Description of stress at a point

 Itis often convenient to resolve the stress at a point

into normal and shear components.
 So the stress at a point is represented by the matrix:

σ22, σ33, are normal stresses and they act

 σ 11,
perpendicular to a plane.
 Shear stresses act along a plane.
Normal and shear stresses
Shear stresses
 For shear stresses,
 First subscript indicates the plane in which the stress acts.
 Second one indicates the direction in which stress acts.
 If we assume that the areas of the faces of the unit
cube are small enough so that the change in stress
over the face is negligible, then

 So to describe stress at a point, six components are

required.
Principal stresses
 For any state of stress, it is always possible to define a
new co-ordinate system which has axes perpendicular to
the planes on which normal stresses are maximum and
shear stresses are zero.
 Such planes are called principal planes and normal
stresses acting on these planes are called principal
stresses.
 Normally one subscript is used:
 State of stress in three dimensions
 The general three-dimensional state of stress consists
of three unequal principal stresses acting at a point.
 This is called a triaxial state of stress.
 If two of the three principal stresses are equal, the
state of stress is known as cylindrical, while if all three
principal stresses are equal, the state of stress is said
to be hydrostatic, or spherical.
 Let be the principal stresses acting in x,
y and z directions respectively.
 Hydrostatic and deviatoric components

 A stress matrix can be divided into hydrostatic and

deviatoric stress components.

 Mean stress is given by

 Hydrostatic and deviatoric components
 The total stress tensor can be divided into a
hydrostatic or mean stress tensor σm , which involves
only pure tension or compression, and deviator stress
tensor σ'ij , which represents the shear stresses in the
total state of stress.
 Hydrostatic stress component does not cause plastic
deformation and it only produces elastic volume
changes.
 Stress deviator is responsible for plastic deformation.
 Yield criteria for ductile metals
 It is an important consideration in the field of plasticity
in deducing mathematical relationships for predicting
the conditions at which plastic yielding begins when a
material is subjected to any possible combination of
stresses.
 It is expected that yielding under a situation of
combined stresses can be related to some particular
combination of principal stresses.
 A yield criterion must be consistent with a number of
experimental observations.
 There are two generally accepted criteria for
prediction the onset of yielding in ductile metals
Von Mises Yield Criterion
 For an isotropic material the yield criterion must be
independent of the choice of axes , i.e., it must be an
invariant function.
 These considerations lead to the conclusion that the
yield criteria must be some function of the invariants
of the stress deviator.
Invariants of a stress matrix
 Von Mises’ Yield Criterion
 Von Mises proposed that yielding would occur when the second
invariant of the stress deviator exceeded some critical value.

 The usual form in terms of principal stresses

 In terms of normal and shear components:

 Effective stress,
Von Mises’ Yield Criterion
 The Von Mises’ yield criterion implies that yielding is
not dependent on any particular normal stress or
shear stress, but instead, yielding depends on a
function of all components of stress.

 Since the yield criterion is based on differences, the

criterion is independent of hydrostatic stress
component.
Von Mises’ Yield Criterion
 Since the Von Mises yield criterion involves
squared terms, the result is independent of
the sign of the individual stresses.

 It is not necessary to know which are the

largest and smallest principal stresses in order
to use this yield criterion.
 Tresca yield criterion
 This yield criterion assumes that yielding occurs
when the maximum shear stress reaches a certain
critical value.
 The maximum shear stress is given by

 Where σ1 is the algebraically largest and σ3 is the

algebraically smallest principal stress.
Tresca yield criterion
 The maximum-shear-stress criterion is less
complicated mathematically than the Von Mises
criterion, and for this reason it is often used in
engineering design.
 However, the maximum –shear stress criterion does
not take into consideration the intermediate principal
stress.
 It suffers from the major difficulty that it is necessary
to know in advance which are the maximum and
minimum principal stresses.
 State of stress in two dimensions
 In a thin plate loaded in the plane of the plate there will
be no stress acting perpendicular to the surface of the
plate.
 A stress condition in which the stress is zero in one of
the primary directions is called plane stress (σ3=0)
 It is a 2-dimensional state of stress or biaxial state of stress.
 The Yield Locus
 For a biaxial or plane-stress condition the Von Mises
yield criterion can be expressed mathematically as
Tresca and Von MisesYield Loci for
2-Dimensional State of Stress
Yield stress in pure shear (k)
 If the material yields in pure shear then the stress
state will be

I. Von-Mises criterion:

II. Tresca yield criterion:

 Elastic Stress-Strain Relations

 Where E is elastic modulus and v is poisson’s ratio.

 Plastic Stress-Strain relations
 In the plastic region the strains in general are not
uniquely determined by the stresses but depend on
the entire history of loading.
 Therefore, in plasticity it is necessary to determine
the differentials or increments of plastic strain
throughout the loading path and then obtain the total
strain by integration or summation.
 Plastic Stress-Strain relations
 Levy mises equations for rigid plastic solids(flow rules)

 These are called flow equations (for rigid plastic solids)

 For elastic – plastic solids
Effective strain
 Effective strain is defined such that the total
incremental work per unit volume is equal to
sum of incremental work in each of the
primary directions.
 Two-dimensional plastic flow
 In many practical problems, such as strip rolling and
strip drawing, all displacements can be considered to
be limited to the xz plane, so that strains in the y
direction can be neglected in the analysis. This is
known as a condition of plane strain.
 When a problem is too difficult to an exact three-
dimensional solution, a good indication of the stresses
often can be obtained by consideration of the
analogous plane-strain problem.
Von mises yield criterion for Plane strain
condition

 In plane strain condition, the intermediate stress is the

average of the other two.
Von mises yield criterion for Plane
strain condition

Analysis of metal forming processes
 The following equations are essential for the
calculation of stresses and strains:
1. Constancy of volume.

2. The yield criteria for isotropic materials.

3. Effective stress and effective strain.
4. Levy Mises equations or flow rules.
5. Material constitutive law to account for the effect
of strain hardening, strain rate on flow stress.