality of coal ash.

Application of Bottom ash in major areas

Ash has been investigated for its suitability for utilization in
major areas as building material and other civil engineering
sectors. The areas mentioned below have tremendous scope of
large scale use of Bottom ash.
 Building bricks and block.
 Road construction, Drainage media and Sound insulating
walls.
 It is used in mining mortar in such application as rock
stabilization or filling of cavities.
 It is used as a construction material for highway and
pavement.
 It is used for pressure grouting in concrete highways and for
other purposes viz, tunnel lining.
 It is used as mineral filler in asphalt roads to minimize void
content and increase the stability of bituminous wearing
course during road construction.
 It is used as a light weight synthetic aggregate in block and
concrete.
 It is used along with bottom ash as a growing media for
plants.
 In concrete, bottom ash is used as replacement of fine
aggregate in which concrete has advantageous properties
like improved workability, resistance to chemical attack.

2.0How bottom ash helps in concrete?
2.1 Reduced Heat of Hydration

In concrete mix, when water and cement come in contact, a
chemical reaction initiates that produces binding material and
consolidates the concrete mass.
The process is exothermic and heat is released which increases

the temperature of the mass When bottom ash is present in the
concrete mass, it plays dual role for the. strength development.
Bottom ash reacts with released lime and produces binder as
explained above and render additional strength to the concrete
mass. The unreactive portion of bottom ash act as micro
aggregates and fills up the matrix to render packing effect and
results in increased strength.
The large temperature rise of concrete mass exerts temperature

stresses and can lead micro crackes. When bottom ash is used as
part of cementitious material, quantum of heat liberated is low
and staggers through pozzolanic reactions and thus reduces
micro-cracking and improves soundness of concrete mass.
2.2 Workability of Concrete
Bottom ash particles are generally spherical in shape and

reduces the water requirement for a given slump. The spherical
shape helps to reduce friction between aggregates and between
concrete and pump line and thus increases workability and
improve pumpability of concrete. Bottom ash use in concrete

increases fines volume and decreases water content and thus
reduces bleeding of concrete.
2.3Permeability and corrosion protection

Water is essential constituent of concrete preparation. When
concrete is hardened, part of the entrapped water in the concrete
mass is consumed by cement mineralogy for hydration. Some
part of entrapped water evaporates, thus leaving porous channel
to the extent of volume occupied by the water. Some part of this
porous volume is filled by the hydrated products of the cement
paste. The remaining part of the voids consists capillary voids
and give way for ingress of water. Similarly, the liberated lime
by hydration of cement is water-soluble and is leached out from
hardened concrete mass, leaving capillary voids for the ingress
of water. Higher the water cement ratio, higher will be the
porosity and thus higher will be the permeability. The
permeability makes the ingress of moisture and air easy and is
the cause for corrosion of reinforcement. Higher permeability
facilitate ingress of chloride ions into concrete and is the main
cause for initiation of chloride induced corrosion.
Additional cementitious material results from reaction between

liberated surplus lime and bottom ash, blocks these capillary
voids and also reduces the risk of leaching of surplus free lime
and thereby reduces permeability of concrete.

2.4Effect of bottom ash on Carbonation of Concrete

Carbonation phenomenon in concrete occurs when calcium
hydroxides (lime) of the hydrated Portland Cement react with
carbon dioxide from atmospheres in the presence of moisture
and form calcium carbonate. To a small extent, calcium
carbonate is also formed when calcium silicate and aluminates
of the hydrated Portland cement react with carbon dioxide from
atmosphere. Carbonation process in concrete results in two
deleterious effects (i) shrinkage may occur (ii) concrete
immediately adjacent to steel reinforcement may reduce its
resistance to corrosion. The rate of carbonation depends on
permeability of concrete, quantity of surplus lime and
environmental conditions such as moisture and temperature.
When bottom ash is available in concrete; it reduces availability
of surplus lime by way of pozzolanic reaction, reduces

permeability and as a result improves resistance of concrete
against carbonation phenomenon.
2.5 Sulphate Attack

Sulphate attacks in concrete occur due to reaction between
sulphate from external origins or from atmosphere with surplus
lime leads to formation of etrringite, which causes expansion and
results in volume destabilization of the concrete. Increase in
sulphate resistance of bottom ash concrete is due to continuous
reaction between bottom ash and leached out lime, which
continue to form additional C-S-H gel. This C-S-H gel fills in
capillary pores in the cement paste, reducing permeability and
ingress of sulphate ions.
4.6 Corrosion of steel

Corrosion of steel takes place mainly because of two types of
attack. One is due to carbonation attack and other is due to
chloride attack. In the carbonation attack, due to carbonation of
free lime, alkaline environment in the concrete comes down
which disturbs the passive iron oxide film on the reinforcement.
When the concrete is permeable, the ingress of moisture and
oxygen infuse to the surface of steel initiates the
electrochemical process and as a result-rust is formed. The
transformation of steel to rust increases its volume thus

resulting in the concrete expansion, cracking and distress to the

structure.
In the chloride attack, Chloride ion becomes available in the

concrete either through the dissociation of chlorides-associated
mineralogical hydration or infusion of chloride ion. The
sulphate attack in the concrete decomposes the chloride
mineralogy thereby releasing chloride ion. In the presence of
large amount of chloride, the concrete exhibits the tendency to
hold moisture. In the presence of moisture and oxygen, the
resistivity of the concrete weakens and becomes more
permeable thereby inducing further distress. The use of bottom
ash reduces availability of free limes and permeability thus
result in corrosion prevention.
2.7 Reduced alkali-aggregatereaction

Certain types of aggregates react with available alkalis and
cause expansion and damage to concrete. These aggregates are
termed as reactive aggregates. It has been established that use of
adequate quantity of bottom ash in concrete reduces the amount
of alkali aggregate reaction and reduces/ eliminates harmful
expansion of concrete. The reaction between the siliceous glass
in bottom ash and the alkali hydroxide of Portland cement paste
consumes alkalis thereby reduces their availability for
expansive reaction with reactive silica aggregates.

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

P.Ranapratap et al (2016) studied on the effect of replacing
fine aggregate with bottom ash in M40 grade of concrete with
OPC-53s cement. In India there is a growing concern about
scarcity of river sand which is a prime source of material used
in the manufacture of cement concrete. In this context, this
study establish the experimental results about strength and
economic aspects of concrete, by partial sand replacement
with bottom ash in the concrete. Also experimental results
presented about the partial replacement of crusher dust and
robo sand with bottom ash, as these products are treated as an
alternative measures of natural sand. The aim of this project
work is to efficient utilization of Industrial wastes for high
strength and durable concrete mix. Experimental studies are
conducted on M40 grade concrete prepared with 53 Grade
special cement and replacement fine aggregate with bottom
ash. The investigation on compressive strength of the concrete
at different ages such as 7 days, 14 days and 28 days are
observed when the bottom ash is replaced 0%, 10%, 20%,
30%, 40%, 50%, and 60% in the place of three control mixes
of sand, robo sand and crusher dust which are treated as fine
aggregate. The results showed that the optimum dosage of
bottom ash when it is replaced with sand/ robo sand /crusher
dust is 10% at 28days compressive strength of concrete. OPC
53 Grade special cement is selected for the purpose of
attaining high early strength of concrete.
Abhishek Sachdeva et al (2016) studied the Effect of cement

and fine aggregate replacement with Alccofine and Bottom
ash on mechanical properties of concrete. The study is
planned to study the properties of concrete at fresh and
hardened stage containing both Alccofine as a partial

replacement of cement as well as coal bottom ash as a partial
replacement of fine aggregates in concrete together in
different combinations. An experimental programme is
planned in which controlled concrete (MB1 mix) of grade
M40 is designed, casted and tested for compressive strength
after 28days of curing. Three different mixes were prepared
containing 20% (MB2 mix), 30% (MB3 mix) and 40% (MB4
mix) bottom ash as partial replacement of fine aggregates.
From the workability and compressive strength test results, it
was observed that both the workability and compressive
strength reduced much for MB4 mix. Therefore, to study the
effect of Alccofine as a partial replacement of cement, MB4
mix was selected. The cement was partially replaced by
Alccofine by 5% (MB4AL5 mix), 10% (MB4AL10 mix),
15% (MB4AL15 mix) and 20% (MB4AL20 mix) along with
the 40% bottom ash as a partial replacement of fine aggregate.
Based on the analysis of test results, a reduction in workability
and strength was observed by partially replacing fine
aggregates with coal bottom ash. Workability, compressive
strength and flexural strength improved in the concrete mix
containing bottom ash as a partial replacement of fine
aggregates along with the incorporation of Alccofine as a
partial replacement of cement in concrete. The workability is
decreased with the increase in the replacement level of fine
aggregates with bottom ash but workability improved on
partially replacing cement with alccofine upto 15% in the mix
already containing bottom ash as a partial replacement of fine
aggregates, after which it decreased. A high strength concrete
was developed by using Alccofine as a partial replacement to

cement along with the partial replacement of fine aggregates

with bottom ash.
Pardeep G et al (2016) reviewed the BOTTOM ASH AS A

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE IN
ADDITION WITH PPF. In this study fine aggregate in
concrete mix has been replaced with bottom ash and
Polypropylene fibre is additionally used to enhance the
strength characteristics of concrete. The concrete mix design
is done for M25 grade concrete. The mix is prepared for
different combinations of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of
replacement of sand by bottom ash with 0.5% of
polypropylene fibre by total weight of the Cube. The
mechanical properties were compared with control mix and it
was found that the optimal combination as 30% bottom ash
and 1.0% polypropylene fibre. Flexural strength was
compared by testing beams of size 1.5 x 0.25 x 0.15m under
two point loading. Results showed that there was no
degradation of strength for beams with bottom ash as
replacement for fine aggregates
M.Brindha et al (2016) studied the Durability of Cement

Mortar Replaced by Bottom Ash and Green Sand as a Fine
Aggregate. The main purpose of this paper is to study the
durability of cement mortar by using the bottom ash and the
green sand to replace natural fine aggregate in the cement
mortar products. In this study use high water cement ratio to
conduct the experiment, in which the weight ratio of
water/cement is 0.55 with the Superplastizers 2.5%. The
experiment uses bottom ash fine aggregates, which passes
through 4.75mm sieve, and natural sand of the same size as
the aggregate. The study shows that, based on the 1:3

cement/aggregate weight ratio while the bottom ash and the
green sand is to be varied in proportion 10%, 20%, 30% by its
weight of natural fine aggregates in cement mortar. Mortar
compressive strength, split tensile strength, porosity, water
absorption studies will be carried out and the best combination
is to be selected based on the mortar strength.
T. Balasubramaniam et al (2015) investigated on the

Mechanical Properties of Bottom Ash Concrete. In this
research Quarry (manufactured) sand is used as hundred per
cent substitutes to the river sand. Pozzolona Portland Cement
was replaced by silica fume (10% by weight) and
hyperplasticizer with varying percentage by weight of binder
was added to obtain medium workability. In modern thermal
power plants, 20% of ash is fed into the bottom of boilers. To
solve the problem of the bottom ash disposal from the power
plant, the investigations were carried out for the possibility of
using bottom ash as partial replacement (10% - 50%) of
manufactured sand (M-Sand) in concrete. Mechanical
properties, such as compressive strength, split tensile strength,
flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of M60 concrete
(Grade of mix 60N/mm2) were evaluated. The result showed
that use of bottom ash improves the strength of concrete at
later ages.
Ahmad Farhan Hamzah et al (2015) studied on Fresh

Characteristic and Mechanical Compressive Strength
Development of Self-Compacting Concrete Integrating Coal
Bottom Ash as Partial Fine Aggregates Replacement. This
paper presents the experimental works to study the effect of
use of coal bottom ash as a partial replacement of fine

aggregates in self-compacing concrete (SCC). The
compressive strength properties studied instead of fresh
characteristic of mixtures. The SCC mixtures were produced
by three different water cement ratios (0.35, 0.40 and 0.45)
and coal bottom ash as a replacement of fine aggregates in
varying percentages of 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%.
The fresh properties were investigated by slump flow, T500
spread time, sieve segregation and L-box test in order to
evaluate its self-compatibility. It can be concluding that the
filling and passing ability of SCC mixture decreased when the
amount of coal bottom ash content increased. The
compressive strength development for various percentages
replacement of fine aggregates with coal bottom ash was
conducted at 28, 90 and 180 days. It is clearly noticeable the
progress of compressive strength on intensification of water
cement ratio at different curing ages. The increase of water
cement ratio decreased the compressive strength for all
percentages of coal bottom ash at all ages
Aswathy P.U et al (2015) studied on the Behaviour of Self

Compacting Concrete by Partial Replacement of Fine
Aggregate with Coal Bottom Ash. This study presents the
experimental investigation carried out to study the behavior of
self-compacting concrete incorporating coal bottom ash at
different replacement level of fine aggregate. To find the
optimum replacement level the replacement levels of coal
bottom ash to fine aggregate is set up from 5 - 30% at 5%
increment. Then the optimum mix was subjected to variations
(increment and decrement in coal bottom ash in optimum
mix). The fresh and hardened properties such as compressive
strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus

of elasticity of the concrete at the age of 28 days of curing
were conducted for all the variations. Results shows that the
strength of the concrete with coal bottom ash increased up to
replacement level of 10%.This show that bottom ash are used
as supplementary cementitious materials, having the
pozzolanic reactivity.
CONCLUSION
Based on the work of various researchers it was seen that
bottom ash can be a suitable material for replacement of
concrete mix. Following conclusions can be drawn. The
compressive strength for 7, 28, 56 and 90 days was increased
up to 15-20% replacement and after that compressive
strengths were decreased for further more replacement. A
marginal decrease was observed in the flexural strength upto
15-20% replacement level. A decrease in strength of concrete
with the increase in levels of fine aggregate replacement by
coal bottom ash is due to the replacement of the stronger
material with the weaker material. Splitting tensile strength of
concrete improved on use bottom ash as fine aggregate in
partial replacement of sand. Workability of concrete decreases
with the increase in percentage of Bottom ash, as it is more
porous, therefore absorb more water than sand hence some
super plasticizer can be used in increasing dose as percentage
of bottom ash is increased. The densities of hardened concrete
linearly decreased as the replacement ratio of ash was
increased from 10% to 100% as compared to standard
concrete.

REFERENCES
1. M.P Kadam, The Effect of sieved Coal Bottom Ash as a
Sand Substitute on the Properties of Concrete with
Percentage Variation in Cement , Science and education
publishing, volume 2 issue 5
2. Abdulhameed Umar Abubakar, "Properties of concrete
using tanjung bin power plant coal bottom ash and
bottom ash," International Journal of Sustainable
Construction Engineering & Technology (ISSN: 2180-
3242) Vol 3, Issue 2, 2012.
3. Abdulhameed Umar Abubakar, Khairul Salleh Baharudin
Properties of concrete using tanjung bin power plant coal
bottom ash and bottom ash International Journal of
Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology
(ISSN: 2180-3242) Vol 3, Issue 2, 2012.
4. Chandramouli , Srinivasa Rao P., Pannirselvam N.,
Seshadri Sekhar T. and Sravana P., Strength properties of
polypropylene fibre concrete, 5(2010),1-6.
5. Rama Mohan Rao. P, Sudarsana Rao.H, Sekar.S.K, Effect
of Polypropylene fibres on bottom ash based concrete,
3(2010), 606-612.
6. ] P. Aggarwal, Y. Aggarwal, S.M.Gupta, Effect of bottom
ash as replacement of fine aggregate in concrete, 8(2007),
49-62.
7. IlkerBekirTopcu, Mehmet Canbaz, Effect of different
fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete containing
bottom ash, Construction and Building Materials, (2007)
1486 1491.
8. Sivakumar. A, Manu Santhanam, Mechanical properties
of high strength concrete reinforced with metallic and
non-metallic fibres, Cement & Concrete Composites,
29(2007), 603 608.Research, 35(2005), 1587 1591Yeol

Choi, Robert L. Yuan, Experimental relationship between
splitting tensile strength and compressive strength of
SFRC and PFRC, Cement and Concrete.
9. Siddique, R., Effect of fine aggregate replacement with
class F bottomash on mechanical properties of concrete,
Cement and Concrete Research, 33(2003), 539-547.
10. Wu Yao, Jie Li, Keru Wu, Mechanical properties of
hybrid fiber reinforced concrete at low fiber volume
fraction, Cement and Concrete Research; 3(2003), 27 30.
11. Maslehuddin, M., Al-Mana, A.I., Shamim, M. and
Saricimen, H., Effect of sand replacement on the early
age strength gain and long term corrosion resisting
characteristics of bottomash concrete, ACI Materials
Journal,(1989), 58-62.
12. IS CODES:
• IS 10262:2009; Mix design of concrete.
• IS 456:2000; Plain and Reinforced concrete code of
Practice.
• IS 383:1970; Specification for coarse and fine
aggregates from natural sources for concrete  IS
516: 1959; Methods of tests for Strength of concrete

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ISSN: 2347-6540

BOTTOM ASH AS PARTIAL SAND

composition of bottom ash is similar to bottom ash but it

1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF BOTTOM ASH

Copyright ' IJLREC 14

1.2 NEED FOR THE USE OF COAL ASH IN

Factor Affecting the Utilization of Coal ash

 Lack of awareness of coal ash properties.

Copyright ' IJLREC 15

Application of Bottom ash in major areas

Copyright ' IJLREC 16

2.0How bottom ash helps in concrete?

2.1 Reduced Heat of Hydration

The process is exothermic and heat is released which increases

The large temperature rise of concrete mass exerts temperature

2.2 Workability of Concrete

Bottom ash particles are generally spherical in shape and

improve pumpability of concrete. Bottom ash use in concrete

2.3Permeability and corrosion protection

Additional cementitious material results from reaction between

Copyright ' IJLREC 18

2.4Effect of bottom ash on Carbonation of Concrete

of surplus lime by way of pozzolanic reaction, reduces

2.5 Sulphate Attack

4.6 Corrosion of steel

Copyright ' IJLREC 20

resulting in the concrete expansion, cracking and distress to the

In the chloride attack, Chloride ion becomes available in the

2.7 Reduced alkali-aggregatereaction

Copyright ' IJLREC 21

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Abhishek Sachdeva et al (2016) studied the Effect of cement

hardened stage containing both Alccofine as a partial

Copyright ' IJLREC 23

cement along with the partial replacement of fine aggregates

Pardeep G et al (2016) reviewed the BOTTOM ASH AS A

M.Brindha et al (2016) studied the Durability of Cement

the aggregate. The study shows that, based on the 1:3

T. Balasubramaniam et al (2015) investigated on the

Ahmad Farhan Hamzah et al (2015) studied on Fresh

use of coal bottom ash as a partial replacement of fine

Aswathy P.U et al (2015) studied on the Behaviour of Self

strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus

Copyright ' IJLREC 27

29(2007), 603 608.Research, 35(2005), 1587 1591Yeol

Copyright ' IJLREC 29

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