UNIVERSITY OF MARIBOR

FACULTY OF TOURISM

CRACOW – EUROPE CAPITAL OF CULTURE 2000

Seminar paper course

History of Europe for tourism

Student: Anica Jovanović

Mentor: doc. dr. Marjetka Rangus

Brežice, april 2020.

Table of content
1 Introduction........................................................................................................1
2 European Capital of Culture................................................................................2
2.1 Specific, symbolic year for European Capitals of Culture.............................................2
2.2 Thought, Spirituality and Creativity..............................................................................3
2.3 Largest cultural event in Poland...................................................................................3
3 Theme and program for ECC Cracow 2000...........................................................5
Financial structures for ECC Cracow 2000................................................................................8
4 Evaluation of results..........................................................................................10
4.1 Short – term orientation.............................................................................................11
4.2 Tourist flow................................................................................................................12
5 Conclusion.........................................................................................................14
6 Literature..........................................................................................................15

List of figure
Figure 1 Cracow arrivals in 1991- 2001...........................................................................12

Figure 2 Tourists and visitors in Cracow for 2003 – 2012...............................................13

Listo of table

Table 1 Review of all events Cracow European Capital of Culture 2000..........................5

Table 2 Overview of financial structure ECC Cracow 2000...............................................8

1 Introduction

It is generally accepted that only mega-cities can and are offering rich cultural life. But
European Capitals of Culture have proven that smaller cities and provinces also can host
cultural events and emerge culture on all three levels: European, local and tourists´.

A European Union initiative for European Capital of Culture is changing cities and directly
affecting the tourism business. The main idea behind this big project is to make a solid base
between European people and culture while emerging small local industries. Since during
the year cities are named as ECC they are becoming more popular and are attracting
enormous number of tourists and organise different kinds of events: festivals, New Years
Eve, exibitions, Concerts, fairs.

To prepare for the role of ECC cities need to improve all different aspects of its appearance
and infrastructure and put the accent on specific and interesting parts of the lifestyle. Some
of the changes that usually happen are constructions repair, improvement on urban spaces
and transport systems. This nomination is as well a perfect opportunity to improve quality of
life for the citizens of European Capital of culture.

Usually each year two cities are hosting this project and are selected according to results of
the competition. The plan is by 2021 not to select two, but three major capitals of culture
every year. Back in 2000 capitals of culture had been selected by a diverse jury of the
European Commission in Brussels. In this year nine cities were declared as ECCs: Reykjavik,
Bergen, Helsinki, Brussels, Prague, Cracow, Avignon, Bologna and Santiago de Compostela.

This seminar paper is evaluating the results of Cracow as European Capital of Culture in
2000. Goals and aims and planned methods will be evaluated as well as long term results
that this project resulted with.

Cracow and Prague are specific to be on this list as cities from two countries which became
part of the European Union on 1 st of May in 2004. And for a long time have been under
communism, and in early 90s became democratic republics.

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2 European Capital of Culture

Project European Capital of Culture has been created in the distant 1985. The main aim of
this project is the promotion of dialogue between European citizens and creating a sense of
belonging to the same European community is main ambition of European Capitals of
Culture.

As Jack Lang, Former French Minister of Culture, (European Capitals of Culture: the road to
success, 2010.) is explained in an interview goal of this project is to state clearly through a
symbolic, emblematic act, that culture in Europe needs to be one of the strengths of the
construction of Europe.

The city doesn´t need to be marvelous when it comes to the historical assets to be awarded
the title of European Capital of Culture. What It must include is planned that will in creative
way highlight culture and European dimensions.

This has been explained the best by Sir Bob Scott, one of the members of the Panel 2007-
2010 (European Capitals of Culture: the road to success, 2010.) who said that the added
value of the European dimension is that is not just a cultural event for your city and citizens
what you are trying to do is to bring to your city and citizens and indeed to your country is
the concept of the culture of Europe. To import it during your year, but to export your version
of culture to the rest of Europe during the year as well. So, it is a two way process.

Cultural promotion of European dimensions needs to incorporate citizens in all aspects.

Building a participative and if possible long term events are one of the main aims, to have a
stable plan not just for one year.

2.1 Specific, symbolic year for European Capitals of Culture

In Final Report (European Cities of Culture for the year 2000, 2001.) is well explained why the
year 2000 is symbolic and really specific. From year 1985 European Capitals of Culture have
been selected every year, sometimes combined even with the city that would host a cultural
month.

Ministers, while deciding which city will be awarded with the title of ECC for the year 2000
agreed to involve more cities than usual, so in a June 1995 decision had been made: Bergan
(Norway), Brussels (Belgium), Cracow (Poland), Helsinki (Finland), Reykjavik (Iceland) and
Santiago de Compostela (Spain).

As it is extracts from the Draft Minutes of the Council of 20.11.1995. in Final report
(European Cities of Culture for the year 2000, 2001.) these cities are being asked to
coordinate their program and define a common theme for this event; they will thus be able
to share in the organisation of a European Cultural Area in the year 2000.

With a defined budget for each city they had freedom to make their own theme and
coordinate programs. It was really hard to maintain the same theme in all nine cities. All of
the cities are parts of different cultural profiles, population, lifestyle, ambitions so all

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programs were focused in specific directions. But cooperation in bilateral field took place in
between some of nine nominated cities.

All nine cities had their own motto. In ,Final report, Avignon celebrated the year 2000 under
motto Art and creativity, Bergen under motto Art, Work and Leisure, Bologna Culture and
Communication, Brussels the City, Prague Cultural Heritage, Helsinki Knowledge,
Technology and Future, Santiago de Compostela Europe and the World, Reykjavik Culture
and Nature, while Cracow, the city with its tradition of various cultures and religions existing
together for over a thousand years chose the theme of Thought, Spirituality and Creativity
(European Cities of Culture for the year 2000, 2001.).

2.2 Thought, Spirituality and Creativity

Due to official population data (Population in Poland. Size and structure by territorial
division, 2017.) in 2017 in Cracow lived 722 662 citizens. This city is based on the southeast
part of Poland and is the third biggest city in Poland. In its´ region, it is transportation,
administrative, cultural, educational and tourist region center. City of Cracow even has an
international airport outside the city center.

In this area first neighborhood existed back in Stone Age, but city as it exists now was found
in 7th century. It used to be the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1596. Cracow existed as one
of the main cities under different ruling countries: Poland, Polish – Lithuanian
Commonwealth, Free, Independent and Strictly Neutral City of Cracow, Second Polish
Republic (1918 – 1939), during the Second World War it was the capital city of German
General Government till 1945. Today this city is part of the Republic of Poland, but without
title of capital city, todays´ capital is Warsaw.

This marvelous history of a city few times ruined and rebuilt, without almost any touchable
damage during the Second World War has really rich culture and tradition and for sure is the
cultural capital of Poland.

This city in the year 1978 became part of UNESCO´s World Heritage Site list. With so many
important sites, not just for Cracow but for whole Poland this is for sure cultural capital:
around 20 theaters, 28 museums with collections of Polish and World art pieces, numerous
important schools and universities, 10 sport teams, around six thousand of attractive
buildings, five nature reserves and approximately 50 international and national festivals.

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2.3 Largest cultural event in Poland

During early 1990s Poland just has finished its big demonstrations against communism and
became a democratic republic. After this change Poland was financially unstable and
situations in its economy wasn’t encouraging. It would seem that word of Sonik B. are the
best describing this political and social situation in Poland (European Capitals of Culture: the
road to success, From 1985 to 2010, 2009) it gave the residents of Krakow and the rest of
Poland a chance to feel a bit special, and with it, it brought a much needed atmosphere of
festivity. In spite of various financial problems, Krakow 2000 has been the largest cultural
event ever organised in Poland, and I think it remains so. Over 650 events of various kinds
took place throughout the year, mostly arranged especially for the festival.

Due to the whole situation in this recovering country this festival aimed to directly influence
the cultural atmosphere and tourism, and promote new images of this country rather than
to concentrate on building new infrastructure or invest in anything but rebuilding image and
culture of independent Poland.

Promoting and rebuilding intangible values of the nation is really demanding task, so as
Szeliga J. (Culture and Economy - a possible dialogue about new policy measures, 2007)
focus was on following aims:

 Presentation of cultural heritage and modern creativity;

 Presenting Cracow as a meeting place between the West and the East;
 Creating new institutions, cultural activities and events of international quality and
importance as well encouraging existing cultural institutions;
 Encouraging participation in cultural events and activities;
 Reflection in the spirit of contemporary Europe with its rich roots, including the Judeo-
Christian culture;
 Opening attractive ways of spiritual and intellectual development for the young
generation;
 Promotion of cultural achievements and presenting an attractive Cracow and Poland to
tourist.

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3 Theme and program for ECC Cracow 2000

Only the city of Cracow from chosen nine European Capitals of Culture 2000 decided to host
Five Years Festival for its residents. This started in the beginning of 1996 and ended with
New Year Eve 2000/01.

Every year had a different theme (European Cities of Culture for the year 2000, 2001.):

 1996 the Year of Film and Theatre

 1997 the Year of Poetry
 1998 the Year of Music
 1999 the Year of preparations for Cracow 2000, but all events were dedicated to the
announcement of the new millennium
 2000 the Year of European City of Culture Festival

New Millennium in Cracow started in an extraordinary way, every corner of this city became
a festival performance stage. Inside the motto of Cracow as ECC diversity and accepting
differences is core, so in this year all organized evens were focused on diverse audience in
terms of nationality, religion, lifestyle, age or interests.

All events were organized to satisfy different niches of visitors from small to big events, in
different environments: museums/galleries or open – air.

These events promoted contemporary art, music performances (from classical and religious
to pop concerts), theatre productions, traditional ballet and modern dances and similar.

When it comes to the Legal status of Cracow (Population in Poland. Size and structure by
territorial division, 2017.) as European Capital of Culture as an independent organization
Festival Krakow 2000 was appointed by the City Council and functioned under the
supervision of the Municipality.

For ECC Cracow 2000 team of 15 people were taking care in the field of: production,
promotion and finance, as full – time, part – time or free – lance stuff.

All organized events are published on the official web site of ECC Krakow 2000
(krakow2000.pl, 2000), all held events are mentioned in the table below.

Table 1 Review of all events Cracow European Capital of Culture 2000

JANUARY
15th Opening Ceremony of the Krakow 2000 Festival
9th Seven Traditions - concert series presenting the oldest traditions of sung prayer -
Schola Węgajty, St. Michael Choir
10th – 16th Orthodox Church Music Festival
15thJanuary – 15th March Pictures Painted by Prayer – exhibition of icons
FEBRUARY
2nd – 28th Find – exhibition of Finnish applied art
8th February – 31st March Libraries 2000 – Cities of European Culture
 MARCH
19th The Great Performances Series - concert by Norddeutscher Rundfunk
20th

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23rd – 27th Alternative Europe - Zaduch - Duszność - Duchowość (Stuffiness - Soulness -
Spirituality) - 25th Krakow Theatrical Reminiscences
25th The Great Performances Series - concert by Concentus Musicus
31st March – 31st January 2001 Evidence! Europe reflected in Archives - Internet presentation of the nine Cities of
European Culture 
APRIL
1st-2nd The Tygodnik Powszechny weekly - jubilee
8th Road, Life, Love - Easter Oratorio
13th-14th The Young in Krakow 2000: conference
18th-24th 4th Easter Ludwig van Beethoven Festival
29thApril - 25th May Ryszard Horowitz: Electronic Visions - photographic exhibition
MAY
1st, 2nd  7th Krakow Ballet Spring - Hubbard Street Dance Chicago
5, 6th May 7th Krakow Ballet Spring - Decouflé
5th A Day of Culture 2000 - Freedom of Speech and Dialogue. Freedom at the
Threshold of the Third Millennium - Opportunities and Threats - a conference
5thMay -30th October Wawel 1000-2000 - exhibition
Wawel Royal Castle - 5th May - 30th July, Cathedral Museum - 5th May - 31st
August, Archdiocesean Museum - 5th May - 30th October
8th-12th May 9. International Festival of University Theaters
9th May The Great Performances Series - Wiener Akademie
11th Treasures of the Jagiellonian University - exhibition; event organised as a part of
the Celebration of 600th Anniversary of the Refunding of the Krakow Academy
12-14th Dispatch of The Greek Envoys - event organised as a part of the Celebration of
600th Anniversary of the Refunding of the Krakow Academy
14th The Great Performances Series - concert by Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra
23rd Seven Traditions - concert series presenting the oldest traditions of sung prayer -
Organum
24th, 26th Gospel - concert by A Piece of My Soul
25thMay - 4th June Stanisław Wyspiański Festival
25th-27th May Orthodox Church Music Festival
26th May - 15th June Prague in Krakow - Krakow in Prague - exhibitions
29th May -31st August 3rd International Biennial of Children's Theatrical Puppet
31st May - 4th June The Young in Krakow 2000: Permanent Festival
May Do you Know Krakow? Renaissance and Baroque City - competition finals (Krakow
competition)
JUNE
6th-9th June The Young in Krakow 2000: European Meetings of Youth
7th June The Young in Krakow 2000:  Theme with Variatons
9th June - 23rd July Power of Imagination. Symbolism in Brussels - exhibition
10-28th 6th International Biennial of Visual Arts for the Handicapped
10th Gods of the Ancient Egypt - opening of permanent exhibition
12th - 18th June Nowhere like in Krakow...
15th June-16th July Tadeusz Kantor Festival - Tadeusz Kantor. Impossible
19, 20th 7th Krakow Ballet Spring - Boris Ejfman Sanktpetersburg Ballet Theatre
23rd Seven Traditions - concert series presenting the oldest traditions of sung prayer -
Capella Regia Musicalis
23rd - 25th June The Young in Krakow 2000:   Pueri Cantores
24th Krakow Legends - Floating of the Wreaths 2000
27th The Great Performances Series - concert by New York Philharmonic
27th - 29th Mrożek 70
28th - 29th 7th Krakow Ballet Spring - La Scala (Milan)
28th June - 3rd July The Krakowiak 2000 - Krakowiacy i Górale - folk festival
29th Seven Traditions - concert series presenting the oldest traditions of sung prayer -
Byzantine Greek Choir
JULY
1st-2nd Masters of Jazz - concerts
1st-9th 10th Jewish Culture Festival
1st-17th Krakow 2000 Dance Festival
6th-9th 13th Street Theatre Festival
14thJuly-30th October Power of Custom - exhibition

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17th July-13th August
18th
19th July  Great Performances Series:  “Les musiciens”
25th
27th-29th
AUGUST
4th-6th
13th
27th
31st
SEPTEMBER
1st September
2nd September
3rd
7th September -1st October
11th September - 30th October
16th
16th-17th
18th September - 30th October
19th September- 26th November
20th September- 26th November
26th September - 6th October
September -December
OCTOBER
4thOctober - 31st December
6th October
7th - 14th October
9thOctober-26th November
9thOctober -31st December
13th - 20th October
14th - 29th October
16thOctober - 10th December
19th - 27th October
19th October - 15th January
23rd - 26th October
26th-29th October
NOVEMBER
3rd-15th November
7thNovember - 31st December
8thNovember-13th December
9th-10th November
10th-13th November
11th-21th November
14-15th November
16th -19th November
16th - 19th November
DECEMBER
1stDecember - 14th January 2001
2nd December – 31st February 2001
7th December
Malinowski - Witkacy. Photography:  Between Science and Art
Seven Traditions - concert series presenting the oldest traditions of sung prayer -
Micrologus
Codex Calixtinus - concert of medieval liturgical music
Crossroads - the Melting Pot of Customs: the Małopolska Region, Galicia Land, and
the Carpathian Mountains
Court Dance Festival
The Great Performances Series - concert by Bundesjugendorchester
Seven Traditions - concert series presenting the oldest traditions of sung prayer - La
Petite Bande
7th Krakow Ballet Spring - Batsheva Dance Company
7th Krakow Ballet Spring - Batsheva Dance Company
Celebration of the 20th Anniversary of the Solidarity Movement: Lluis Llach -
concert
Voices of Europe - concert
Bridge to the Future - International Print Triennial
Treasures of the Jagiellonian University – an exhibition
Takie większe wesele (Just a Greater Wedding) - open-air spectacle
Mishimas Women based on the works of Yukio Mishima - presentation of the
Japanese Euro-Japan Theatre du Sygne
Drawings for the Bible: Marc Chagall
Images of Death in the Polish Art of the 19th and the 20th century - exhibition
Treasures of St. Francis: exibition
Audio Art Festival - Art Boat
The Young in Krakow 2000:  Metro and Secret Lovers, Home (The Place I call Home)
Libraries 2000 - Writers from European  Cities of Culture - exhibition
Do You Know Krakow? - competition finals
Mysteries, Initiations - theatre festival
Tadeusz Kantor Festival  Certeses Sentides - exhibition  by Antonio Tapies
Tadeusz Kantor Festival - Wandering with Tadeusz Kantor
TaliA 4th feStivAl Of comEdy (Tarnów)
The Young in Krakow 2000:  Festival of MU Art
The Young in Krakow 2000: When Energy Turns into Matter
Velvet Curtain - festival of contemporary music
Piotr Michałowski   – monographic exhibition of painting
Krakow 2000 - International Architecture Preservation Conference
Libraries 2000:  International Conference of Library Directors from the Nine
European Cities of Culture
Audio Art Festival
The Art of Icons. Sacred Paintings from Macedonia: 11th-19th Centuries
Celebration of the 20th Anniversary of the Solidarity Movement. Solidarities -
Bringing down the Wall - exhibition
Celebration of the 20th Anniversary of the Solidarity Movement. International
conference: "Road to Solidarity. Tradition of Polish Anti-Communism"
2nd Krakow Meeting of Poets:  Poetry – Between Song and Prayer
Andre Delvaux - film review
Celebration of the 20th Anniversary of the Solidarity Movement. International
Scientific Symposium: The Idea of Solidarity Today
The Young in Krakow 2000:  Festival of Promising
The Young in Krakow 2000: European Opinion Exchange
Venice Nativity Scenes
Communication - multimedia exhibition
58th Competition of Krakow Cribs
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8thDecember - 12th January 2001 Common Wealth. Polish Products 1899 - 1999
9th December Tadeusz Kantor Festival Memory/Loss - an exhibition by Robert Wilson
31st December The Millennium Night: New Year´s Eve 2000/2001

Source: http://www.krakow2000.pl/emk_a.html

As the main motto for Cracow 2000 was ´´ Thought, Spirituality and Creativity´´ all events
and festivals has aligned with a main goal: to present Cracow as city of rich cultural heritage
with a lot of various cultures and religions existing in this same environment longer than a
thousand years.

Cracow promoted willingness of Cracovian and European people to accept and participate in
a diversity of nationalities, religions or different ways of lifestyle and thinking. It was really
important to emerge people and culture through events organized close to its heritage,
involving museums, religious objects and all of that while nurturing history, tradition,
traditional and religious music, as well as local culture and lifestyle.

Since 2000 was a really specific year there were few events that had purpose to celebrate
ending of millennial and the beginning of new one. So many artists from different fields of
art were emerged not only in the year of 2000 but the whole five years.

As Hudghes H., Allen D. and Wasik D. mention in their article (The Significance of European
´´Capital of Culture´´ for Tourism and Culture: The Case of Krakow 2000, 2003.) these
included a jazz festival, an exhibition of ´´ ordinary things´´, festivals celebrating the lives of
Tadeusz Kantor (painter, stage designer, and director and founder of Cricot avant-garde
theatre) and Stanislaqw Wyspianski (poet, dramatist and artist), a festival of alternative
theatre, contemporary fine arts, and the International Literary Café (meetings of authors and
translators).

Financial structures for ECC Cracow 2000

Budget for Cracow is quite different compared to another eight Capitals of Culture for the
year 2000 since in Cracow these festivities were lasted for five years.

The budget was contributed in parts and biggest one was financed by National Authorities,
second was city of Cracow and lastly sponsoring department.

Main sponsors were Telekomunikacja Polska and Polish airlines LOT. The total amount of
sponsorship during the whole five years was 1 554 458€. And budget in total was 12 290
710€.

Table 2 Overview of financial structure ECC Cracow 2000

Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Overall budget (€) 849 200 1 011 410 1 959 262 3 255 545 5 697 519
% contributions 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Municipal authorities 65% 67% 41% 27,64% 24,3%
Regional authorities - - - - -
National authorities 30% 29% 47% 57,26% 53,7%
EU subsides general - - - 1,28% 3,5%

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EU subsides projects - - 2% - 2%
Other international subsides - - - - -
Corporate Sponsors (Structural) 5% 4% 10% 13,82% 18, 5%
*Corporate Sponsors (Projects) - - - - -
*Private sponsors and donations - - - - -
*Box office and merchandising - - - - -
*this position has been included in the Corporate Sponsors (Structural)

Source: Final report, European Cities of Culture for the year 2000

While analyzing achieved results during project ECC in case of Cracow it is important to
compare the budget of Cracow to budget that other eight Capitals of Culture had during
period of the year 2000.

According to same source Final report (European Cities of Culture for the year 2000, 2001.) only in
year 2000 cities had these financial structures:

 Avignon: 21 084 068€

 Bergen: 13 536 600€
 Bologna: 33 897 000€
 Brussels: 30 325 000€
 Prague: 18 800 000€
 Cracow: 5 697 519€
 Helsinki: 58 000 000€
 Reykjavik: 7 900 000€
 Santiago da Compostela: 34 863 094€

Budget is directly causing successful or less successful results, it is easy to conclude that the
budget of the city of Cracow was the lowest during this year. Even budget for total five years
(12 290 710€) for festivities in the city of Cracow is lower than budget for one year in
another seven cities.

It is clear that from the beginning of whole project all nine nominated cities had different
goals, aims, different cultural profiles, history and lifestyle. Surely limited budget means
limited opportunities.

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4 Evaluation of results

From the beginning Cracow choosed aims and goals that had nothing to do with economic
aspects, goals were focused on culture with main focus on art. I could only agree that in that
period of time for the city of Cracow that was the best decision. As a country that just had
just won its independence and started to rebuild every part of society including its economy
and legal system. Rebuilding tourism, image and working on promotion and marketing is
understandable.

On the other hand, this choice putted Cracow and whole Poland on the list of ´´budget
friendly destinations´´. This means that even thou Poland and Cracow have a modest
number of tourist arrivals it doesn´t mean that these tourists are tourists with better
budgets.

A great idea is well explained by Purchala (Interview with J. Purchla 2007) that instead of
organizing a five-year cultural festival in the same financial means should have been
allocated in creating some long-lasting cultural infrastructure.

Main omission during the planning and implementation of this five-year´s festival was
unskilled coordination with the project. As Sonik B. highlights (European Capitals of Culture:
the road to success, From 1985 to 2010, 2009.) unfortunately, the formula of running the
Festival Office failed to work in the first year, and an atmosphere of mistrust surrounded the
festival, which we had to fight against for quite some time. He also explained that
responsibilities from beginning were not well devided and so many parties have been
involved. Polish legal system for the firs time faced with this kind of projects and together
with financial issues this complicated project and important financial decisions were made
three months after beginning of the festival.

Even thought Cracow 2000 had so many obstacles and bloking issues this city made a big
step in another field. The impact is clear in terms of cultural haritage and common image of
Europeans tradition, especially when it comes to European religious singing. The move was
made and Cracow started reconstruction of one of spiritual European tradition.

Rebuilding lifestyle of Polish people started with nurturing local and national artists and this
is one of the most important ways of involving and giving value to residents of Poland, which
resulted with local satisfaction.

Asking director of the office responsible for the implementation of the project Cracow 2000
ECC which part of the programme did he consider to have been the most successful
(European Capitals of Culture: the road to success, From 1985 to 2010, 2009.) he explained
that only participation and attendance meant success. In terms of numbers there were so
many outdoor successful events and some of them gathered even 100 000 people, while
some indoor needed to be broadcasted outside on big screens.

To sum up everything as a country that had to deal with new legacies, rebuilding whole
society, economics and establish new and democratic life local authorities were considering
this as a local festival. Due to big financial issues Cracow 2000 did not change any
infrastructure or rebuilt any heritage site, so the only innovation made during this period

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was a festival office that still exists. Today this office exists in several locations in the city and
it is formed as the Cultural Information Center.

It is a fact that Cracow became a tourist destination and numbers of tourists have increased,
cultural life is much livelier and Cracow 2000 helped promotion of city abroad.

In case of Cracow 2000 director Sonik B. has made a list of advices for better planning and
organizing this kind of projects, that could be useful for future Europeans Capitals of Culture
(European Capitals of Culture: the road to success, From 1985 to 2010, 2009.):

 establish the simplest and most transparent management and decision-making

structure possible

 concentrate authority and responsibility in one body and avoid a situation of unclear
areas of responsibility

 choose a wide theme for your celebrations but remember to select one motif to
connect your projects

 invite various local circles to contribute to the programme but be critical of their
ideas; preferably evaluate them in a competition

 do not count only on the creativity of the artistic circles participating in the
competition, but create your own new projects from the very beginning

4.1 Short – term orientation

Authors Hughes H., Allen D. and Wasik D. evaluate Cracow as ECC for the year 2000 in an
article (The Significance of European ´´Capital of Culture´´ for Tourism and Culture: The Case
of Krakow 2000, 2003.) with collected information through interview with seven senior
managers in Cracow 2000 ECC, all of them were part of culture and tourist sector. To sum up
everything analyzed these seven interviewees didn’t agree on what was the main and
desired goal of the whole project, but they think that this festival encouraged and helped
economic regeneration of the city.

This proves only that plan at the beginning wasn’t defined well and it developed during its
realization, without a stable base and common goal to be achieved.

The authors also mention that that Cracow ignored communist past period inside the new
image building plan, and has focused on recent, pre-communist past together with avant-
garde and Polish culture based on liberalism and progressivism.

Consistency during whole this five years of Cracow festival project approach was whole time
using culture as a tool to have not only cultural but also tourist and economical results.

As concluded before, authors as well mention, that interviewees majority thinks that so
many opportunities have been missed because of difficulties during making finalized and

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detailed decisions on time, before whole festival has started. A big effort has been made to
emerge culture as tourist product.

Interviewees also pointed that Cracow festival project can be considered as successful as its
own, but in had so many limitations and issues when it comes to legacy. The festival was
based on events that already existed and promotion of artists was focused on conventional
so new artists were not so encouraged.

To conclude what was missing during Cracow festival was organized and promptness,
innovation and creativity while organizing events, better priority system and a better division
of responsibilities.

4.2 Tourist flow

Tourist flow is inevitable component when it comes to tourism development. This is an

indicator that can be used to determinate number of tourists and their overnight stays in
touristy areas. This shows dynamics and structure of tourist movements. Tourist flow shows
the presence of tourists in receptive destination. As really fast emerging industry tourist flow
is higher every year.

Figure 1 Cracow arrivals in 1991- 2001

Source: The City condition report for Cracow 2001

Figure 1 is showing an increase of tourist arrivals in Cracow during five festival years, these
numbers have been rising during the period from 1995 to 2000, when in 2001 it experienced
an unexpected decrease. In the 2000 tourist arrivals reached almost 4,5 million.

Figure 2 Tourists and visitors in Cracow in 2003 – 2012

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 Source: bip.krakow.pl – The Conditions of the City report

Decade starting from 1991 to 2001 was highlighted with many advantageous events: Cracow
as European Capital of culture, new political and financial systems and increased benefits in
all aspects.

As authors of Challenges for Governance Structure in Urban and Regional Development

explain the decrease of tourist flow during the period of 2001/02 as a problem of global sale,
which was result of few matters: terrorist attacks on 11 th September 2001, SARS outbreak,
Iraq crisis, weak global economy. Nevertheless, in 2003 Cracow experienced a new increase
of tourist arrivals, both domestic and international, day visits or longer stay visits.

Data shows a stable increase till 2008 when global economy crises slowed down the global
economy and tourism as well, but in 2010 tourism of Cracow again started to recover.

5 Conclusion

European Union with project European Capitals of Culture is supporting smaller cities and its
tradition and culture with awareness of it is being vital part in tourism promotion and the
unification of Europe.

At the beginning of millennial ECC was celebrating this important year by nominating nine
cities and one of them was Cracow, city in ex communist country. At the time when it was

13
important to rebuild whole country, legal system, social and cultural life this project took
place.

In this hard and recovering times it wasn´t easy to maintain such a huge project that for
Cracow lasted for five years, with different themes every year. The team that worked on ECC
Cracow 2000 highlighted the importance of pre-planning and giving clear directions for every
party involved.

In terms of fulfilling this project in short – term tense conclusion would be that project was
successful and Cracow got desired international promotion and increase of tourist flow.

On the other hand, this project was new and a bit confusing for Poland in that period of
time. None of tourist infrastructure has been built and Cracow was presented as the low
budget destination.

Twenty years after realisation of project Cracow has a stable increase of tourism flow and
much livelier cultural life and many events organised in Cracow 2000 still exist or are a bit
modified.

With more detailed plans and implementation ECC project would give great result to city of
Cracow.

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6 Literature

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Central Statistical Office. (2017). Population in Poland. Size and sturucture by territorial
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De Naeyer, André, Arroyo, S., & Blanco, J. (2000). Krakow Charter 2000: principles for
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Krakow.pl. (2011). Association of European Cities of Culture of the Year 2000 - KRAKOW THE
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