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Olena Melnyk: Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University OF OIL AND GAS
Olena Melnyk: Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University OF OIL AND GAS
NG
OLENA MELNYK
IVANO-FRANKIVSK
NATIONAL TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY OF OIL AND GAS
Outline
Definition, Function and Purpose of an
Abstract
Qualities, Types and Components of an
Abstract
Writing an Abstract: Dos and Don`ts, Style
and Voice
Examples of a Mediocre Abstract and a Good
Abstract
An abstract is a self-contained
outline/brief summary of:
a paper,
a larger document,
a study,
a presentation.
When do people write
abstracts?
when submitting articles to
journals, especially online journals
when applying for research grants
when writing a book proposal
when completing the Ph.D.
dissertation or M.A. thesis
when writing a proposal for a
conference paper
when writing a proposal for a book
chapter
Purpose
Purpose
Help reader decide whether
to read the text or not
SHORT ABSTRACT
EXACT
first
impression
of the
document
UNDERSTANDA
SELF-CONTAINED
BLE
Qualities
Qualities of an Abstract
•50-100 words
Informative
•Used for sciences engineering or psychology reports.
•Overview of contents
Informative
•Topic (background)
•Research Question (aim or purpose of research)
•Methods used
•Results/findings
•Conclusion
Writing an Abstract
• Read over your paper and identify
the key points for each section
• Re-read each section and shrink
the information in each down to 1-
2 sentences
• Ensure you have written one to two
sentences for each of the key
points outlined above
• Connect the ideas with appropriate
transitions
Writing an Abstract
Major problems of the arid region are transportation of agricultural products and
losses due to spoilage of the products, especially in summer. This work presents the performance of a solar
drying system consisting of an air heater and a dryer chamber connected to a greenhouse. The drying
system is designed to dry a variety of agricultural products. The effect of air mass flow rate on the drying
process is studied. Composite pebbles, which are constructed from cement and sand, are used to store
energy for night operation. The pebbles are placed at the bottom of the drying chamber and are charged
during the drying process itself. A separate test is done using a simulator, a packed bed storage unit, to find
the thermal characteristics of the pebbles during charging and discharging modes with time. Accordingly,
the packed bed is analyzed using a heat transfer model with finite difference technique described before
and during the charging and discharging processes. Graphs are presented that depict the thermal
characteristics and performance of the pebble beds and the drying patterns of different agricultural
products. The results show that the amount of energy stored in the pebbles depends on the air mass flow
rate, the inlet air temperature, and the properties of the storage materials. The composite pebbles can be
Helwa, N. H. and Abdel Rehim, Z. S. (1997). Experimental Study of the Performance of Solar Dryers with Pebble
Beds. Energy Sources, 19, 579-591.
Example2
(Here is an abstract from a published paper. It is 162 words long. )
• Major findings
The findings from the research...
illustrate how...
show that the impact of [insert text] on [insert text] is more complex than previously
thought/assumed.
Abstracting One`s Own
Writing
There are some tricks that you could use to condense a piece of writing that you
have agonized over for weeks (or months, or even years) into a 250-word statement.
• Reverse outlining:
- Write down the main idea of each paragraph on a separate piece of
paper.
- Try grouping the main ideas of each section of the paper into a single
sentence.
- For a scientific paper, you may have sections titled Purpose, Methods,
Results, and Discussion grouped around a central idea.
- Use reverse outlining to discover the central idea in each section and
then distill these ideas into one statement.
•Cut and paste:
- To create a first draft of an abstract of your own work, you can read
through the entire paper and cut and paste sentences that capture key
passages.
- A well-written humanities draft will have a clear and direct thesis
statement and informative topic sentences for paragraphs or sections.
- Isolate these sentences in a separate document and work on revising
them into a unified paragraph.
Abstracting Someone Else`s
Writing
You cannot summarize key ideas just by cutting and pasting. There are a few
techniques that will help you determine what a prospective reader would want to know about the
work.
federal agencies, courts, political parties, or economic elites as the agents driving institutional
change, but typically these groups acted in response to movement demands and the leverage
brought to bear by the civil rights movement. The Mississippi movement attempted to forge
independent structures for sustaining challenges to local inequities and injustices. By propelling
change in an array of local institutions, movement infrastructures had an enduring legacy in
Mississippi.
Keywords
social movements, Civil Rights Movement, Mississippi, voting rights, desegregation
Practice 2: Science
Abstract
The problem of detecting gravitational radiation is receiving
considerable attention with the construction of new detectors in the
United States, Europe, and Japan. The theoretical modeling of the
wave forms that would be produced in particular systems will
expedite the search for and analysis of detected signals. The
characteristic formulation of GR is implemented to obtain an
algorithm capable of evolving black holes in 3D asymptotically flat
spacetimes. Using compactification techniques, future null infinity is
included in the evolved region, which enables the unambiguous
calculation of the radiation produced by some compact source. A
module to calculate the waveforms is constructed and included in
the evolution algorithm. This code is shown to be second-order
convergent and to handle highly non-linear spacetimes. In particular,
we have shown that the code can handle spacetimes whose
radiation is equivalent to a galaxy converting its whole mass into
gravitational radiation in one second. We further use the
characteristic formulation to treat the region close to the singularity
in black hole spacetimes. The code carefully excises a region
surrounding the singularity and accurately evolves generic black
hole spacetimes with apparently unlimited stability.
Luis Lehner, “Gravitational radiation from black hole spacetimes” Ph.D.
University of Pittsburgh, 1998 DAI-B 59/06, p. 2797, Dec 1998
Practice 2: Analyzing
• This science abstract covers much of the same ground as the humanities one, but it asks
slightly different questions.
Why do this study
The problem of detecting gravitational radiation is receiving considerable attention with
the construction of new detectors in the United States, Europe, and Japan. The theoretical
modeling of the wave forms that would be produced in particular systems will expedite
the search and analysis of the detected signals.
What the study does
The characteristic formulation of GR is implemented to obtain an algorithm capable of
evolving black holes in 3D asymptotically flat spacetimes. Using compactification
techniques, future null infinity is included in the evolved region, which enables the
unambiguous calculation of the radiation produced by some compact source. A module to
calculate the waveforms is constructed and included in the evolution algorithm.
Results
This code is shown to be second-order convergent and to handle highly non-linear
spacetimes. In particular, we have shown that the code can handle spacetimes whose
radiation is equivalent to a galaxy converting its whole mass into gravitational radiation
in one second. We further use the characteristic formulation to treat the region close to
the singularity in black hole spacetimes. The code carefully excises a region surrounding
the singularity and accurately evolves generic black hole spacetimes with apparently
unlimited stability.
Keywords
gravitational radiation (GR), spacetimes, black holes
Resources
http
://www.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/essay
/abstract.html
http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/
advice/specific-types-of-writing/
abstract
http
://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~pka
nchan/html/eap2.htm
http://infolab.stanford.edu/~widom/p
Thank you
for your
attention!