Biological Classification

Monera

LECTURE 1
Pradeep Singh
M.Sc Botany, B.Ed
8+ yrs teaching experience
Mentored 2 Lac+ students & Teachers
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Biological Classification
Monera

LECTURE 1
 Biological Classification

Classification

➢ Grouping of organisms on the basis of similarities and dissimilarities.

 Biological Classification

Purpose of Classification

➢ Easy identification of organisms.

➢ Study of organisms easy and convenient.
➢ Helps to establish the evolutionary relationship among different organisms.
Biological Classification

➢ Aristotle: Biological classification for the first time.

➢ It was based on simple morphological characters and habitat.
➢ It was not scientific.
➢ First scientific classification was done by the swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus.
Two Kingdom Classification - Carolus Linnaeus

Organisms

Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

 Two Kingdom Classification - Carolus Linnaeus

Drawbacks

➢ Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes kept in the same group.

○ E.g. Prokaryotic Bacteria and Cyanobacteria were placed under Plant Kingdom.
➢ Heterotrophs and Autotrophs kept in the same group.
○ E.g. Fungi (heterotrophs) were placed with plants.
 Two Kingdom Classification - Carolus Linnaeus

Drawbacks

➢ Unicellular and multicellular organisms kept in the same group.

○ E.g. Protozoans were placed in animal kingdom.
➢ Some lower organisms have characters of both plants and animals.
○ E.g. Euglena, It did not get a proper group.
 Three Kingdom Classification - Ernst haeckel

Organisms

Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

 Three Kingdom Classification - Ernst haeckel

Drawbacks

➢ Kingdom Protista, included organisms with contrasting characters like

○ Walled and wall-less organisms.
○ Photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms
○ Unicellular and filamentous or mycelial organisms.
 Four Kingdom Classification - Herbert F. Copeland

Organisms

Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom

Monera Protista Plantae Animalia
 Four Kingdom Classification - Herbert F. Copeland

Drawbacks

➢ Fungi still included in kingdom Plantae.

 Five Kingdom Classification - R.H. Whittaker

Organisms

Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

 Five Kingdom Classification - R.H. Whittaker

➢ R.H. Whittaker used the following 5 characters:

○ Complexity of cell structure (Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic).
○ Complexity of Body structure (Unicellular and Multicellular).
○ Mode of Nutrition (Autotrophic and Heterotrophic).
○ Types of reproduction (Asexual, Sexual and their modes).
○ Phylogenetic relationships.
Six Kingdom Classification - Carl Woese

Organisms

Archaea Bacteria Eucarya

Archaebacteria Eubacteria

Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Five Kingdom Classification

Monera

Archaebacteria Eubacteria

➢ Methanogens. ➢ Mycoplasma.
➢ Halophiles. ➢ Bacteria.
➢ Thermoacidophiles. ➢ Actinomycetes.
➢ Cyanobacteria.
 Five Kingdom Classification

Monera

➢ Monera includes the most primitive form of life, which originated from a primitive
form of organisms called progenote.
➢ Prokaryotic, mostly single-celled, with a few colonial forms.
➢ Cell wall made up of peptidoglycan (except archaebacteria and mycoplasma).
 Five Kingdom Classification

Monera

➢ Found in all types of habitats on earth, like:

○ Bottom of Oceans.
○ Below the icebergs.
○ Hot springs.
○ Inside and outside the bodies of other organisms.
○ Deserts.
○ On particulate matter suspended in air.
Monera

Archaebacteria (Ancient living Fossils)

➢ Most primitive group of Organisms.

➢ Found in most harsh conditions.
➢ Peptidoglycan is absent in cell wall.
➢ Tolerance to extreme conditions is because of presence of branched lipid chain in
the membrane.
 Monera

Archaebacteria (Ancient living Fossils)

➢ Instead of peptidoglycan, cell wall contains proteins and non-cellulosic polysaccharide.

➢ Some methanogens contain pseudomurein.
➢ 16S rRNA nucleotides are different from other organisms.
 Monera

Archaebacteria (Ancient living Fossils)

Similarities with eukaryotic cells.

➢ Histone proteins are present.
➢ DNA replication, transcription and translation present.
➢ Monocistronic operons present.
 Monera

Archaebacteria

Non-sulphur medium Hot sulphur spring

➢ Methanogens (Obligate Anaerobes) ➢ Thermoacidophiles (facultative Anaerobes)

○ Eg. Methanobacterium, ○ Eg. Thermoplasma, Thermoproteus.
Methanococcus.
➢ Halophiles (facultative Anaerobes)
○ Eg. Halobacterium, Halococcus.
 Monera

Eubacteria

➢ Omnipresent, Unicellular, with variable shapes, mostly pathogenic.

 Monera

Eubacteria

Based on their shape, they are of the following types:

➢ Coccus: Cells are spherical. E.g. Diplococcus pneumonia.
➢ Bacillus: Cells are elongated and rod-like. E.g. Lactobacillus.
➢ Vibrio: Cells are comma-like. E.g. Vibrio cholerae.
 Monera

Eubacteria

Based on their shape, they are of the following types:

➢ Spirillum: Cells are coiled and spiral shaped. E.g. Spirillum.
➢ Stalked: The cell has a stalk. E.g. Caulobacter
➢ Budding: They have swelling like buds. E.g. Rhodomicrobium.
 Monera

Eubacteria

Based on the presence or absence of flagella, they are of the

following types:
➢ Atrichous: No flagella
➢ Monotrichous: One flagella
➢ Amphitrichous: One at each side, total two flagella.
 Monera

Eubacteria

Based on the presence or absence of flagella, they are of

the following types:
➢ Lophotrichous: One Tuft or group of flagella at one
end.
➢ Cephalotrichous: Two Tufts or groups of flagella at
each end.
➢ Peritrichous: Flagella distributed throughout the
perimeter of the cell.
 Eubacteria

Gram Staining Process

Christian de Gram developed a technique to stain bacterial cells.

Bacteria + Solution of crystalline violet = Blue Bacteria

Blue Bacteria + Iodine Solution (0.5%) + Alcohol = (Gram +) or ( Gram -)

Counterstaining with safranin to make Gram negative, visible.

 Gram positive and Gram negative Bacteria

Gram Positive Bacteria Gram Negative Bacteria

Bacteria retain a blue/purple colour after Bacteria do not retain any colour after
Gram's staining. Gram's staining.

Cell wall is smooth and is 20-80 nm thick. Cell wall is wavy and is 8-12 nm thick.

Murein content is 70-80% and fat is less. Murein is 10-20% and lipids (20% -30%).

Teichoic acid in cell wall. Teichoic acid absent in cell wall.

Mesosomes are prominent. Mesosomes less prominent.

Susceptible to antibiotics. resistant to antibiotics.

Mostly non-pathogenic. Mostly pathogenic.

Gram positive and Gram negative Bacteria
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