Class-3 Bandwidth Management

CLASS- 03
BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT
M.T.M. Monty
Topics we cover
 What is Bandwidth
 Download and Upload speeds
 Relation between internet speed, download speed and browsing speed?
 Simple Queues
 HTB/CBQ
 PCQ Based Queues
 Bandwidth Control: Day-Night package
 Dedicate Bandwidth
 Shared Control
 Burst Limit
 LAB Work
Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

What is Internet bandwidth?
Bandwidth is the data speed supported by a network connection. Bandwidth refers to how
much data per unit of time a network connection can handle. Bigger bandwidth allow greater
data to flow through them.
Bandwidth is typically measured in bits per second (bps). Commonly used larger units are
kilobits per second (Kbps), megabits per second (Mbps) and gigabits per second (Gbps).

What are download and upload speeds?
Two terms are generally used when talking about broadband speeds:
 The download speed is how fast you can pull data from the server to you. Most connections
are designed to download much faster than they upload, since the majority of online activity,
like loading web pages or streaming videos, consists of downloads. Download speed is
measured in megabits per second (Mbps).
 The upload speed is how fast you send data from you to others. Uploading is necessary for
sending big files via email, or in using video-chat to talk to someone else online (since you
have to send your video feed to them). Upload speed is measured in megabits per second
(Mbps).

What is relation between internet speed, download
speed and browsing speed?
When your Internet Service Provider (ISP) says 2Mbps speed, it means 2 Megabit per second.
As you might be aware 1 byte=8 bits.
When you download something, your browser or your download manager shows the speed
is MBps(Megabytes per seconds)
Notice the capital B and small b in the two speeds.
Hence even if your bandwidth is 2Mbps as promised by your ISP, you'll get download speeds of
2Mbps/8= 1/4 MBps which is 256 KBps. Similarly to get a download speed of 2MBps, you need to
have an internet connection of 16Mbps.
Moreover there are other factors which affect your download speed as well. The network congestion,
background services on your computer which are using the internet connection, etc.
QUEUE
Queues are used to limit and prioritize traffic:
 limit data rate for certain IP addresses, subnets, protocols, ports, and other parameters
 limit peer-to-peer traffic
 prioritize some packet flows over others
 configure traffic bursts for faster web browsing
 apply different limits based on time
 share available traffic among users equally, or depending on the load of the channel
 Queue implementation in MikroTik RouterOS is based on hierarchical token bucket (HTB).

HTB allows to create hierarchical queue structure and determine relations between queues

Simple Queue
Bandwidth Management Service is the most popular Feature of MikroTik Router. It is said that
MikroTik Router is mostly used because of its Bandwidth Management service.
The module or service which is used to manage bandwidth in MikroTik Router is Queues.
There are various queue services in MikroTik router for managing user bandwidth. Among these,
simple queue service is mostly used for managing an office internet bandwidth.

HTB/CBQ
The Hierarchical Token Bucket (HTB) is a faster replacement for the class based queueing
(CBQ) queueing discipline in Linux. It is useful to limit a client's download/upload rate so that the
limited client cannot saturate the total bandwidth. HTB (Hierarchical Token Bucket) is part of QoS
(Quality of Services), to make a hierarchical queue structure and determine relations between
queues (priority, burst possibility, etc)

HTB Structure

QUEUE PRIORITY
Priority:
Normally, MikroTik bandwidth is assigned sequentially if they are in same priority. That
means, the user who is top position of Queue list will get first priority to assign bandwidth
and then the second positioned user and then the next positioned user. Priority can be
selected 1 to 8. 1 is high priority and 8 is less priority. High priority user will get
bandwidth first and then less priority user.

PCQ (Per Connection Queuing)
PCQ used to recognize the current direction and is used because it can Manage bandwidth in a
fair, equitable and massive. PCQ on MikroTik used in conjunction with Queue, either Simple
Queue and Queue Tree.
Lets Say, I have 7 PC which I will share a maximum bandwidth of 512k and a minimum
bandwidth of 73 kb each PC. If only one of my PC is online then he will be able to BW max
512kb, but if there are two PC online BW divided by 2, and so on up to 7 with the distribution
of bandwidth evenly.

Dedicated and Shared Control
 Dedicated Bandwidth:
In broad terms, dedicated Internet is exactly what it sounds like: Internet access and
bandwidth dedicated to one user and one user alone. Say, I have 10Mb Bandwidth, and I am
using it alone.
 Shared Control:
Sharing a minimum bandwidth to a maximum number of client called Shared control.
Lets say, I have 2Mb bandwidth and I have more than Twenty clients by assigning 512kb
bandwidth in each is a example of shared control.

Burst
Bursts are used to allow higher data rates for a short period of time.
Every 1/16 part of the burst-time, the router calculates the average
data rate of each class over the last burst-time seconds. If this
average data rate is less than burst-threshold, burst is enabled and
the actual data rate reaches burst-limit bps, otherwise the actual data
rate falls to max-limit or limit-at.

Burst

Burst
Initially, the average data rate in the last 16 seconds is 0 Kbps. Since the
average data rate is smaller than the burst-threshold, Then the burst can be
done.
• After First second, the average data rate is

(0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+512) / 16 = 32kbps, still Smaller than
burst-threshold. Burst can be done.
• For the second second, the average data rate is
(0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+512+512) / 16 = 64kbps.
• Similarly for the third second, the average data rate is
(0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+0+512+512+512) / 16 = 96kbps.
• After 4 seconds, arrive at a time when the average data rate is more Big from
burst-threshold. Burst can no longer be done, and Data rate drops to max-limit
(256kbps).

Burst
BURST CALCULATION FORMULA
Max-limit=256kbps, burst-time=16,
burst-threshold=128kbps, burst-limit=512kbps.
128 / 512 * 16 = 4 Second

Burst
Burst limit is the maximum limit of bandwidth that can be consumed
in a short time determined by burst-time
Burst Time is the period of time, in seconds, over which the average
data rate is calculated.
Max limit is the maximum limit of bandwidth that can be consumed

by the computer subject to limitation
A burst threshold is a trigger or an inverting point or a limitation of

the real bandwidth received as a burst-limit constraint.

 Create a Simple Queue (Dedicated & Shared)
 Check Queue Traffic
 Queue Priority
 Parent-Child Queue
 Per Connection Queue (PCQ)
 Queue Tree Based
 Simple Queue Based
 NTP Configuration
 Bandwidth Control: Day Night Package
 Burst Limit

Creating a Simple Queue

Creating a Simple Queue (Dedicated)
The Created Queue will show like this, with the assigning specific Bandwidth
for specific IP. You can Rearrange the Queue by dragging and drop.
Bandwidth assigned against a specific IP is known as Dedicated Bandwidth.

After Creating some Queues, If we don’t want to allow any other IP’s into the
Internet apart from above IP’s/Queues. In that case We will have to create a
queue by assigning minimum value for the rest of IP’s. It should be in full IP
block.
Make sure the queue should be in last of all queues.
Because, Simple Queue List works in Ascending Orders.

Or, If want to assign 2Mbps bandwidth for the rest of IP’s, apart from above
QUEUES. In that case We will create a queue by 2Mbps for the rest of IP’s. It
should be in full block.
Rest of IP’s Queue Must be in bottom of Queue list.
Importantly, it is needed to sort your queue list in ascending mode. You

can do it by clicking on Hash (#)

If we disable Mr. Liton’s Queue, The user’s traffic will automatically shift to
the Rest of IP’s Queue.
It is needed to create a queue by mentioning whole IP block in the Target

Address. Bandwidth is up to your choice, how much you want to assign for the
rest of IP’s. And it should be in the bottom of queue list. Otherwise, those IP’s
are not in the queue list, they will get the full bandwidth. And even in the
queue list, they will get the full bandwidth when the queue will be disable.

Check Queue Traffic
To Check Queue Traffic
Tx (Download) = Transmit (packets transmitted out the interface)

Rx (Upload) = Receive (packets received on the interface)

Creating a Simple Queue (Shared)
Assigning multiple IP’s in a Queue with a specific amount of Bandwidth means

The allocated bandwidths are sharing among themselves. Which is known as
shared Bandwidth.

Creating a Simple Queue (Shared)
OR, You can also assign to Full IP Block with a specific Bandwidth. Which will
be shared among all the user’s within the IP block.

Queue Priority
As we have already discussed about the Queue Priority. From here we can able
To set the Priority. Lowest value is the highest priority. By default its value is
8. Value 1 is the highest Priority and value 8 is the lowest Priority.
Parent-Child Queue
Create a Parent Queue by Assigning Some Child IP’s

Parent-Child Queue
Creating Child Queue under parent Queue

Parent-Child Queue
Select the parent

Parent-Child Queue
The queue list is now looks like above. Mr. Nasir and
Mr. Ratan are now child queue where is their parent
queue is Accounts Dept.

Parent-Child Queue
You can also create a Parent queue by assigning full

bandwidth, and keep the user’s queue as child under the
Parent Queue

Per Connection Queue (PCQ)
Mangle and Queue Tree Method












This Queue will

capture download
traffic Packets

This Queue will

capture upload
traffic Packets

Now the Queue will look like this.

Lets try with downloading a file.

Lets try with downloading a file.
Here One host is consuming the total Bandwidth. But when

user will be more, speed will be split equally with them all.

Simple Queue Method
Rate = 1M
I am setting here whatever
the bandwidth is, doesn’t
matter. From each
connection it will get highest
1Mbps Download speed
accordingly.
Create PCQ
Simple Queue Method
Rate = 1M
As download PCQ, The same
process is here. Set 1Mbps
upload speed for each
connection.
Create PCQ
Simple Queue Method
Create QUEUE
Simple Queue Method
Create QUEUE
Simple Queue Method

Simple Queue Method
Lets Try with downloading a file

Simple Queue Method
Lets Try with downloading a file
The download speed is 1Mbps whereas the

QUEUE has assigned with unlimited bandwidth

Difference between Queue Tree and Simple Queue
Queue Tree: By Using this method bandwidth management like this, no need to
Define speed on each clients because bandwidth will be shared equal for all.
Simple Queue: Simple Queue works serially in ascending order. It means first
queue will get the highest priority and the last queue will get the lowest priority.
But Queue tree process all the queues at the same time.
This is the main differences between them.

Network Time Protocol (NTP)
NTP stands for Network Time Protocol, and it is an Internet protocol used
to synchronize the time of a computer client or server to another server or
reference time source. NTP is an Internet standard protocol originally
developed by Professor David L. Mills at the University of Delaware of
USA.

WHY NTP?
o To get exact clock on Router.
o To save clock information without routers interval Memory

Clock Setting

Clock Setting

NTP Configuration

Day Night Package
Let us consider, we will control Mr. Rahim’s Bandwidth in Day-Night Basis.
From 08:00 am to 19:59 pm he will get 1Mbps (Day Bandwidth)

From 20:00 pm to 07:59 am he will get 2 Mbps (Night Bandwidth)
So, What we need to do?
Step-01: Create queue for Day (1Mb) and Night (2Mb)

Step-02: Create script for Day and Night.
Step-03: Create scheduler for Day (8.00 AM=19:59 PM) and Night (20:00 PM to 7:59 AM)

Day Night Package
Create a QUEUE for Day

Day Night Package
Create a QUEUE for Night

Day Night Package
Create Script for Day :

Name : Day
Source : /queue simple enable Rahim-DAY
/queue simple disable Rahim-NIGHT

Day Night Package
Create Script for Day :

Name : Day
Source : /queue simple enable Rahim-DAY
/queue simple disable Rahim-NIGHT
Day Night Package
Night Queue will be disable automatically. It means script is okay
Let’s Check the created Script is correctly working or Not

Day Night Package
Create Script for Night:

Name : Night
Source : /queue simple enable Rahim-NIGHT
/queue simple disable Rahim-DAY
Day Night Package
Day Queue will be automatically disable after running the Script. Means script is okay
Run Count will count the time

of running the script
Let’s Check the Script

Day Night Package
Create Schedule for Day:

Name: Day
Start Time:08:00:00
Interval :1d 00:00:00 or 24:00:00; after 1 Day
On event :Day

Day Night Package
Create Schedule for Day: Event name should be same as Script

Name: Day
Start Time:08:00:00
On event :Day

Day Night Package
Create Schedule for Night:

Name: Night
Start Time:20:00:00
On event :Night
Day Night Package
Configuration is done. Now we can check by changing time. And the both
Queue will be on and off after a certain time which has been mentioned.
Burst Limit
Burst Calculation:
Burst Limit/ Burst Threshold * Burst Time = Client Burst
5120/1024*100= 20 Second
Therefore, Client Burst Will Be 20 Seconds
Thank You Very Much!!

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CLASS- 03

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Notice the capital B and small b in the two speeds.

Queues are used to limit and prioritize traffic:

 limit peer-to-peer traffic

 prioritize some packet flows over others

 configure traffic bursts for faster web browsing

 apply different limits based on time

 Queue implementation in MikroTik RouterOS is based on hierarchical token bucket (HTB).

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Sharing a minimum bandwidth to a maximum number of client called Shared control.

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

• After First second, the average data rate is

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

128 / 512 * 16 = 4 Second

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Max limit is the maximum limit of bandwidth that can be consumed

A burst threshold is a trigger or an inverting point or a limitation of

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Bandwidth assigned against a specific IP is known as Dedicated Bandwidth.

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Make sure the queue should be in last of all queues.

Because, Simple Queue List works in Ascending Orders.

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Rest of IP’s Queue Must be in bottom of Queue list.

Importantly, it is needed to sort your queue list in ascending mode. You

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

It is needed to create a queue by mentioning whole IP block in the Target

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

To Check Queue Traffic

Tx (Download) = Transmit (packets transmitted out the interface)

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Assigning multiple IP’s in a Queue with a specific amount of Bandwidth means

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Create a Parent Queue by Assigning Some Child IP’s

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Select the parent

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

You can also create a Parent queue by assigning full

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)

Prepared by: M.T.M. Monty (montyrak@gmail.com)