1976 - File - ملخص الجزء الثاني

‫الفرقه الرابعه عماره‬
‫ملخص الجزء الثاني‬

‫تاريخ العماره والفنون‬
‫القرن الثامن عشر والتاسع عشر وبدايات القرن‬
‫العشرين‬
‫د‪ /‬فاتن صالح سليمان عبد الجليل‬

‫عماره القرن الثامن عشر وبدايات القرن‬
‫التاسع عشر‬
‫محاضرات تاريخ ونظريات العماره‬
‫المحاضره السادسه‬
‫‪The Age of Enlightenment‬‬
‫العوامل المؤثرة علي عمارة القرن الثامن عشر‬
‫الثوره الفرنسيه‬ ‫الثوره الصناعيه‬

‫• التحرر الفكري واالجتماعي‬ ‫• التحول من الزراعه الى‬
‫• استغالل الثوره في العماره‬ ‫الصناعه‬
‫• انتشار العلم والثقافه‬ ‫• ظهور مواد وتكنولوجيا‬
‫جديده في البناء‬
‫• ظهور طبقات جديده‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫المحاضره السادسه‬ ‫محاضرات تاريخ العماره والفنون‬
‫‪The Century of Engineering‬‬
‫‪RATIONALISM‬‬ ‫‪ROMANTICISM‬‬
‫(ابداعى) ‪INNOVATIVE‬‬ ‫(احيائى) ‪REVIVAL‬‬
‫االنشاءات الحديدية‬ ‫الكالسيكيه الجديده‬
‫‪STEEL STRUCTURES‬‬ ‫احياء عماره بالديو‬
‫تحول المباني الى االت باستخدام التنكولوجيا والمواد الجديده‬ ‫احياء القوطي والرومانسك والبارووك‬
‫بداية تغيير صورة العمارة نحو‬ ‫مرحلة انتقالية بين الحداثة والتقليدية‬
‫الحداثة بمفهومها المتعارف عليه (‬ ‫تم فيها احياء الطرز القديمة مع بداية‬
‫البساطة النقاء الصراحة واالمانة فى‬ ‫التحول فى اسلوب االنشاء‬
‫االنشاء واستخدام المواد ‪..........‬‬ ‫والمعالجات المعمارية‬
‫انفصال التفكير عن االحساس‬ ‫•‬

‫انصراف العامة عن الفنون‬ ‫•‬
‫االنفصال بين االنشائيين عن المعماريين‬ ‫•‬
‫انتاج الزخارف اليا‬ ‫•‬
‫تاثير العامل االقتصادي علي النتاج المعماري‬ ‫•‬
‫التعليم المعماري‬ ‫•‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫نشأة المدن الكبيرة‬ ‫•‬
‫المبادئ العامة لعمارة القرن الثامن عشر‬
‫الشكل يعبر عن الوظيفة‬ ‫•‬

‫قلة استخدام الزخارف‬ ‫•‬
‫إن يحتوي المبني علي قيم معنوية أو سياسية‬ ‫•‬
‫االستعارة من المباني التاريخية‬ ‫•‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪REVIVALISM‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬اإلحياء‬
‫إحياء الطرز الكالسيكية( فرعوني روماني اغريقي قوطي بارووك فيكتوريان ‪).........‬‬
‫التصويرية (اتجاه الفن الواقعي)‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫حركة الفنون والصنائع‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫االرنوفو والسسشن واالردكو‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫مدرسة الفنون الجميلة‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫مدرسة شيكاجو‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
‫التطور الثوري في االنشاء و استخدام الحديد والخرسانه‬ ‫‪.7‬‬
‫ونشاءه الطرز الحديثه‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪REVIVALISM‬‬
‫اسباب ظهور اتجاه احياء العمارة الكالسيكية‬
‫تأثير االدب علي العمارة‬

‫الدعوة الي البعد عن القبح المتمثل في المواد الصناعية‬
‫الجديدة‬
‫عدم تأهل المجتمع نفسيا الستقبال تكنولوجيا البناء‬

‫الحديثة‬
‫‪8‬‬
Neoclassical Architecture of the
18th Century
Overview of Neo-Classicism
 Art produced in Europe and North America from
the mid-18c to the early 19c.
 More than just an antique revival  a reaction
against the surviving Baroque & Rococo styles.
 Linked to contemporary political events:
 Revolutions established republics in France and in
America. [Neo-Classicism was adapted as the
official art style].
 Association with the democracy of Greece and the
republicanism of Rome.
 Napoleon  used the style for propaganda.
• Neoclassical architecture is an architectural

style produced by the neoclassical movement
that began in the mid-18th century. In its
purest form it is a style principally derived
from the architecture of classical antiquity,
the Vitruvian principles, and the architecture
of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio.
• In form, Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall

rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate
identities to each of its parts. The style is manifested
both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo
style of naturalistic ornament, and in its architectural
formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising
features of Late Baroque. Neoclassical architecture is
still designed today, but may be labelled New Classical
Architecture for contemporary buildings.
*Chiaroscuro is an Italian artistic term used to describe the dramatic effect of contrasting areas
of light and dark in an artwork, particularly paintings.
• Neoclassicism was symptomatic of a desire to

return to the perceived "purity" of the arts of
Rome, to the more vague perception ("ideal") of
Ancient Greek arts and, to a lesser extent, 16th-
century Renaissance Classicism, which was also a
source for academic Late Baroque architecture.
1. Excavations of the Ruins
of Italian Cities
Pompeii in 1748.
Herculaneum in 1738.
2. Publication of Books on Antiquity
James Stuart & Nicholas Revert

Antiquities in Athens: 1762-1816.
3. Johann Winckelmann’s Artists Circle
$ Artists should “imitate”

the timeless, ideal
forms of the classical
world.
$ A circle of
international artists
gathered about him in
the 1760s in Rome.
German art historian.
CHARACTERISTICS of Neo-Classicism
$ Return to the perceived “purity” of the arts of Rome.
$ Model the “ideal” of the ancient Greek arts and, to a
lesser, extent, 16c Renaissance classicism.
$ A conviction that there is a permanent, universal way
things are (and should be), which obviously entails
fundamental political and ethical commitments.
$ Sometimes considered anti-modern or even reactionary.
CHARACTERISTICS of Neo-Classicism
• grandeur of scale
• symmetrical form
• dramatic use of columns
• triangular pediment
• domed roof
‫‪REVIVALISM‬‬
‫– ‪REVIVAL OF ANCIENT CLASICAL STYLES‬‬
‫‪ANCIENT EGYPT , GREEK, ROMAN‬‬
‫‪PRINCIPLES OF CLASICAL STYLES:‬‬
‫‪SYMMETRY‬‬ ‫‪ -‬التماثل‬
‫‪SIMPLE FORMS‬‬ ‫‪ -‬االشكال الهندسية البسيطة‬
‫‪MODULE‬‬ ‫‪ -‬الموديول المعمارى‬
‫‪COLUMNS IN FACADE‬‬ ‫‪ -‬استخدام االعمدة فى الواجهات‬
‫‪MAIN AND SCONDRY AXIS‬‬ ‫‪ -‬المحاور الرئيسية والثانوية المتعامدة‬
‫‪PROPORTIONS‬‬ ‫‪ -‬النسب والتناسب فى الواجهات واالعمدة والتفاصيل‬
‫‪ -‬فكرة التشكيل من القاعدة والبدن والتاج ‪SEQUENTIAL STRUCTURE FORM‬‬
‫‪ -‬االيقاع المنتظم ‪ ....... RYTHEM‬للفتحات ‪ ،‬االعمدة ‪ ،‬الكتل ‪..........‬‬
REVIVAL OF CLASICAL STYLES
PARIS
ARC DE TRIUMPH 1806-36
THE MADELEINE CHURCH 1807-45
LONDON
BRITISH MUSEUM 1824
BERLIN
ALTES MUSEUM 1822-23
BERLIN Theater 1819-21
U.S.A.
THE CAPITOL- CONGRESS, WASHINGTON 1818
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA (LIBRARY) 1817-26
Georges-Eugene Haussmann
• Haussmann was a remarkable city planner, who created
a new urban plan of Paris from 1852 to 1879.
• • He demolished 20,000 houses in order to create 85
miles of straight avenues in Paris
• • He provided 354 miles of underground sewers,
enough aqueducts to double the city’s water supply,
gaslights, public fountains and parks and hundreds of
new buildings.
• • He aimed his new boulevards toward inspiring vistas,
with monuments like the Arc de Triomphe or the new
the Paris opera house as a focal point.
• • He transformed Paris from a medieval city to a “New
Rome”
PARIS PLAN 1853
BARON GEORGES EUGENE HAUSMANN
PROJECT OF MODERNIZING THE STREET PLAN OF PARIS
$ Napoleon’s official
Charles
architects.
Percier &
Pierre
François $ They remade Paris
in the intimidating
Léonard
opulence of Roman
Fontaine imperial
architectural
style.
Classical Revival in France
Paris, Napoleon declared,would be a
new Rome.- a citadel of symmetry,
balance and rectangular simplicity.
• An excellent example of this return to
classical building styles was the
Pantheon, Ste. Genevieve in Paris
designed by Soufflot, 1757-90.
• Soufflot wanted to reform
architecture, to reunite the lightness
of Gothic church construction with
the splendor of Greek temples.
the Pantheon
• He whittled away mass and Baroque
trimmings.
‫• الفكرة توحيد الفراغ‬

‫• استخدام المبادئ‬
‫الكالسيكية في التصميم‬
‫• استخدام مفردات‬
‫معمارية رومانية‬
‫وزخارف‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫البانثيون ‪ ,‬باريس ‪ 1790- 1757‬م‬
‫التصميم يمثل تزاوج بين الطراز‬ ‫•‬

‫الكالسيكي الروماني والقوطي‬
‫المسقط االفقي علي شكل صليب‬ ‫•‬
‫اغريقي يشبه كنيسة سانت مارك‬
‫استخدم قبة ثالثية‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Cross of light‬‬ ‫•‬
‫الحوائط كالسيكية مصمتة‬ ‫•‬
‫مدخل الكنيسة علي شكل معبد‬ ‫•‬
‫الروماني (به ‪ 24‬عمود كورنثي)‬
‫‪26‬‬
ARC DE TRIUMPH 1806-36 PARIS

JEAN FRANCOIS THERES CHALGRIN
‫‪REVIVAL OF CLASICAL STYLES‬‬
‫‪THE MADELEINE CHURCH 1807-45 PARIS‬‬
‫‪ALEXANDER PIERRE VIGNEN‬‬
‫احياء الطراز الروماني‬
‫تحتوي علي ‪ 52‬عمود كورنثي‬
‫بارتفاع ‪ 20‬متر حول المبني‬
‫بأكمله‬
‫ابواب برونزية بها نقوش‬
‫الوصايا العشر‬
‫‪aisle-less nave‬‬
‫يوجد ثالث قباب والنقوش‬

‫مستوحاة نقوش الحمامات‬
‫الرومانية‬
‫التماثل‬
‫االيقاع المنتظم‬
‫المحور الرئيسي‬
THE MADELEINE CHURCH 1807-45 PARIS
29
Greek-Inspired Architecture
Bank of England Rotunda British Museum Portico

Sir John Soane, 1796 Sir Robert Smirke,
1823-1847
THE BRITISH MUSEUM 1824 LONDON
SIR ROBERT SMIRK
HISTORICAL ART MUSEUM AND A LIBRARY
THE BRITISH MUSEUM 1824 LONDON
SIR ROBERT SMIRK
HISTORICAL ART MUSEUM AND A LIBRARY
32
ALTES MUSEUM 1822-23 BERLIN
KARL FRIEDRICH SCHINKEL
ALTES MUSEUM 1822-23 BERLIN
BERLIN Theater 1819-21 BERLIN
35
BERLIN Theater 1822-23 BERLIN
36
in America
$ influence
$ 1780 – 1820.
$ Thomas
Jefferson’s
University of VA
Monticello, VA U. S. Capitol
PLAN OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON 1792
PIERRE CHARLES L’ENFANT
US Capitol Building
Benjamin Latrobe
In 1803, U.S. President,
Thomas Jefferson hired,
British architect Benjamin
HenryLatrobe to oversee
the construction of the
U.S. Capitol building.
• The building had been
originally designed by,
William Thornton, an
amateur architect in.1792
After the building was gutted by the British in the War of 1812,
Latrobe repaired the wings and designed a higher dome.
• Seeking new symbolic forms for the nation within the
traditional classical vocabulary, Latrobe created for the
interior a variation on the Corinthian order by substituting
corn and tobacco for the traditional acanthus leaves
CAPITOL BUILDING 1792-1827
WILLIAM THORNTON, BENJAMIN HENRY LATROBE, CHARLES BULFINCH
41
42
CAPITOL BUILDING 1792-1827 U.S.A.
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA 1817-26 U.S.A.
THOMAS JEFFERSON
GIRARD COLLEGE 1833-47 PHILADELPHIA
THOMAS USTICK WALTER
The “Greek Revival Style” in America
Second Bank of the US

Philadelphia, 1824
ROBERT ADAM
Scottish architect
& designer
Syon House
The Red Salon
Syon House
1760s
CLAUDE NICHOLAS LEDOUX
$ Designed a pavilion in 1771 $ Designed a series of

for the Comtesse du Barry city gates for Paris
at Louveciennes. (1785-1789).
Claude Nicholas Ledoux
Rotunde de la Villette, Paris

REVIVAL OF GOTHIC STYLE
PRINCIPLES OF GOTHIC STYLE:
VIRTICALITY
POINTED ARCH CONSTRUCTION
Repetitive BAYS/ ARCHS
BALANCE THROUGHT FLYING BUTRESSES
SKY LINE
• Gothic Revival or The Neo-Gothic is an architectural
style began in the 1840s in England. It grew rapidly as a
development of the neoclassical styles. The style
became widespread for its intrinsic appeal in the third
quarter of the nineteenth century.
• It spread rapidly to parts of Europe and beyond in
Australia, South Africa and the Americas.
• As industrialization progressed, reaction against
machine production and the appearance of factories
and huge buildings increased where proponents as
Thomas Carlyle and Augustus Pugin believed that pre-
industrial medieval society was a golden age.
Palace of Westminster
• A. W. N. Pugin
designed the
Palace of
Westminster,
and was an
architect,
designer,
artist, and
critic deeply
involved in the
Gothic Revival.
HOUSES OF
PARLIAMENT 1830
LONDON
CHARLES BARRY
The Houses of Parliament
• After Parliament’s Westminster Palace burned in 1834, the
government offered a competition for a new building
designed in the English perpendicular Gothic style.
• • The new building needed to be consistent with the nearby
Westminster Abbey, the 13th century church where English
monarchs are crowned.
• • Charles Barry and Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin won
the commission.
• • Barry was responsible for the basic plan, whose symmetry
suggests the balance of powers of the British system.
• • Pugin provided the intricate Gothic decorations laid over
Barry’s essentially Classical plan.
TRINITY CHURCH 1839 N.Y.
Trinity Church, Richard Upton
,1846-1839 •
New York
• When the present
TrinityChurch was
consecrated on Ascension
Day May 1, 1846,
• its soaring Neo-Gothic
spire, surmounted by a
gilded cross, dominated the
skyline of lower Manhattan.
• • Trinity was a welcoming
beacon for ships sailing into
New York Harbor
Trinity Church at the foot of Wall Street
• New York, NY
REVIVAL OF NEO BAROQUE STYLE
PRINCIPLES OF NEO BAROQUE STYLE:

COMPLEX DOMES
CONTINUITY OF ( LINES – SPACES – PLAN & SEC
ORNAMENTS DECORATION
MIXED STYLES
PARIS OPERA 1857-74
CHARLES GARNIER
Externally as well as internally the stylistic elements
derive from the Italian Cinquecento and from the
France of Louis XIII and Louis XIV, from Renaissance
and from Baroque.
Polychromy is widely used to heighten the impact
yet further. The façade is massive and heavily
decorated and gilded, and really monumental
Jean Louis Charles Garnier
(1825-1898)
• He learned at the École de
Dessin, the atelier of Louis
Hippolyte Lebas, and the
École des Beaux-Arts in
1841. He also worked for
Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-
le-Duc
The great stair hall is perhaps Garnier’s greatest triumph.
There is a tension in every form. The flights of the stairs
fly easily and with perfect fluency through the stair hall.
With its related corridors and foyers the stair provides the
best of all possible ceremonial approaches to the
auditorium.
LOUVRE PARIS
1546 PIERRE LESCOT, 1667 CLAUDE PERRAULT,
1852 VISCONTI AND LEUFEL
LOUVRE PARIS
1546 PIERRE LESCOT, 1667 CLAUDE PERRAULT,
1852 VISCONTI AND LEUFEL
REVIVAL OF HIGH VICTORIAN STYLE
ECLECTICISM
AFFECTED BY GOTHIC STYLE- ISLAMIC & EASTERN

ARCHITECTURE- INDIA - PAKISTAN
SIMPLIFICATION OF ORIGINAL GOTHIC STYLE ( NO

FLYING BATRESSES- THICK WALLS)
COLORS – NATURAL MATERIALS ( MARBLE COLORED

BRICK GOLD COPPER
ISLAMIC ARCHS (POINTED)
ABLAQ
USAGE OF TOWERS IN ANY BUILDING TYPE

Creative Eclecticism
• By mid 19th century, the architectural thought was developed
further to see that referring to complete examples from certain
previous classical architecture no longer was acceptable.
• The ability of societies to accept and interact with more progressive
directions in design and architecture was increasingly improving,
driven by the continuous innovation of architects and the free
competition between the elite to acquire higher levels of these
innovations.
• Therefore, architects began to develop a new movement by
selecting certain elements from diverse styles for their designs.
• But it is important to notice that Eclecticism never formed a precise
movement or style in itself like mannerism.
ROYAL PAVILION 1815-23 ENGLAND
JOHN NASH
Royal Pavilion, Brighton, England
• The Royal Pavilion is a former royal residence located in
Brighton, United Kingdom.
• • It was built in the early 19th Century as a seaside retreat for
the thenPrince Regent.
• • It is often referred to as the Brighton Pavilion.
• • The pavilion’s architect, John Nash, was the leading
exponent of Picturesque architecture.
• • The Royal Pavilion reflects his wide range of styles,
combined without regard to consistency.
• • The main façade has an Islamic feel, with onion domes,
horseshow arches and minarets.
• • The interior combines Gothic, Chinese and Indian motifs.
neo-Palladian Chiswick House
architecture
Chiswick House is England's first and
one of the finest examples of neo-
Palladian architecture
set in a beautiful 65-acre estate in
West London.
• The house belonged to Richard
Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, better
known as Lord Burlington, whose
taste and skill as an architect have
been frequently recorded.
• The "architect earl“ designed and
built it in 1726-9, with garden
design input from William Kent."
Arts & Crafts Movement
19th Century: Applications of Iron

Steel
Arts & Crafts Movement
With the development of machines and factory •
culture, the main drive of the economy was the
“production”.
Serious deviations from the old classical forms of art •
and design made the new products as bad
incoherent mixtures of classical and medieval forms.
Artists and architects started to seek freedom of the •
control and exploitation of the production machines.
William Morris (1834-1896)
He was a poet, artist and writer inspired by the writing of John Ruskin and •
the return to gothic architecture.
He “attempted to correct the dehumanizing effects of the Industrial •
Revolution by proposing a form of society in which people could enjoy
craftsmanship and simplicity of expression.”
He designed his own house (1859-1860) (the Red House) with the help of •
the architect Philip Web and designed every detail and the furniture of the
house to reflect the strong relationship with nature and natural materials
and to oppose any mechanization processes.
He then established a design firm which laid the foundation for the Arts •
and Crafts movement.
The designers of the Arts & Crafts period not only designed the interior spaces but •
they also created the furniture and accessories.
The Arts and Crafts style has two directions:
The cottagey look begun by Morris and Webb and •
evolved by Voysey, and afterwards, the more simple ,
more modernist feel of Mackintosh and Lutyens.
The inevitable use of ideas by small-scale builders •
making patterns of porches and doors migrating into
the informally designed houses.
Red house floor plans
Red house floor plans
The Red house
Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868-
1928)
Mackintosh reflected the relative styles at the end of the late •
19thCentury/ early 20thCentury.
His designs incorporated elements of both the Arts & Crafts •
movement as well as Art Nouveau. He completely avoided any
historicism in his work.
His work even hints toward early modernism with its strict •
geometries. Mackintosh is widely known for his furniture
designs.
He often used simple geometries and then exaggerated the •
features.
Mackintosh was one of the founding members of the Glasgow •
School of Art .
Charles Rennie
Mackintosh
Hill House, 1902 •
-1903
19th Century: Art Nouveau
• Hill House
– Designed for a Glasgow publisher
– Stands like a castle on rising ground
– Monolithic character is achieved by pebble-dash
stucco
http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wcapts2.html
• Art Nouveau gains its origin from the period
known as “La Belle Epoch”
– 1880 – 1905
– Nurtured by a variety of sources
• Arts and Crafts movement
• Gothic Revival
• Celtic Revival
• Late Baroque and Rococo
• Arts of China and Japan
• Earliest emergence of Art Nouveau begins in
England
– Arthur Heygate Mackmurdo (1851 – 1942)
• Designed the title page of Wren’s City Churches
– Believed to be the first manifestation of Art Nouveau
• Victor Horta (1861 – 1947)
– Belgian architect known for Art Nouveau
structures in Belgium
– Structures
• Tassel House
• Tassel House
– Brussels, Belgium
– 1892 – 1893
– Features
• Swirling tendril designs
• Antonio y Cornet Gaudi (1852 – 1926)
– Spanish architect
– Began as a Gothic Revival architect
– Key structures
• Sagrada Familia
• Casa Mila
• Parc Guell
• Sagrada Familia
– Located in Barcelona, Spain
– Gaudi moved away from Gothic style and
incorporated his own personal style into his work
on the structure
– Retains Gothic structural overtones but features a
heavy, towering, sculptural presence that is
clearly not Gothic
• Casa Mila
– Located in Barcelona, Spain
– An apartment house
– Features
• Undulating plasticity in its façade and plan
• No bearing walls internally
• Parc Guell
– Sited on a hillside west of Barcelona, Spain
– Features
• Extensive merging of naturalistic forms into walkways,
stairways, and seating
• Vaulting leans at oblique angles in a grotto walkway
• Stairs flow downward like lava
• Ceramic tile finishes
19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel
• Early applications of iron and steel made their

beginnings in architecture with the
construction greenhouses to protect plants
– Far East specimens brought back to Britain
required structures that could create the humid
heat of their native countries in the Far East
• 19th Century: Applications of Iron Steel
– Joseph Paxton
– Henry Labrouste
– Gustave Eiffel
– William LeBaron Jenney
– Chicago School
• Joseph Paxton (1801 – 1865)

– Landscape gardener by training
– Revolutionized architecture by with a design that
he submitted for a building in Hyde Park, London
to house the first modern World’s Fair in 1852
• Journalists dubbed this structure the Crystal Palace
CRYSTAL PALACE, LONDON, 1851,
BY SIR JOSEPH PAXTON
• Crystal Palace
– Constructed of iron beams and glass
– Resembled a large greenhouse
– After the exhibition, the structure was dismantled
and re-erected in a park at Sydenham
• Was destroyed by fire in 1936
• The Crystal Palace was ordered by Prince Albert, Husband
of Queen Victoria in order to compete with the successful
French Exhibition started in 1841 and ended in 1849.
• Sir Paxton was responsible for the gardens of the Duke of
Devonshire and experimented several attempts to build
large glass houses using the development in iron and glass
industry.
• The cast iron and glass building was originally constructed
in Hyde Park, London, England. final dimensions of the
palace were 563 m long by 139 m wide and 41 m high with
area of 92,000 m2
• More than 14,000 exhibitors from around the world
participated to exhibit the latest innovation in Industrial
Revolution.
• After the exhibition, the building was moved to a new park
in London called Sydenham Hill.
• The Crystal Palace was destroyed by fire in 1936.
• Henry Labrouste (1801 – 1875)

– A French architect
– Made strong use of cast iron in his Bibliotheque
Ste-Genevieve in 1850
– Also designed the Bibliotheque Nationale
• Bibliotheque Ste-
Genevieve
– 1850
– A library located in Paris,
France
Main Reading Hall, National Library,
Paris, 1862-1868 by Henry Labrouste
• It is one of the important examples of the

architecture of steel and glass. The roof
consists of a series of domes supported by
cast iron arches and thin cast iron columns.
Each dome has a wide oculus to bring enough
light to the hall.
• Bibliotheque Nationale
– Located in Paris
– The French National
Library
• Gustave Eiffel (1832 – 1923)

– Most famous French designer who used iron in
the second half of the 19th century
– Gained his fame from several bridge designs
across France
– Most famous structures
• Eiffel Tower
• Statue of Liberty
• Eiffel Tower, Paris

– 1010-ft
– At the time, was the tallest structure in the world
– Erected for the Paris International Exposition in
1889
– Remains the largest iron construction in the world
• Statue of Liberty, New York

– Eiffel designed the iron internal skeleton which
supports the copper skin of the statue
– Stands 151-ft
– At the time of its construction, the statue had the
most advanced diagonally braced frame in the
world
• William LeBaron Jenney (1832 – 1907)

– Generally credited with early development of the
skyscraper
• Home Life Insurance Building in Chicago
Chicago School
1875 – 1925
Applications of Iron Steel
• Chicago School
– The term generally used to describe the buildings
of Chicago from 1875 – 1925
– Important structures
• The second Rand McNally Building
• Monadnock Building
• Reliance Building
• The second Rand McNally Building
– Designed by Daniel H. Burnham (1846 – 1912) and
John Welborn Root (1850 – 1891)
– Had all the elements of the modern skyscraper
• Steel frame
• Monadnock Building
– Designed by Daniel H. Burnham (1846 – 1912) and
John Welborn Root (1850 – 1891)
– Internal iron frame provided lateral bracing
through riveted girder-column connections
• Home Life Insurance
Building in Chicago
– Considered the first
skyscraper
– Not entirely metal
framed
• The first floor contains
sections of masonry
bearing wall
• Reliance Building
– 1894 – 1895
– Features
• Decorative terra-cotta cladding
• Repeats the same exterior elevation from the third
floor to the attic

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‫الفرقه الرابعه عماره‬

‫ملخص الجزء الثاني‬

‫د‪ /‬فاتن صالح سليمان عبد الجليل‬

‫الثوره الفرنسيه‬ ‫الثوره الصناعيه‬

‫‪The Century of Engineering‬‬

‫انفصال التفكير عن االحساس‬ ‫•‬

‫الشكل يعبر عن الوظيفة‬ ‫•‬

‫تأثير االدب علي العمارة‬

‫عدم تأهل المجتمع نفسيا الستقبال تكنولوجيا البناء‬

• Neoclassical architecture is an architectural

• In form, Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall

• Neoclassicism was symptomatic of a desire to

James Stuart & Nicholas Revert

$ Artists should “imitate”

‫• الفكرة توحيد الفراغ‬

‫التصميم يمثل تزاوج بين الطراز‬ ‫•‬

ARC DE TRIUMPH 1806-36 PARIS

‫يوجد ثالث قباب والنقوش‬

Bank of England Rotunda British Museum Portico

Second Bank of the US

$ Designed a pavilion in 1771 $ Designed a series of

Rotunde de la Villette, Paris

PRINCIPLES OF NEO BAROQUE STYLE:

AFFECTED BY GOTHIC STYLE- ISLAMIC & EASTERN

SIMPLIFICATION OF ORIGINAL GOTHIC STYLE ( NO

COLORS – NATURAL MATERIALS ( MARBLE COLORED

ISLAMIC ARCHS (POINTED)

USAGE OF TOWERS IN ANY BUILDING TYPE

19th Century: Applications of Iron

• Early applications of iron and steel made their

• Joseph Paxton (1801 – 1865)

• Henry Labrouste (1801 – 1875)

• It is one of the important examples of the

• Gustave Eiffel (1832 – 1923)

• Eiffel Tower, Paris

• Statue of Liberty, New York

• William LeBaron Jenney (1832 – 1907)

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