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Chemical Process Safety: CM4310: Chapter 5 September 28, 2006
Chemical Process Safety: CM4310: Chapter 5 September 28, 2006
Selection of
Selection of
Figure 4-1 Source Model
Chapter 5: Dispersion Models to Describe
Release Incident
Chapter 4
Flammable Toxic
Flammable
and/or Toxic?
Consequence
Model
Dispersion Models
Dispersion
wind
What? Describe how vapors are transported PLUME PUFF
night 400
• wind speed neutral Stable: The sun cannot heat the ground as fast as the
300
ground cools - temperature at ground is lower.
200 day
night STABILITY CLASSES A - F
100
0
A Extremely unstable
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 B Moderately unstable
Temperature (Centigrade) C Slightly unstable Table 5-1
Adiabatic temperature gradient D Neutral
humid air: 0.5 oC / 100 m E Slightly stable
F Moderately stable
1
CM4310: Chapter 5 September 28, 2006
Figure 5-5
High stack
ground level
concentration
Wind-->
Reflected plume
As release height increases,
downwind concentration decreases.
See qualifying notes below table!
wind Hr y
2
CM4310: Chapter 5 September 28, 2006
Wind Æ
4 4
10 10 Ground Centerline Concentration: X
Fig. 5-10
⎡ 1 ⎛ H ⎞2 ⎤
A A
3 B 3 B
10 10
C
Qm
< C > ( x,0,0) = exp ⎢ − ⎜⎜ r ⎟⎟ ⎥
D
C
(m)
E
(m)
F (5-51)
10
2
10
2
D
πσ yσ z u ⎢⎣ 2 ⎝ σ z ⎠ ⎥⎦
σz
E
σy
1 1
10 10
Ground, centerline, release height Hr = 0
0 0
10 10
1 10 0.1 1 10
0.1
Qm
< C > ( x,0,0) =
Distance Downwind, km Distance Downwind, km (5-48)
⎡1 ⎛ y ⎞ 2
⎤ ⎧ ⎡ 1 ⎛ z − H ⎞2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎛ z + H ⎞2 ⎤ ⎫⎪
⎥ × ⎪⎨exp⎢− ⎜⎜
Qm*
Always occurs at release point. < C > ( x, y , z , t ) = exp⎢ ⎜ ⎟ r
⎟ ⎥ + exp⎢− ⎜⎜ r
⎟⎟ ⎥ ⎬
2π 3 / 2σ xσ yσ z ⎢ 2 ⎜⎝ σ y ⎟⎠ ⎥ ⎪ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎝ σ z ⎠⎟ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎝ σ z ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
⎣ ⎦ ⎩
For releases above ground, max. concentration on ground
occurs downwind.
Hr
2Qm ⎛⎜ σ z ⎞⎟
(σ z ) x ,max H
= r < C >max =
eπuHr ⎜⎝ σ y ⎟⎠
2 t=0 Side view with time
2
1. Use left equation to determine σ z u, t not explicit in equation
2. Use Figures 5-10 or 5-11 to get x. x is implicit thru dispersion coefficients
3. Determine σ y from Figures 5-10 or 5-11. Coordinate system moves with puff center at x=ut
Assume σ x = σ y
4. Calculate <C> from right equation.
C
* C C concentration
Qm* ⎡ 1 ⎛ H ⎞2 ⎤ x
< C > (0,0,0) = exp ⎢ − ⎜⎜ r ⎟⎟ ⎥
2π 3 / 2σ xσ yσ z ⎢⎣ 2 ⎝ σ z ⎠ ⎥⎦
(5-56)
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5
2π 3 / 2σ xσ yσ z
3
CM4310: Chapter 5 September 28, 2006
Use Equation 5-52 to calculate max. concentration: Example: What is max. discharge to result in 10 ppm?
( )
Hr
2 Qm ⎛ σz ⎞ (2)(100 kg/s) 70.7 m
Maximum will occur at same location: ( σ z ) x ,max =
2 ⎜ ⎟=
< C > max = 2
eπ uH r ⎝ σ y ⎠
2
(2.718)(3.14)(3.5 m/s)(100 m) 92 m 10 ppm = 13.9 mg/m3 (Equation 2-7)
Substitute into Equation 5-52:
-6
13.9 × 10 kg/m =
3 2Qm
(2.71)(3.14)(3.5 m/s)(100 m)
2 ( 70.71 m
92 m
)
Qm = 2.7 kg/s Not very much!
4
CM4310: Chapter 5 September 28, 2006
Example:
Example:
10 kg of H2S is released instantly on the ground. What is
concentration at fenceline 100 m away? Same conditions as How long does it take for puff to reach fenceline?
before.
From Table 5-1, stability class is B.
x = ut
At x = 0.1 km, from Figure 5-12: σ y = 10 m σ z = 16 m
x 100 m
Use Equation 5-41 for a ground release, centerline conc.: t= = = 28.6 s after release.
* u 3.5 m/s
Qm
< C > (0, 0, 0) =
2π σ xσ y σ z
3/ 2
Example: Isopleths
What size release will result in 10 ppm at fenceline?
What: Lines of constant concentration
Same procedure as for plume. Answer is 0.175 kg = 175
gm.
Plume:
5
CM4310: Chapter 5 September 28, 2006
Wind Wind
6
CM4310: Chapter 5 September 28, 2006
ERPG-1: max. airborne concentration below which it is ERPG-3: max. airborne concentration below which it is
believed nearly all individuals can be exposed for up to 1-hr believed nearly all individuals can be exposed for up to 1-
without experiencing effects other than mild transient hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening
adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined health effects.
objectionable odor.
Table 5-6 ERPG-1 ERPG-2 ERPG-3
ERPG-2: max. airborne conc. below which it is believed
Ammonia 25 ppm 200 ppm 1000 ppm
nearly all individuals can be exposed up to 1 hr without
experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious Chlorine 1 ppm 3 ppm 20 ppm
health effects or symptoms that could impair their ability to
Monomethylamine 10 ppm 100 ppm 500 ppm
take protective action.
Toluene 50 ppm 300 ppm 1000 ppm
EEGL: Emergency Exposure Guidance Levels IDLH: Immediately Dangerous to Life and
Health
A concentration of a gas, vapor, or aerosol that is judged
acceptable and allows exposed individuals to perform A concentration that poses a threat of exposure to airborne
specific tasks during emergency conditions lasting from 1 to contaminants when that exposure is likely to cause death or
24 hours. immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or
Table 5-7 prevent escape from such an environment.
1-hr EEGL 24-hr EEGL
Available from OSHA (osha.gov) or NIOSH Pocket Guide.
Ammonia 100 ppm
Chlorine 3 ppm 0.5 ppm
Ammonia 50 ppm
Toluene 200 ppm 100 ppm
Chlorine 10 ppm
Toluene 500 ppm
The max. concentration of an extremely hazardous Must be used for dispersion modeling required for the EPA
substance in air that will not cause serious irreversible RMP. Values are, in order of preference, ERPG-2 or LOC.
health effects in the general population when exposed to the
substance for relatively short duration.
See EPA for values.
Ammonia 0.14 mg/L Table 5-8
Chlorine 0.0087 mg/L
Chloroform 0.49 mg/L
7
CM4310: Chapter 5 September 28, 2006