Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • The Standard Model

    Uploaded by

    Jor Ge
    19 views1 page
    This document summarizes the fundamental particles that make up matter and the forces between them. It describes fermions such as quarks and leptons that make up protons, neutrons and atoms. It also describes bosons that mediate forces such as photons for electromagnetism and gluons for the strong force. These fundamental particles combine to form hadrons like protons and neutrons that then form atomic nuclei, atoms, and the visible matter that makes up our world.

    Original Description:

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    This document summarizes the fundamental particles that make up matter and the forces between them. It describes fermions such as quarks and leptons that make up protons, neutrons and atoms. It also describes bosons that mediate forces such as photons for electromagnetism and gluons for the strong force. These fundamental particles combine to form hadrons like protons and neutrons that then form atomic nuclei, atoms, and the visible matter that makes up our world.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views1 page

    The Standard Model

    Uploaded by

    Jor Ge
    This document summarizes the fundamental particles that make up matter and the forces between them. It describes fermions such as quarks and leptons that make up protons, neutrons and atoms. It also describes bosons that mediate forces such as photons for electromagnetism and gluons for the strong force. These fundamental particles combine to form hadrons like protons and neutrons that then form atomic nuclei, atoms, and the visible matter that makes up our world.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 1

    C C

    h h
    a a
    r Fermions (spin 1/2) Bosons Antifermions (spin 1/2) r
    g g
    e Quarks (interact by strong force) (spin 1) Antiquarks (interact by strong force) e
    1968 2.0 MeV 1974 1.29 GeV 1995 172.9 GeV 1905 0 eV 172.9 GeV 1.29 GeV 2.0 MeV

    2 2
    + −
    3 up charm top photon antitop anticharm antiup 3
    EM force
    1968 4.8 MeV 1968 100 MeV 1977 4.2 GeV 1978 0 eV 4.2 GeV 100 MeV 4.8 MeV

    1 1
    − +
    3 down strange bottom gluon antibottom antistrange antidown 3
    strong force

    Leptons Antileptons
    1956 <2.2 eV 1962 <0.17 MeV 2000 <15.5 MeV 1983 91.2 GeV <15.5 MeV <0.17 MeV <2.2 eV

    0
    0 e μ τ τ μ e 0
    electron muon tau Z boson anti anti anti
    neutrino neutrino neutrino weak force τ neutrino μ neutrino e neutrino
    1897 0.511 MeV 1936 105.7 MeV 1975 1.777 GeV 1983 80.4 GeV 1.777 GeV 105.7 MeV 0.511 MeV

    ±
    −1 +1
    electron muon tau W boson antitau antimuon positron
    weak force
    2012 125.3 GeV
    A new particle, consistent with the 0 The graviton is another (hypothetical)
    0 Higgs boson, was announced 4th of particle that is postulated to mediate 0
    July 2012 Higgs the force of gravitation
    Mass unit GeV is short for GeV/c2 ≈ 1.783×10-24 g The graviton, if it exists, would be a spin 2 boson
    boson

    Hadrons (held together by strong force) Antihadrons (held together by strong force)
    Baryons (spin 1/2) Mesons (spin 1) Antimesons Antibaryons
    three quarks quark-antiquark quark-antiquark three antiquarks
    1917 938.3 MeV 1947 139.6 MeV 139.6 MeV 938.3 MeV

    + + − −
    +1 −1
    proton uud pion ud̄ antipion ū d antiproton ūūd̄
    1932 939.6 MeV 1947 493.7 MeV 493.7 MeV 939.6 MeV

    0 0 0 0
    0 0
    neutron udd kaon ds̄ antikaon d̄ s antineutron ūd̄d̄

    ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
    many more many more many more many more
    Protons and neutrons each contain three quarks that are held together by the strong force
    ⟹ atomic nuclei also held together by the strong force; from atomic nuclei and electrons
    ⟹ atoms held together by the electro-magnetic force, absorb or emit photons
    ⟹ periodic table of elements ⟹ molecules held together by the electro-magnetic force
    ⟹ matter, planets, stars, solar systems and galaxies held together by gravitational force
    Peter Jipsen, Chapman University, July 2012, information from Wikipedia, symbols by MathJax

    You might also like