Frequency Distribution

Frequency Distribution
—  A representation,
in a tabular format,
which displays the number of
observations within a given interval. The
intervals must be mutually exclusive (each
score must belong to exactly one class)
and exhaustive (Including every possible
element).
 Question

— Howdo we construct a
frequency distribution
table?
 Let’s Try!!!
— Agesof 50 men randomly
selected from a population
who died in gunfire are given.
Construct a frequency
distribution table having 7
classes.
19 18 30 40 41 33 73 25
23 25 21 33 65 17 20 76
47 69 20 31 18 24 35 24
17 36 65 70 22 25 65 16
24 29 42 37 26 46 27 63
21 27 23 25 71 37 75 25
27 23
Determine the range.
R = Highest Value – Lowest
Value
R = 76 – 16 = 60
—  Find the class width (c).

Range R
class width = ⇔ c=
number of classes k

60
c = = 8.57 = 9
7
Write the classes starting with lowest
score.
Classes Tally Marks Freq.

70 – 78
61 – 69
52 – 60
43 – 51
34 – 42
25 – 33
16 – 24
Classes Class Tally Marks Freq. x
boundaries

70 – 78 69.5 – 78.5 ///// 5 74

61 – 69 60.5 – 69.5 ///// 5 65
52 – 60 51.5 – 60.5 0 56
43 – 51 42.5 – 51.5 // 2 47
34 – 42 33.5 – 42.5 /////-// 7 38
25 – 33 24.5 – 33.5 /////-/////-//// 14 29
16 – 24 15.5 – 24.5 /////-/////-/////-// 17 20
 General Process of
Constructing a Frequency
Table
— STEP 1: Determine the
range.
Range (R)= Highest Value – Lowest
Value
Example in data: 29,55,65,23,45,86,44
Find Range
—  STEP
2. Determine the tentative
number of classes (k)

—  Note:
—  These classes are usually specified in
question.
—  The number of classes should be between 5
and 20. The actual number of classes may
be affected by convenience or other
subjective factors.
— STEP 3. Find the class width by
dividing the range by the number
of classes.
Range
class width or class mark =
number of classes
R
⇔ c=
k

(Always round – off )

— STEP 4. Determine the
frequency for each class by
referring to the tally columns
and present the results in a table.
When constructing frequency
tables, the following guidelines
should be followed.
—  The classes must be mutually
exclusive. That is, each score
must belong to exactly one
class.
—  Include all classes, even if the
frequency might be zero.
— Allclasses should have the
same width, although it is
sometimes impossible to avoid
open – ended intervals such as
“65 years or older”.
— The number of classes should
be between 5 and 20.
Using Table:
— What is the lower class limit of
the highest class? Upper class
limit of the lowest class?
— Find the class mark of the class
43 – 51.
— What is the frequency of the
class 16 – 24?
SLOPE
SLOPE

Slope is a measure of
steepness
 Types of Slope

Zero

Negative
Positive Undefined
or
No Slope
If given 2 points on
a line, you may find
the slope using the
formula m = y2 – y1
x2 – x1
 Find the slope of the
line through the
points (3,7) and (5, 19).
x1 y1 x2 y2

m = 19 – 7 m = 12 m=6
5–3 2
 Find the slope
(3, 4) and (-6, -2)
 If given an equation
of a line, there are
2 ways to find the
slope and y-intercept.
 One method is to
write the equation in
slope-intercept form,
which is y = mx + b.
slope
y-intercept
 Find the slope and
y-intercept of the
following equations.
y = 3x + ½
slope= 3
y-intercept = ½
 3x + 5y = 10
First, solve the equation for y.
3x + 5y = 10
5y = -3x + 10
y = -3/5 x + 2
m= -3/5 b=2
 Another method to
find the slope if given
an equation of a line
is to write the equation
in the form Ax + By = C.

m = -A/B, b = C/B
 Find the slope and
y-intercept of the
following equations.
A B C
8x + 11y = 7

m= -8/11 b = 7/11
 -6x = 2y + 14
First, rewrite the equation in
the form Ax + By = C.

-6x - 2y = 14
m= 6/-2 b = 14/-2
m= -3 b = -7
 If given the graph
of a line, find the
slope by using the
“triangle” method to
find the rise over run.
 rise = 4

m= rise
run
run = 5 m= 4/5
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